Ferrite (magnet)#Soft ferrites

Ferrites are usually ferrimagnetic ceramic compounds derived from iron oxides, with either a body-centered cubic or hexagonal crystal structure.{{cite journal

| last1 = Assadi

| first1 = M. Hussein N.

| last2 = H.

| first2 = Katayama-Yoshida

| date = 2019

| title = Covalency a pathway for achieving high magnetisation in {{chem|T |M |Fe|2|O|4}} Compounds

| arxiv = 2004.10948

| journal = Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

| volume = 88

| issue = 4

| pages = 044706

| doi = 10.7566/JPSJ.88.044706

| bibcode = 2019JPSJ...88d4706A

| s2cid = 127456231

}} Like most of the other ceramics, ferrites are hard, brittle, and poor conductors of electricity.

They are typically composed of α-iron(III) oxide (e.g. hematite {{chem2|Fe2O3}}) with one, or more additional, metallic element oxides, usually with an approximately stochiometric formula of MO·Fe₂O₃ such as Fe(II) such as in the common mineral magnetite composed of Fe(II)-Fe(III)₂O₄.{{Cite web |date=2021-06-25 |title=An Ultimate Guide on Ferrites - Types and Applications {{!}} Electricalvoice |url=https://electricalvoice.com/ferrites-types-applications/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |language=en-US}} Above 585 °C Fe(II)-Fe(III)₂O₄ transforms into the non-magnetic gamma phase.{{Cite journal |last=Sugimoto |first=Mitsuo |date=February 1999 |title=The Past, Present, and Future of Ferrites |url=https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1551-2916.1999.tb20058.x |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |language=en |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=269–280 |doi=10.1111/j.1551-2916.1999.tb20058.x |issn=0002-7820}} Fe(II)-Fe(III)₂O₄ is commonly seen as the black iron(II) oxide coating the surface of cast-iron cookware). The other pattern is M·Fe(III)₂O₃, where M is another metallic element. Common, naturally occurring ferrites (typically members of the spinel group) include those with nickel (NiFe₂O₄) which occurs as the mineral trevorite, magnesium containing magnesioferrite (MgFe₂O₄),{{Cite journal |last=Albers-Schoenberg |first=Ernst |date=November 1958 |title=Ferrites |url=https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1958.tb12901.x |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |language=en |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=484–489 |doi=10.1111/j.1151-2916.1958.tb12901.x |issn=0002-7820}}{{Cite journal |last=Hoffmann |first=Paul O. |date=July 1957 |title=Magnetic and Magnetostrictive Properties of Magnesium-Nickel Ferrites |url=https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1957.tb12613.x |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |language=en |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=250–252 |doi=10.1111/j.1151-2916.1957.tb12613.x |issn=0002-7820}} cobalt (cobalt ferrite),{{Cite journal |last1=Turtelli |first1=R. Sato |last2=Kriegisch |first2=M. |last3=Atif |first3=M. |last4=Grössinger |first4=R. |date=June 2014 |title=Co-ferrite – A material with interesting magnetic properties |journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering |language=en |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=012020 |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/60/1/012020 |bibcode=2014MS&E...60a2020T |issn=1757-899X|doi-access=free }} or manganese (MnFe₂O₄) which occurs naturally as the mineral jacobsite. Less often bismuth,{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Lei |last2=Dong |first2=Chunhui |last3=Chen |first3=Hang |last4=Yao |first4=Jinli |last5=Jiang |first5=Changjun |last6=Xue |first6=Desheng |date=December 2012 |editor-last=Varela |editor-first=J. A. |title=Hydrothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Bismuth Ferrites Nanocrystals with Various Morphology |url=https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05419.x |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |language=en |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=3922–3927 |doi=10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05419.x |issn=0002-7820}} strontium, zinc as found in franklinite,{{Cite journal |last1=Palmer |first1=G. G. |last2=Johnston |first2=R. W. |last3=Schultz |first3=R. E. |date=August 1957 |title=Magnetic Properties and Associated Microstructure of Zinc-Bearing Square-Loop Ferrites |url=https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1957.tb12616.x |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |language=en |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=256–262 |doi=10.1111/j.1151-2916.1957.tb12616.x |issn=0002-7820}} aluminum,yittrium, or barium ferrites are used{{Citation |last1=Jadhav |first1=Vijaykumar V. |title=Basics of Ferrites: Structures and Properties |date=2020 |work=Bismuth-Ferrite-Based Electrochemical Supercapacitors |pages=37–45 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-16718-9_3 |access-date=2024-03-29 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-16718-9_3 |isbn=978-3-030-16717-2 |last2=Mane |first2=Rajaram S. |last3=Shinde |first3=Pritamkumar V.}}{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=C. Barry |last2=Norton |first2=M. Grant |year=2007 |title=Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering |pages=212–15 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-46270-7}} In addition, more complex synthetic alloys are often used for specific applications.{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Shuli |last2=Zhang |first2=Hongwang |last3=Liu |first3=Yihao |last4=Sun |first4=Fan |last5=Yu |first5=Xiang |last6=Li |first6=Xueyan |last7=Zhang |first7=Li |last8=Wang |first8=Lichen |last9=Mao |first9=Keya |last10=Wang |first10=Gangshi |last11=Lin |first11=Yunjuan |last12=Han |first12=Zhenchuan |last13=Sabirianov |first13=Renat |last14=Zeng |first14=Hao |date=July 2018 |title=Maximizing Specific Loss Power for Magnetic Hyperthermia by Hard–Soft Mixed Ferrites |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.201800135 |journal=Small |language=en |volume=14 |issue=29 |pages=e1800135 |doi=10.1002/smll.201800135 |pmid=29931802 |arxiv=1805.04204 |issn=1613-6810}}{{Cite journal |last1=Ortiz-Quiñonez |first1=Jose-Luis |last2=Pal |first2=Umapada |last3=Villanueva |first3=Martin Salazar |date=2018-11-30 |title=Structural, Magnetic, and Catalytic Evaluation of Spinel Co, Ni, and Co–Ni Ferrite Nanoparticles Fabricated by Low-Temperature Solution Combustion Process |journal=ACS Omega |language=en |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=14986–15001 |doi=10.1021/acsomega.8b02229 |issn=2470-1343 |pmc=6644305 |pmid=31458165}}

