El Segundo, California#Demographics

{{Short description|City in California, United States}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement

| name = El Segundo, California

| other_name =

| native_name =

| named_for =

| settlement_type = City

| image_skyline = El Segundo Sign.jpg

| image_caption = El Segundo's welcome sign

| image_flag = Flag of El Segundo, California.png

| flag_size =

| image_seal = Seal of El Segundo, California.png

| nickname = The Aerospace Capital of the World

| image_map = File:Los Angeles County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas El Segundo Highlighted 0622412.svg

| map_caption = Location of Los Angeles County in California (left) and of El Segundo in Los Angeles County (right)

| pushpin_map = USA

| pushpin_map_caption = Location of El Segundo in the United States

| pushpin_relief = 1

| coordinates = {{coord|33|55|17|N|118|24|22|W|display=inline,title}}

| subdivision_type = Country

| subdivision_name = United States

| subdivision_type1 = State

| subdivision_name1 = California

| subdivision_type2 = County

| subdivision_name2 = Los Angeles

| established_title =

| established_date =

| established_title3 = Incorporated

| established_date3 = January 18, 1917{{Cite web

|url=http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc

|title=California Cities by Incorporation Date

|format=Word

|publisher=California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions

|access-date=August 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc

|archive-date=November 3, 2014

}}

| government_type = Council Manager

| leader_title = Mayor

| leader_name = Chris Pimentel

| leader_title1 = Mayor Pro Tem

| leader_name1 = Ryan Baldino

| leader_title2 = City council{{Cite web |url=https://www.elsegundo.org/government/departments/elected-officials |title=Elected Officials |publisher=The City of El Segundo |access-date=January 18, 2025 |archive-date=September 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929200209/http://www.elsegundo.org/depts/elected/default.asp }}

| leader_name2 = Drew Boyles
Lance Giroux
Michelle Keldorf

| leader_title3 = City Clerk

| leader_name3 = Susan Truax

| leader_title4 = City Treasurer

| leader_name4 = Matthew Robinson

| unit_pref = Imperial

| area_footnotes = {{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 1, 2020}}

| area_total_sq_mi = 10.88

| area_total_km2 = 28.18

| area_land_sq_mi = 5.46

| area_land_km2 = 14.15

| area_water_sq_mi = 5.42

| area_water_km2 = 14.03

| area_water_percent =

| area_metro_sq_mi =

| area_metro_km2 =

| elevation_footnotes = {{Cite GNIS|1660605|El Segundo|access-date=October 11, 2014}}

| elevation_ft = 115

| elevation_m = 35

| population_as_of = 2020

| population_footnotes = {{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/El_Segundo_city,_California?g=160XX00US0622412|title=El Segundo city, California|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 18, 2025}}

| population_total = 17272

| pop_est_as_of =

| pop_est_footnotes =

| population_est =

| population_density_sq_mi = 3064.29

| population_metro =

| population_density_metro_sq_mi =

| timezone = Pacific

| utc_offset = −8

| timezone_DST = PDT

| utc_offset_DST = −7

| postal_code_type = ZIP Code

| postal_code = 90245{{cite web | url = https://tools.usps.com/zip-code-lookup.htm | title = USPS - ZIP Code Lookup | access-date = May 4, 2022}}

| area_code_type = Area codes

| area_code = 310/424

| blank_name = FIPS code

| blank_info = {{FIPS|06|22412}}

| blank1_name = GNIS feature IDs

| blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1660605}}, {{GNIS 4|2410417}}

| website = {{URL|www.elsegundo.org}}

| population_density_km2 = auto

}}

El Segundo ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|l|_|s|ə|ˈ|g|ʌ|n|d|oʊ}} {{respell|EL|_|sə|GUN|doh}}, {{IPA|es|el seˈɣundo|lang}}; {{langnf|es||The Second}}){{Cite news|last=Pollack|first=Gina|date=July 22, 2019|title=How To Speak LA: Your Guide To The City's Most Debated And Mispronounced Words|url=https://laist.com/projects/how-to-la/understand/pronunciation/|access-date=May 22, 2021|work=LAist|language=en|quote='El Segundo,' Spanish for 'the second' to signify the second oil refinery in the state.}} is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Located on Santa Monica Bay, it was incorporated on January 18, 1917, and is part of the South Bay Cities Council of Governments. The population was 17,272 as of the 2020 census, a 3.7% increase from 16,654 in the 2010 census. A significant center of the oil and aerospace industries in Southern California, roughly three quarters of the city's land is dedicated exclusively to industrial and commercial uses, including a Chevron oil refinery which alone takes up more than a quarter of the entire city.

History

The El Segundo and Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva (or Gabrieleños) Native American tribes. The area was once a part of Rancho Sausal Redondo ("Round Willow Patch Ranch"). Rancho Sausal Redondo extended from Playa Del Rey in the north to Redondo Beach in the south. Originally a Mexican land grant owned by Antonio Ygnacio Avila, the rancho was later purchased by a Scottish baronet named Sir Robert Burnett in 1860. After his return to Scotland in 1873, the property was purchased by then-manager of the rancho, Daniel Freeman. Daniel Freeman sold portions of the rancho to several persons. George H. Peck owned the {{convert|840|acre|ha}} of land where the Chevron Refinery now sits. The city acquired its name ("the second" in Spanish) due to being the second Standard Oil refinery on the West Coast when Standard Oil of California purchased the 840 acres of in 1911.{{cite web | url=https://thecorralesgroup.com/neighborhoods/el-segundo | title=El Segundo | Community Guide | the Corrales Group }} Peck also developed land in neighboring El Porto, where a street still bears his name.

The city was incorporated in 1917. The Standard Oil Company was renamed Chevron in 1984. The El Segundo refinery entered its second century of operation in 2011.Hunter, Eileen Curry. El Segundo Seventy-Five Years El Segundo: H2 Limited, 1991

The Douglas Aircraft Company plant in El Segundo was one of the major aircraft manufacturing facilities in California during World War II. It was one of the major producers of SBD Dauntless dive bombers, which achieved fame in the Battle of Midway. The facility, now operated by Northrop Grumman, is still an aircraft plant.Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, pp. 202-3, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 7-8, 25-34, Cypress, Calif., 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-9897906-0-4}}.

File:StandardOil1920.jpg|El Segundo and Standard Oil Refinery, {{circa|1920}}

File:Douglas Aircraft Factory - El Segundo.PNG|SBD Dauntless dive bombers being built by Douglas Aircraft Factory in El Segundo during World War IIParker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, p. 28, Cypress, Calif., 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-9897906-0-4}}.

In 2009, a pair of local artists discovered the Smoky Hollow area, which mainly consisted of commercial properties. Other artists started to migrate as they had been priced out of Venice Beach and Culver City. Not long after the Tech Industry discovered Smoky Hollow.

{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2012-aug-23-la-fi-smoky-hollow-20120823-story.html | title=El Segundo has a clear vision for Smoky Hollow's future | website=Los Angeles Times | date=August 23, 2012 }}

{{Cite web |date=2018-06-30 |title=El Segundo looking to attract tech businesses to Smoky Hollow |url=https://www.elsegundo.org/Home/Components/News/News/64/268327?npage=32&arch=1 |website=www.elsegundo.org}}{{cite web | url=https://labusinessjournal.com/featured/smoky-hollow-high/ | title=Smoky Hollow High | date=May 20, 2024 }}{{cite web | url=https://la.urbanize.city/post/small-office-building-takes-shape-el-segundos-smoky-hollow-district | title=Small office building takes shape in el Segundo's Smoky Hollow district | date=February 18, 2021 }}{{cite web | url=https://la.urbanize.city/post/60000sf-office-building-takes-shape-el-segundos-smoky-hollow-district | title=60,000SF office building takes shape in el Segundo's Smoky Hollow District | date=April 19, 2022 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.bisnow.com/los-angeles/news/industrial/el-segundo-pushes-for-smoky-hollow-a-creative-industrial-office-district-87685 | title=El Segundo Pushes for Smoky Hollow as a Creative Industrial Office District }}

Geography

The northern and southern boundaries of the town are Los Angeles International Airport and Manhattan Beach, with the Pacific Ocean as the western boundary. Its eastern boundary is roughly marked by Aviation Blvd.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|5.5|sqmi|km2}}, over 99% of which is land.

The beachfront area neighboring the refinery was once dominated by industrial wharves servicing oil tanker ships, and heavily polluted by sewage and stormwater runoff. The major expansion of the Hyperion wastewater treatment plant in the 1980s was the impetus for rehabilitation of the beach. The old piers were demolished, an underwater oil terminal was constructed a few miles offshore, and an enormous amount of dredged sand was used to restore and dramatically enlarge the once narrow and polluted beach. The Marvin Braude Bike Trail runs along this new artificial beach, as the refinery wharves were one of the last remaining industrial facilities directly obstructing the shoreline of the Santa Monica Bay.