Many ferrites adopt the spinel chemical structure with the formula {{chem|A |B|2|O|4}}, where A and B represent various metal cations, one of which is usually iron (Fe). Spinel ferrites usually adopt a crystal motif consisting of cubic close-packed (fcc) oxides (O{{sup|2−}}) with A cations occupying one eighth of the tetrahedral holes, and B cations occupying half of the octahedral holes, i.e., {{chem|A|2+|B|2|3+|O|4|2−}}. An exception exists for ɣ-Fe₂O₃ which has a spinel crystalline form and is widely used a magnetic recording substrate.{{Cite book |last1=Cornell |first1=R. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlMuE3_klW4C |title=The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses |last2=Schwertmann |first2=U. |date=2003-07-29 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-3-527-30274-1 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/3527602097.ch2}}{{Cite book |last=Morrish |first=Allan H. |chapter=Morphology and Physical Properties of Gamma Iron Oxide |series=Crystals |date=1980 |volume=2 |editor-last=Freyhardt |editor-first=H. C. |title=Growth and Properties |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-67467-9_4 |language=en |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |pages=171–197 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-67467-9_4 |isbn=978-3-642-67467-9}}

However the structure is not an ordinary spinel structure, but rather the inverse spinel structure: One eighth of the tetrahedral holes are occupied by B cations, one fourth of the octahedral sites are occupied by A cations. and the other one fourth by B cation. It is also possible to have mixed structure spinel ferrites with formula [{{chem|M|2+|{{math|(1−δ) }}|Fe|3+|{{mvar|δ }}}}] [{{chem|M|2+|{{mvar|δ }}|Fe|3+|{{math|(2−δ) }}}}] {{chem|O|4}}, where {{mvar|δ}} is the degree of inversion.{{Example needed|date=May 2023}}{{Clarify|reason=Provide an image with a ceramic lattice|date=May 2023}}

The magnetic material known as "Zn Fe" has the formula {{chem|Zn |Fe|2|O|4}}, with {{chem|Fe|3+}} occupying the octahedral sites and {{chem|Zn|2+}} occupying the tetrahedral sites, it is an example of normal structure spinel ferrite.{{cite book |last1=Shriver |first1=D.F. |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Inorganic Chemistry |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7167-4878-6}}{{page needed|date=January 2014}}

Some ferrites adopt hexagonal crystal structure, like barium and strontium ferrites {{chem|Ba|Fe|12|O|19}} ({{nobr|{{chem|Ba|O}} : 6 {{chem|Fe|2|O|3}} }}) and {{chem|Sr|Fe|12|O|19}} ({{nobr|{{chem|Sr |O}} : 6 {{chem|Fe|2|O|3}} }}).{{cite journal |last1=Ullah |first1=Zaka |last2=Atiq |first2=Shahid |last3=Naseem |first3=Shahzad |year=2013 |title=Influence of Pb doping on structural, electrical and magnetic properties of Sr-hexaferrites |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds |volume=555 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.12.061}}

In terms of their magnetic properties, the different ferrites are often classified as "soft", "semi-hard" or "hard", which refers to their low or high magnetic coercivity, as follows.

Image:Ferrite cores.jpg

Image:Panasonic RQ-NX60V - controller board - Ferrite rod antenna-9553.jpg in a portable radio, consisting of a wire wound around a ferrite core]]

Image:Aplikimi i feriteve.png

Ferrites that are used in transformer or electromagnetic cores contain nickel, zinc, and/or manganese{{cite conference |title=Facile synthesis and temperature dependent dielectric properties of {{chem|Mn|Fe|2|O|4}} nanoparticles |series=AIP Conference Proceedings |volume=2115 |page=030104 |year=2019 |doi=10.1063/1.5112943}} compounds. Soft ferrites are not suitable to make permanent magnets. They have high magnetic permeability so they conduct magnetic fields and are attracted to magnets, but when the external magnetic field is removed, the remanent magnetization does not tend to persist. This is due to their low coercivity. The low coercivity also means the material's magnetization can easily reverse direction without dissipating much energy (hysteresis losses), while the material's high resistivity prevents eddy currents in the core, another source of energy loss. Because of their comparatively low core losses at high frequencies, they are extensively used in the cores of RF transformers and inductors in applications such as switched-mode power supplies and loopstick antennas used in AM radios.

The most common soft ferrites are:

; Manganese-zinc ferrite: "Mn Zn", with the formula {{chem|Mn|{{mvar|δ }}|Zn|{{math|(1−δ) }}|Fe|2|O|4}}. Mn Zn have higher permeability and saturation induction than Ni Zn.

; Nickel-zinc ferrite: "Ni Zn", with the formula {{chem|Ni|{{mvar|δ }}|Zn|{{math|(1−δ) }}|Fe|2|O|4}}. Ni Zn ferrites exhibit higher resistivity than Mn Zn, and are therefore more suitable for frequencies above 1 MHz.{{cite report |title=Product selection guide |year=2003 |publisher=Ferroxcube |type=product catalog |page=5}}

For use with frequencies above 0.5 MHz but below 5 MHz, Mn Zn ferrites are used; above that, Ni Zn is the usual choice. The exception is with common mode inductors, where the threshold of choice is at 70 MHz.{{cite web |title = Learn More about Ferrite Cores |website=mag-inc.com |publisher=Magnetics |url=http://www.mag-inc.com/products/ferrite-cores/learn-more-about-ferrites}}