Demographics

{{US Census population

| 1920 = 1563

| 1930 = 3503

| 1940 = 3738

| 1950 = 8011

| 1960 = 14219

| 1970 = 15620

| 1980 = 13752

| 1990 = 15223

| 2000 = 16033

| 2010 = 16654

| 2020 = 17272

|estyear=

|estimate=

|estref=

|align-fn=center

|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html|title=Decennial Census by Decade|website=United States Census Bureau|access-date=}}
1860–1870{{Cite web|title= 1870 Census of Population - Population of Civil Divisions less than Counties - California - Almeda County to Sutter County |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1870/population/1870a-12.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}}{{Cite web|title= 1870 Census of Population - Population of Civil Divisions less than Counties - California - Tehama County to Yuba County |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1870/population/1870a-13.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}} 1880-1890{{Cite web|title= 1890 Census of Population - Population of California by Minor Civil Divisions |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1890/bulletins/demographics/134-population-of-ca.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}}
1900{{Cite web|title= 1900 Census of Population - Population of California by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/bulletins/demographic/10-population-ca.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}} 1910{{Cite web|title= 1910 Census of Population - Supplement for California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/abstract/supplement-ca.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}} 1920{{Cite web|title= 1920 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1920/bulletins/demographics/population-ca-number-of-inhabitants.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}}
1930{{Cite web|title= 1930 Census of Population - Number and Distribution of Inhabitants - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1930/population-volume-1/03815512v1ch03.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}} 1940{{Cite web|title= 1940 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population-volume-1/33973538v1ch03.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}} 1950{{Cite web|title= 1950 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-1/vol-01-08.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}}
1960{{Cite web|title= 1960 Census of Population - General population Characteristics - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/vol-01-06-d.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}}{{Cite web|title= 1960 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/vol-01-06-c.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}} 1970{{Cite web|title= 1970 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_ca1-01.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}} 1980{{Cite web|title= 1980 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_caAB-01.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}}
1990{{Cite web|title= 1990 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-6.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}}

2000{{Cite web|title= 2000 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc-3-6.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}} 2010{{Cite web|title= 2010 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2010/cph-2/cph-2-6.pdf|website=United States Census Bureau}}
2020

}}

El Segundo first appeared as a city in the 1920 U.S. Census as part of the now defunct Redondo Township (pop. 5,016 in 1910).

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+El Segundo city, California – Racial and ethnic composition
{{nobold|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.}}

!Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)

!Pop 2000{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – El Segundo city, California|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US0622412&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|website=United States Census Bureau |access-date= }}

!Pop 2010{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – El Segundo city, California|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0622412&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=United States Census Bureau |access-date= }}

!{{partial|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – El Segundo city, California|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0622412&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=United States Census Bureau |access-date= }}

!% 2000

!% 2010

!{{partial|% 2020}}

White alone (NH)

|12,356

|11,515

|style='background: #ffffe6; |10,626

|77.07%

|69.14%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |61.58%

Black or African American alone (NH)

|181

|321

|style='background: #ffffe6; |394

|1.13%

|1.93%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |2.28%

Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)

|52

|40

|style='background: #ffffe6; |45

|0.32%

|0.24%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.26%

Asian alone (NH)

|1,005

|1,427

|style='background: #ffffe6; |1,804

|6.27%

|8.57%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |10.44%

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH)

|47

|30

|style='background: #ffffe6; |61

|0.29%

|0.18%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.35%

Other race alone (NH)

|87

|56

|style='background: #ffffe6; |88

|0.54%

|0.34%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.51%

Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)

|540

|656

|style='background: #ffffe6; |1,268

|3.37%

|3.94%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |7.34%

Hispanic or Latino (any race)

|1,765

|2,609

|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,976

|11.01%

|15.67%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |17.23%

Total

|16,033

|16,654

|style='background: #ffffe6; |17,272

|100.00%

|100.00%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |100.00%

File:El Segundo, California aerial.jpg in foreground, with El Segundo in background]]

=2010=

The 2010 United States census{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0622412|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140715130716/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0622412|archive-date=July 15, 2014|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - El Segundo city|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=July 12, 2014}} reported that El Segundo had a population of 16,654. The population density was {{convert|3,047.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of El Segundo was 12,997 (78.0%) White (69.1% non-Hispanic White),{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0622412.html |title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - El Segundo city |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701225711/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0622412.html |archive-date=July 1, 2012 }} 337 (2.0%) African American, 68 (0.4%) Native American, 1,458 (8.8%) Asian, 38 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 799 (4.8%) from other races, and 957 (5.7%) from two or more races. There were 2,609 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (15.7%).

The Census reported that 16,578 people (99.5% of the population) lived in households, 66 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 10 (0.1%) were institutionalized.

Of the 7,085 households, 2,183 (30.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 3,050 (43.0%) were married couples living together, 729 (10.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 326 (4.6%) had a male householder with no wife present; and 369 (5.2%) were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships. About 31.8% were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34. The city had 4,105 families (57.9% of all households); the average family size was 3.02.

22.3% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.7% was 18 to 24, 31.1% was 25 to 44, 29.8% was 45 to 64, and 10.1%o was 65 or older. The median age was 39.2. For every 100 females, there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 98.8 males.

The 7,410 housing units had an average density of {{convert|1,356.1|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|units |units|}}, of which 3,034 (42.8%) were owner-occupied and 4,051 (57.2%) occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.1%. About 49.1% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 50.4% in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States census, El Segundo had a median household income of $84,341, with 4.8% of the population living below the federal poverty line.{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0622412.html|title=census.gov - El Segundo, California|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701225711/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0622412.html|archive-date=July 1, 2012}}

=2000=

As of the 2000 Census, the population density was {{convert|2,894.6|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 7,261 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,310.9|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|units |units|}}. The racial makeup of the city was 83.61% White, 1.17% African American, 0.47% Native American, 6.41% Asian, 0.29% Pacific Islander, 3.51% from other races, and 4.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 11.01% of the population.

Of the 7,060 households, 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.5% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.6% were not families. Of all households, 34.3% were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 3.00.

22.7% of the population was under age 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 38.7% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% 65 or older. The median age was 36. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 96.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $61,341, and for a family was $74,007. Males had a median income of $52,486 versus $41,682 for females. The per capita income for the city was $33,996. About 3.1% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

File:Chevron El Segundo refinery, 2007.jpg

File:Aerial Mattel Headquarters El Segundo May 2012.JPG]]

The name was adopted in 1911 when Chevron built its second refinery, El Segundo, which is Spanish for "the Second".Greenberg, David."[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-24223058_ITM Aerospace woes take a toll, but LAX neighbor has bright spots.]" Los Angeles Business Journal. August 11, 2003. Retrieved on April 13, 2009. This refinery has received crude oil from the Amazon region of South America – more than 5,000 barrels per day.{{cite book|title=From Well to Wheel: The Social, Environmental, and Climate Costs of Amazon Crude|publisher=Amazon Watch|pages=7|url=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2016-amazon-crude-report.pdf|access-date=March 24, 2017}} El Segundo is located next to the Hyperion sewage treatment plant{{cite web |url=http://www.insidesocal.com/history/2010/03/hyperion-treatment-plant.html |title=South Bay History | The Daily Breeze's Sam Gnerre looks at the way we were in the South Bay |publisher=Insidesocal.com |access-date=February 8, 2013 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114225937/http://www.insidesocal.com/history/2010/03/hyperion-treatment-plant.html |url-status=dead }} and the El Segundo power plant. The El Segundo power plant is operated by the American energy company NRG. NRG was to create a new combined cycle power island, providing power for 240,000 households. The new power plant, slated to go online in 2013, was to use two generators: a Siemens gas turbine{{cite web|url=http://www.usa.siemens.com/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency.html?tab=Power-generations |title=Energy efficiency|website=Siemens USA|date=January 30, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104153330/http://www.usa.siemens.com/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency.html%23Power-generations|archive-date=January 4, 2013}} and an additional steam turbine. Prior to its dissolution, Unocal was headquartered in El Segundo.{{cite web |url=http://www.unocal.com/ |title=Unocal World On-Line |access-date=July 7, 2009 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227082136/http://www.unocal.com/ |archive-date=December 27, 1996 }} Unocal Corporation. December 27, 1996. Retrieved on July 7, 2009.{{cite web |url=http://www.unocal.com/ |title=Home page |access-date=July 7, 2009 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050129055602/http://www.unocal.com/ |archive-date=January 29, 2005 }}. Unocal Corporation. January 29, 2005. Retrieved on July 7, 2009.

In 1928, William Mines, an immigrant from Canada, leased land for a flying field.Ripton, Ray. "[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/521637092.html?dids=521637092:521637092&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=May+14%2C+1967&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=El+Segundo+Will+Celebrate+50th+Year+for+a+Week&pqatl=google El Segundo Will Celebrate 50th Year for a Week] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020024747/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/521637092.html?dids=521637092:521637092&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=May+14,+1967&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=El+Segundo+Will+Celebrate+50th+Year+for+a+Week&pqatl=google |date=October 20, 2012 }}." Los Angeles Times. May 14, 1967. In 1930, Los Angeles Municipal Airport, later Los Angeles International Airport, opened north of El Segundo; its presence led to the concentration of aerospace and aviation-related firms in the El Segundo area. Many large aerospace companies have facilities in El Segundo, including the four largest aerospace companies in the US: Boeing, RTX Corporation,{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-la-times-el-segundo-20180413-story.html|title=Patrick Soon-Shiong plans to move Los Angeles Times to new campus in El Segundo|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|first1=Meg |last1=James|first2=Andrea |last2=Chang|date=April 13, 2018|access-date=April 13, 2018}} Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman; many smaller aerospace companies such as Wyle Laboratories, the Aerospace Corporation, and Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings all have facilities in El Segundo as well, with Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings being headquartered there. It is also home to the Los Angeles Air Force Base and the Space and Missile Systems Center, which is responsible for space-related acquisition for the military.

The current Boeing factory, the Boeing Satellite Development Center, was originally built by Nash Motors in 1946 and opened in 1948. In 1955, Hughes Aircraft Company purchased the {{Convert|500,000|ft2|m2|adj=on}} building; it was converted to build missiles and also served as a test facility.{{cite web|url=http://www.automobiledrivingmuseum.org/nash-factory-in-el-segundo-ca/|title=NASH Factory in El Segundo, CA|date=January 21, 2015|website=Automobile Driving Museum|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228225518/http://www.automobiledrivingmuseum.org/nash-factory-in-el-segundo-ca/|url-status=dead}} At one time, MGM Grand Air had its headquarters in El Segundo."World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 23–29, 1994. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1994/1994%20-%200796.html?search=%22Mid%20Pacific%20Air%22 106].