; Cobalt ferrite : {{chem|Co |Fe|2|O|4}} {{nobr|{{chem|Co |O}}·{{chem|Fe|2|O|3}} ,}} is in between soft and hard magnetic material and is usually classified as a semi-hard material.{{cite journal |last1=Hosni |first2=K. |last2=Zehani |first3=T. |last3=Bartoli |first4=L. |last4=Bessais |first5=H. |last5=Maghraoui-Meherzi |year=2016 |title=Semi-hard magnetic properties of nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite synthesized by the co-precipitation process |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds |volume=694 |pages=1295–1301 |doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.252}} It is mainly used for its magnetostrictive applications like sensors and actuators {{cite journal |last1=Olabi |year=2008 |title=Design and application of magnetostrictive materials|journal=Materials & Design |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=469–483 |doi=10.1016/j.matdes.2006.12.016 |url=http://doras.dcu.ie/15063/1/Olabi-MS-paper-12-09-06.pdf}} thanks to its high saturation magnetostriction (~200 ppm). {{chem|Co |Fe|2|O|4}} has also the benefits to be rare-earth free, which makes it a good substitute for terfenol-D.{{cite conference |last1=Sato-Turtelli |first1=R. |last2=Kriegisch |first2=M. |last3=Atif |first3=M. |last4=Grössinger |first4=R. |year=2014 |title=Co-ferrite – a material with interesting magnetic properties |series=IOP Conference Series |conference=Materials Science and Engineering |volume=60 |pages=012020 |issue=1 |bibcode=2014MS&E...60a2020T |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/60/1/012020 |doi-access=free}}

Moreover, cobalt ferrite's magnetostrictive properties can be tuned by inducing a magnetic uniaxial anisotropy.{{cite journal |last=Slonczewski |first=J.C. |date=15 June 1958 |title=Origin of magnetic anisotropy in cobalt-substituted magnetite |journal=Physical Review |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=1341–1348 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.110.1341 |bibcode=1958PhRv..110.1341S}} This can be done by magnetic annealing,{{cite journal |first1=C.C.H. |last1=Lo |first2=A.P. |last2=Ring |first3=J.E. |last3=Snyder |first4=D.C. |last4=Jiles |year=2005 |title=Improvement of magneto-mechanical properties of cobalt ferrite by magnetic annealing |journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=3676–3678 |doi=10.1109/TMAG.2005.854790 |bibcode=2005ITM....41.3676L |s2cid=45873667}} magnetic field assisted compaction,{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Jiquan |last2=Gao |first2=Xuexu |last3=Yuan |first3=Chao |last4=Li |first4=Jiheng |last5=Bao |first5=Xiaoqian |year=2015 |title=Magnetostriction properties of oriented polycrystalline {{chem|Co|Fe|2|O|4}} |journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials |volume=401 |pages=662–666 |doi=10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.10.073}} or reaction under uniaxial pressure.{{cite journal |last1=Aubert |first1=A. |last2=Loyau |first2=V. |last3=Mazaleyrat |first3=F. |last4=LoBue |first4=M. |year=2017 |title=Uniaxial anisotropy and enhanced magnetostriction of {{chem|Co|Fe|2|O|4}} induced by reaction under uniaxial pressure with SPS |journal=Journal of the European Ceramic Society |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=3101–3105 |doi=10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.03.036 |arxiv=1803.09656 |s2cid=118914808 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01636264}} This last solution has the advantage to be ultra fast (20 min) thanks to the use of spark plasma sintering. The induced magnetic anisotropy in cobalt ferrite is also beneficial to enhance the magnetoelectric effect in composite.{{cite journal |last1=Aubert |first1=A. |last2=Loyau |first2=V. |last3=Mazaleyrat |first3=F. |last4=LoBue |first4=M. |year=2017 |title=Enhancement of the magnetoelectric effect in multiferroic CoFe2O4 / PZT bilayer by induced uniaxial magnetic anisotropy |journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics |volume=53 |issue=11 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1109/TMAG.2017.2696162 |arxiv=1803.09677 |s2cid=25427820 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01636268}}