Toy manufacturer Mattel,{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.mattel.com/careers/work/elsegundo.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404164853/http://corporate.mattel.com/careers/work/elsegundo.aspx|url-status=unfit|title=Careers |website=Mattel |archive-date=April 4, 2013}} AT&T Entertainment Hub (formerly DirecTV"[http://investor.directv.com/contactus.cfm Contact IR or Transfer Agent]." DirecTV. Retrieved on December 8, 2009.) direct technology marketing company PCM, Inc., and A-Mark Precious Metals are headquartered there, as well as sporting goods retailer Big 5 Sporting Goods and Stamps.com. Database company Teradata has a research and development facility in El Segundo, as well. The North American headquarters of the Japanese video game company Square Enix are also in the city.

From 1982 until 1996, the headquarters of the Los Angeles Raiders of the National Football League was located in El Segundo.{{Cite web|first=Alan|last=Abrahamson|date=May 11, 1997|title=El Segundo to Raiders: Just Pay, Baby|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-05-11-me-57800-story.html|access-date=July 4, 2020|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}} The Los Angeles Kings Hockey Club is also located in El Segundo. In 2024, the Los Angeles Chargers moved their headquarters to El Segundo from Costa Mesa.{{Cite web|title=Chargers announce new headquarters, training facility in El Segundo|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/chargers-announce-new-headquarters-training-facility-in-el-segundo|access-date=November 9, 2021|website=NFL.com|language=en-US}} The Los Angeles Lakers office headquarters and practice facility, the UCLA Health Training Center are also located in El Segundo. Their NBA G-League affiliate the South Bay Lakers plays their games there.

Film production companies are located in El Segundo, including Rhythm and Hues Studios and Lightstorm Entertainment.{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-el-segundo-gehry-20170317-story.html|title=There's another Frank Gehry building going up in town. It's under the radar in El Segundo|first=Roger |last=Vincent|date= March 17, 2017|access-date=March 18, 2017|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/la-fi-el-segundo-sale-20160116-story.html|title=Bixby Land's $49-million office building sale a sign 'it's not the old El Segundo'|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Andrew |last=Khouri|date= January 15, 2016|access-date=January 16, 2016}}

The Los Angeles Times moved its newsroom from downtown Los Angeles to a {{convert|4.5|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus in El Segundo in 2018.{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Meg|last2=Chang|first2=Andrea|title=Patrick Soon-Shiong plans to move Los Angeles Times to new campus in El Segundo|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-la-times-el-segundo-20180413-story.html|access-date=April 17, 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=April 13, 2018}}

=Top employers=

According to the city's 2020–21 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,{{cite web |url=https://www.elsegundo.org/home/showpublisheddocument/5136/637830215014170000 |title=City of El Segundo CAFR |access-date=May 10, 2022 |website=elsegundo.org}} the top employers in the city are:

class="wikitable"
#

! Employer

! # of Employees

1

|Boeing

|12,005

2

|Raytheon Technologies

|6,000

3

|Northrop Grumman

|2,422

4

|The Aerospace Corporation

|2,180

5

|Mattel

|1,545

6

|Chevron

|1,187

7

|Internet Brands

|661

8

|Infineon Technologies

|498

9

|Karl Storz Endoscopy America Inc.

|421

10

|Big 5 Sporting Goods

|290

=Subsidiaries of companies=

Nexon America, the North American branch of Korean online game publisher Nexon Co. Ltd. has its offices in El Segundo.

The North American branch of the Japanese video game publisher and developer Square Enix has its headquarters in El Segundo."[http://www.square-enix.com/jp/company/e/locations/ Corporate Locations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720080140/http://www.square-enix.com/jp/company/e/locations/ |date=July 20, 2008 }}." Square Enix Japan. Accessed September 20, 2008.