Image:Motor disassembeled.JPG disassembled, showing the two crescent-shaped ferrite magnets in the stator assembly (lower left)]]

In contrast, permanent ferrite magnets are made of hard ferrites, which have a high coercivity and high remanence after magnetization. The high coercivity means the materials are very resistant to becoming demagnetized, an essential characteristic for a permanent magnet. They also have high magnetic permeability. These so-called ceramic magnets are cheap, and are widely used in household products such as refrigerator magnets. The maximum magnetic field {{mvar|B}} is about 0.35 tesla and the magnetic field strength {{mvar|H}} is about 30–160 kiloampere turns per meter (400–2000 oersteds).{{cite web |title=Amorphous magnetic cores |year=2006 |publisher=Hill Technical Sales |website=hilltech.com |type=product catalog |url=http://www.hilltech.com/products/emc_components/Amorphous_Shielding.html |access-date=18 January 2014}} The density of ferrite magnets is about 5 g/cm³.

The most common hard ferrites are:

; {{anchor|Strontium_ferrite}}Strontium ferrite : {{chem|Sr |Fe|12|O|19}} ({{nobr|{{chem|Sr |O}} · 6 {{chem|Fe|2|O|3}} }}), used in small electric motors, micro-wave devices, recording media, magneto-optic media, telecommunication, and electronics industry. Strontium hexaferrite ({{chem|Sr |Fe|12|O|19}}) is well known for its high coercivity due to its magnetocrystalline anisotropy. It has been widely used in industrial applications as permanent magnets and, because they can be powdered and formed easily, they are finding their applications into micro and nano-types systems such as biomarkers, bio diagnostics and biosensors.{{cite journal |last1=Gubin |first1=Sergei P. |last2=Koksharov |first2=Yurii A. |last3=Khomutov |first3=G.B. |last4=Yurkov |first4=Gleb Yu |date=30 June 2005 |title=Magnetic nanoparticles: Preparation, structure and properties |journal=Russian Chemical Reviews |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=489–520 |doi=10.1070/RC2005v074n06ABEH000897|bibcode=2005RuCRv..74..489G |s2cid=250917570 }}

; Barium ferrite: {{chem|Ba |Fe|12|O|19}} ({{nobr|{{chem|Ba |O}} · 6 {{chem|Fe|2|O|3}} }}), a common material for permanent magnet applications. Barium ferrites are robust ceramics that are generally stable to moisture and corrosion-resistant. They are used in e.g. loudspeaker magnets and as a medium for magnetic recording, e.g. on magnetic stripe cards.

Iron oxide and (barium carbonate or strontium carbonate) are used in manufacturing of hard ferrite magnets.{{cite web |title=Ferrite permanent magnets |website=arnoldmagnetics.com |type=product catalog |publisher=Arnold Magnetic Technologies |url=http://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/Ferrite.aspx |access-date=18 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514152507/http://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/Ferrite.aspx |archive-date=14 May 2012 }}{{cite web |title=Barium carbonate |website=cpc-us.com |type=product catalog |publisher=Chemical Products Corporation |url=http://www.cpc-us.com/products/barium-carbonate.html |access-date=18 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172918/http://www.cpc-us.com/products/barium-carbonate.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 }}

Ferrites are produced by heating a mixture of the oxides of the constituent metals at high temperatures, as shown in this idealized equation:{{Cite book |author1=M. Wittenauer |author2=P. Wang |author3=P. Metcalf |author4=Z. Ka̧kol |author5=J. M. Honig |title=Inorganic Syntheses |chapter=Growth and Characterization of Single Crystals of Zinc Ferrites, Fe _3−X Zn _x O ₄ |pages=124–132|doi=10.1002/9780470132616.ch27|date=1995 |volume=30 |isbn=9780470132616}}

:Fe₂O₃ + ZnO → ZnFe₂O₄

In some cases, the mixture of finely-powdered precursors is pressed into a mold.