Due to its proximity to Los Angeles International Airport, El Segundo became the host of several offices of airlines. In 1979, the United Airlines Reservation Center, a two-story, $4.5 million, {{convert|55000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} facility in the International Center, was scheduled to begin construction. Austin Co., a firm in Irvine, was to build the facility, which was scheduled for opening in May of that year."[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/649838072.html?dids=649838072:649838072&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=May+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=El+Segundo+to+Be+Airline+Office+Site&pqatl=google El Segundo to Be Airline Office Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020041251/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/649838072.html?dids=649838072:649838072&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=May+21,+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=El+Segundo+to+Be+Airline+Office+Site&pqatl=google |date=October 20, 2012 }}." Los Angeles Times. May 21, 1978. Section Part IX, K24. Retrieved on April 14, 2009. Japan Airlines operates its United States headquarters, which was moved from New York City to El Segundo in around 2003.Lauro, Patricia Winters. "[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DE3DE153FF936A35750C0A9659C8B63 THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING – ADDENDA; Japan Airlines Moves Its Account]." The New York Times. March 5, 2003. at Suite 620 of 300 Continental Boulevard;"[http://www.ar.jal.com/region/en/other/career/jpsa.html JAL Passenger Services America, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014042740/http://www.ar.jal.com/region/en/other/career/jpsa.html |date=October 14, 2008 }}" Japan Airlines. Accessed September 20, 2008. Cathay Pacific has an office in El Segundo.{{cite news|author=McDowell, Edwin|title=Be prepared to pay a lot more, and pay in advance, to be in Hong Kong next summer|work=The New York Times|date=October 9, 1996|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/09/business/be-prepared-to-pay-a-lot-more-and-pay-in-advance-to-be-in-hong-kong-next-summer.html|access-date=December 14, 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.cathaypacific.com/contact/worldwide/popup/0%2C1043%2C37570-L01~FALSE~Online~32369%2C00.html |title=United States |website=Cathay Pacific|date=September 24, 2005|access-date=September 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924121136/http://www.cathaypacific.com/contact/worldwide/popup/0%2C1043%2C37570-L01~FALSE~Online~32369%2C00.html |archive-date=September 24, 2005 |quote=Los Angeles 300 Continental Boulevard, Suite 500, El Segundo, CA 90245}}{{cite book|title=Forbes FYI|work=Forbes|date=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQm8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Cathay+Pacific%22+%22El+Segundo,+CA%22|page=73|via=Google Books|access-date=December 14, 2011|quote=Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd., 300 N. Continental Boulevard, Suite 500, El Segundo, CA 90245}} The airline moved its North America headquarters to Greater Los Angeles in 1990,{{cite web|url=http://www.topmovingcompany4u.com/cities/movers-in-LosAngeles.html | title=The Los Angeles Relocation Project | publisher=El Segundo & Los Angeles Relocation division|date=October 23, 2011}} and the headquarters were situated in El Segundo until 2005.{{cite news|author=Armstrong, David|title=Cathay Pacific opens headquarters in S.F. / North American office relocated from Los Angeles.|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=February 16, 2005|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Cathay-Pacific-opens-headquarters-in-S-F-North-2698602.php|access-date=December 14, 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.cathaypacific.com/contact/worldwide/popup/0%2C1043%2C37570-L01~FALSE~Online~32369%2C00.html |title=United States |website=Cathay Pacific|date=February 5, 2005|access-date=September 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205033854/http://www.cathaypacific.com/contact/worldwide/popup/0%2C1043%2C37570-L01~FALSE~Online~32369%2C00.html |archive-date=February 5, 2005|quote=Los Angeles 300 Continental Boulevard, Suite 500, El Segundo, CA 90245}}

Air China operates its North American headquarters in the {{convert|13000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} 2131 East Maple Avenue building, south of LAX, in El Segundo. Its current North American headquarters opened with a ribbon cutting ceremony and other festivities on Friday March 26, 2010. The call center reservations, marketing, and sales employees all moved into the building. The building includes a call center with space for 50 employees; when the building opened, half of the spaces had been filled."[http://www.airchina.us/en/aboutus/airchinanews/2009/20100330.html Air China Celebrates Opening Of New Los Angeles Office Building]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120724012237/http://www.airchina.us/en/aboutus/airchinanews/2009/20100330.html Archive]) Air China. Retrieved on October 12, 2012.

Air New Zealand operates its United States headquarters in El Segundo.Garfinkel, Perry. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/business/30asiatravel.html Airlines Add Service and Amenities to Asian Routes]." The New York Times. September 29, 2008. Retrieved on December 14, 2011.{{cite web|url=http://www.air-china.us/en/aboutus/airchinanews/2009/20100330.html |title=Air China International |publisher=Air-china.us |access-date=February 8, 2013}}"[http://www.airnewzealand.com/aboutus/mediacentre/pressreleases_2007/crt-tanaka_wins_airnz_account_05dec07.htm CRT/tanaka Wins Air New Zealand Account] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917000746/http://www.airnewzealand.com/aboutus/mediacentre/pressreleases_2007/crt-tanaka_wins_airnz_account_05dec07.htm |date=September 17, 2009 }}." Air New Zealand. December 5, 2007. Retrieved on August 26, 2009. Other airlines with offices in El Segundo include Turkish Airlines, Thai Airways, Air Tahiti Nui,"[http://www.airtahitinui-usa.com/company/offices.asp Worldwide Offices and Sales Agents:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525142229/http://www.airtahitinui-usa.com/company/offices.asp? |date=May 25, 2009 }}." Air Tahiti Nui. Retrieved on January 20, 2009. Aeroméxico,"[http://aeromexico.com/us/destinations/united-states/los-angeles.html Ticketing Offices California / Los Angeles]." Aeroméxico. Retrieved on January 20, 2009. China Airlines"[http://www.china-airlines.com/en/about/about-3-3.htm Branch Offices North America] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128082353/http://www.china-airlines.com/en/about/about-3-3.htm |date=November 28, 2011 }}." China Airlines. Retrieved on January 21, 2009. Emirates,"[http://www.emirates.com/mx/english/help/offices/local_emirates_offices.aspx?city=LAX Los Angeles Emirates (town office)]." Emirates. Retrieved on February 24, 2011. "Address 222 N. Pacific Coast Highway Suite 1322 El Segundo, CA 90245 Los Angeles USA." EVA Air,"[http://www.evaair.com/en-global/contact-us-and-help/contact-us/?region=North-America Contact Us America]." EVA Air. Retrieved on January 28, 2009. and Singapore Airlines."[http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/en_UK/content/company_info/contact.jsp Contact Us] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708043303/http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/en_UK/content/company_info/contact.jsp |date=July 8, 2009 }}." Singapore Airlines. Retrieved on January 28, 2009.

Infineon Technologies acquired El Segundo-based company International Rectifier in 2015.{{cite web |title=International Rectifier becomes wholly owned subsidiary of Infineon Technologies as acquisition closes |url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/rf-analog/article/16713877/international-rectifier-becomes-wholly-owned-subsidiary-of-infineon-technologies-as-acquisition-closes |website=Military Aerospace |date=January 14, 2015 |access-date=1 August 2024}}

Parks and recreation

File:El a Segundo Main Street.jpg

El Segundo has its own beach, as well as two public pools; both are outdoor pools, one of which is open only during the summer months. The El Segundo Parks and Recreation staff are the basis for the hit NBC program Parks and Recreation.{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1266020/trivia|title=Parks and Recreation (TV Series 2009–2015)|access-date=March 16, 2018|via=www.imdb.com}} El Segundo has two full-sized turf fields named Campus El Segundo Athletic Fields, which are open to the public.{{cite web|url=http://www.elsegundo.org/depts/recreation/parks_n_facilities/athletic_fields/campus_el_segundo.asp|title=El Segundo Website - Campus El Segundo|website=www.elsegundo.org|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-date=July 31, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731131911/http://www.elsegundo.org/depts/recreation/parks_n_facilities/athletic_fields/campus_el_segundo.asp|url-status=dead}}

= Athletics =

In 2023, El Segundo Little League won the world championship of the Little League World Series, defeating the team from Willemstad, Curaçao in the championship. Louis Lappe hit a walk-off home run to win the game, 6–5. It was the first championship for a team from California since 2011.

Government

=Local government=

According to the city's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, its various funds had $99.0 million in revenues, $91.0 million in expenditures, $206.5 million in total assets, $33.6 million in total liabilities, and $50.4 million in cash and investments.

In the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, El Segundo is in the Second District, represented by Holly Mitchell.{{cite web |title=Discover the Los Angeles County Second District - LA County Supervisor Holly J. Mitchell |url=https://mitchell.lacounty.gov/2nd-district/}}

=State and federal representation=

In the California State Legislature, El Segundo is in {{Representative|casd|24|fmt=sdistrict}}, and in {{Representative|caad|66|fmt=adistrict}}.{{Cite web |title=Final Maps |url=https://www.wedrawthelinesca.org/final_maps |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=We Draw the Lines CA |publisher=2020 California Citizens Redistricting Commission}}

In the United States House of Representatives, El Segundo is in {{Representative|cacd|36|fmt=district}}.{{Cite GovTrack|CA|36}}

Education

File:El segundo hs1.jpg]]

The El Segundo Unified School District serves the residential district of El Segundo, west of Pacific Coast Highway. It operates El Segundo High School.

Eastern El Segundo is part of the tax base for the Wiseburn Unified School District, and formerly for the Centinela Valley Union High School District (CVUHSD). There are no residential areas in the eastern part of the city.Kuznia, Rob. "[http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20130329/wiseburn-district-eyes-wow-factor-in-creating-new-comprehensive-high-school Wiseburn district eyes wow factor in creating new comprehensive high school]." Daily Breeze. March 28, 2013. Retrieved on April 19, 2014. This portion of the city includes corporate operations providing significant tax revenue to the district (formerly districts).Kuznia, Rob. "[http://www.dailybreeze.com/social-affairs/20140219/aerospace-business-corridor-in-el-segundo-a-cash-cow-for-centinela-valley-school-district Aerospace business corridor in El Segundo a cash cow for Centinela Valley school district]." Daily Breeze. February 19, 2014. Retrieved on April 19, 2014.

Vistamar School is a private school in El Segundo.

Originally all of the city was located in the Wiseburn School District,"[http://www.centinela.k12.ca.us/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=126439&type=d&pREC_ID=251197 History and Profile]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064209/http://www.centinela.k12.ca.us/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=126439&type=d&pREC_ID=251197 Archive]). Centinela Valley Union High School District. Retrieved on April 20, 2014. which opened in 1896."[http://www.wiseburn.k12.ca.us/new/about/default.html About]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091412/http://www.wiseburn.k12.ca.us/new/about/default.html Archive]). Wiseburn School District. Retrieved on April 4, 2014. When the Inglewood Union High School District, now known as the CVUHSD, opened in 1905, its territory included the Wiseburn district. In 1912 the El Segundo School District opened, taking territory from the Wiseburn School District. The territory of the El Segundo district continued to be in the Inglewood Union District. On November 22, 1925, the El Segundo High School District was formed and El Segundo withdrew from the Inglewood Union district.

Media

File:Los Angeles Times building El Segundo California 2023-06.jpg headquarters]]

The Los Angeles Times has been headquartered in El Segundo since 2018.{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Andrea |date=April 17, 2018 |title=L.A. Times will move to 2300 E. Imperial Highway in El Segundo |url=https://latimes.com/business/la-fi-la-times-el-segundo-address-20180416-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=July 19, 2018}} The local Charter Spectrum news and sports channels, Spectrum News 1, Spectrum SportsNet, and SportsNet LA are based out of El Segundo.

The El Segundo Herald is the community newspaper for El Segundo. It was established in 1911, six years before the city was incorporated. It had its centennial anniversary of service to the community in 2011.

A monthly arts and culture publication, The El Segundo Scene, began printing in May 2018. Created and run by two El Segundo residents, the magazine serves El Segundo and its neighbors in the South Bay.

Infrastructure

=Transportation=

State Route 1 passes through the city as Pacific Coast Highway, while Interstate 105 begins its journey at Sepulveda Boulevard (the continuation of State Route 1 north of El Segundo city limits) just outside the northern city limits of El Segundo and heads east to Norwalk. The Los Angeles Metro K Line runs through the Eastern industrial and office district before meeting the C Line near Interstate 105 and Aviation Boulevard and continuing along north for the rest of its length.

Amtrak's El Segundo Bus Stop (ESG) is located at the Los Angeles Metro Rail's Douglas station and is serviced by Amtrak Thruway. The stop is on Amtrak's 1c bus route that runs four times a day between Amtrak's Torrance Bus Stop (Alpine Village) and the Bakersfield Amtrak station where passengers transfer to and from trains on San Joaquins services; passengers can also connect with Pacific Surfliner at the Van Nuys Amtrak station.

Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) is located immediately to the north of El Segundo. In 2014, an air quality study found harmful ultrafine particles from the takeoffs and landings at LAX to be of a much greater magnitude than previously thought.Weikel, Dan and Barboza, Tony (May 29, 2014) [http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-0529-lax-pollution-20140529-story.html "Planes' exhaust could be harming communities up to 10 miles from LAX"] Los Angeles Times

Notable people

  • Roseanne Barr, comedian, owns Full Moon and High Tides Productions{{cite news|last1=Abcarian|first1=Robin|title=Sleepy little El Segundo is on the radar and fighting to keep its small-town identity|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/abcarian/la-me-abcarian-el-segundo-20180417-htmlstory.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417133637/http://www.latimes.com/local/abcarian/la-me-abcarian-el-segundo-20180417-htmlstory.html|archive-date=April 17, 2018|access-date=April 17, 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=April 17, 2018}}
  • George Brett, baseball player, Hall of Fame
  • Ken Brett, baseball player
  • Joe Caravello, NFL football player
  • Dick Dale, guitarist, pioneer of Surf music{{Cite web|url=https://www.oldies.com/artist-view/Dick-Dale.html|title=Dick Dale|website=OLDIES.com}}
  • Rusty Frank, author, choreographer, producer, dance historian
  • The Ghost Inside, metalcore band{{cite web |last1=Downey |first1=Ryan J. |title=The Ghost Inside |date=July 30, 2021 |url=https://www.epitaph.com/artists/the-ghost-inside/bio |publisher=Epitaph Records |access-date=August 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704154053/https://www.epitaph.com/artists/the-ghost-inside/bio |archive-date=July 4, 2022 |url-status=live}}
  • Mike Gordon, Assemblymember and mayor of El Segundo
  • Carl Koppelman, accountant and forensic sketch artist
  • Dave LaRoche, baseball pitcher
  • Vladimir Matyushenko, UFC fighter
  • Christopher McCandless, adventurer who inspired the book Into the Wild and the 2007 film The Call of the Wild
  • Dave McCoy, skier and businessman, founder of Mammoth Mountain, was born in El Segundo{{Cite web|last=Sahagun|first=Louis|date=February 8, 2020|title=Dave McCoy, who gave skiers and boarders Mammoth Mountain, has died at 104|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-02-08/dave-mccoy-mammoth-mountain-dead-obituary|url-status=live|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209054125/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-02-08/dave-mccoy-mammoth-mountain-dead-obituary |archive-date=February 9, 2020 }}
  • Scott McGregor, baseball player
  • Lars Nootbaar, MLB baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals
  • Bob Samuelson, volleyball player
  • John Van Hamersveld, artist and surfer
  • Paul Westphal, basketball player and coach"[https://archive.today/20120719071015/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1124692/1/index.htm Love and Hate in El Segundo]". . Sports Illustrated. August 17, 1981. Retrieved on June 15, 2009.
  • Dave Williamson, stand-up comedian{{cite news |last= Hixon |first= Michael |date= May 8, 2018 |title= What's so funny about El Segundo? Find out at the Gundo Comedy Festival |url= https://www.dailybreeze.com/2018/05/08/whats-so-funny-about-el-segundo-find-out-at-the-gundo-comedy-festival/ |work= Daily Breeze |location=El Segundo, California |access-date=May 26, 2020 }}

See also

{{Portal|Greater Los Angeles}}

References

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