For barium and strontium ferrites, these metals are typically supplied as their carbonates, BaCO₃ or SrCO₃. During the heating process, these carbonates undergo calcination:

:MCO₃ → MO + CO₂

After this step, the two oxides combine to give the ferrite. The resulting mixture of oxides undergoes sintering.

Having obtained the ferrite, the cooled product is milled to particles smaller than 2 μm, sufficiently small that each particle consists of a single magnetic domain. Next the powder is pressed into a shape, dried, and re-sintered. The shaping may be performed in an external magnetic field, in order to achieve a preferred orientation of the particles (anisotropy).

Small and geometrically easy shapes may be produced with dry pressing. However, in such a process small particles may agglomerate and lead to poorer magnetic properties compared to the wet pressing process. Direct calcination and sintering without re-milling is possible as well but leads to poor magnetic properties.

Ferrite cores for electromagnets can be pre-sintered as well (pre-reaction), milled and pressed. However, the sintering takes place in a specific atmosphere, for instance one with an oxygen shortage. The chemical composition and especially the structure vary strongly between the precursor and the sintered product.

To allow efficient stacking of product in the furnace during sintering and prevent parts sticking together, many manufacturers separate ware using ceramic powder separator sheets. These sheets are available in various materials such as alumina, zirconia and magnesia. They are also available in fine, medium and coarse particle sizes. By matching the material and particle size to the ware being sintered, surface damage and contamination can be reduced while maximizing furnace loading.

Ferrite cores are used in electronic inductors, transformers, and electromagnets where the high electrical resistance of the ferrite leads to very low eddy current losses.

Ferrites are also found as a lump in a computer cable, called a ferrite bead, which helps to prevent high frequency electrical noise (radio frequency interference) from exiting or entering the equipment; these types of ferrites are made with lossy materials to not just block (reflect), but also absorb and dissipate as heat, the unwanted higher-frequency energy.

Early computer memories stored data in the residual magnetic fields of hard ferrite cores, which were assembled into arrays of core memory. Ferrite powders are used in the coatings of magnetic recording tapes.

Ferrite particles are also used as a component of radar-absorbing materials or coatings used in stealth aircraft and in the absorption tiles lining the rooms used for electromagnetic compatibility measurements.

Most common audio magnets, including those used in loudspeakers and electromagnetic instrument pickups, are ferrite magnets. Except for certain "vintage" products, ferrite magnets have largely displaced the more expensive Alnico magnets in these applications. In particular, for hard hexaferrites today the most common uses are still as permanent magnets in refrigerator seal gaskets, microphones and loud speakers, small motors for cordless appliances and in automobile applications.{{cite journal |last1=Pullar |first1=Robert C. |title=Hexagonal ferrites: A review of the synthesis, properties and applications of hexaferrite ceramics |journal=Progress in Materials Science |date=September 2012 |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=1191–1334 |doi=10.1016/j.pmatsci.2012.04.001 }}

Ferrite magnets find applications in electric power steering systems and automotive sensors due to their cost-effectiveness and corrosion resistance.{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordmagnets.com/ferrite-magnets-exploring-their-pros-and-cons-across-industries.html |title=Ferrite Magnets: Exploring Their Pros and Cons Across Industries |last=Marchio |first=Cathy |website=Stanford Magnets |date=Apr 16, 2024 |access-date=July 13, 2024}} Ferrite magnets are known for their high magnetic permeability and low electrical conductivity, making them suitable for high-frequency applications.{{cite journal |last=Breton |first=Jean |year=2021 |title=Ferrite Magnets: Properties and Applications |journal=Encyclopedia of Materials: Technical Ceramics and Glasses |volume=3 |pages=206–216 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-818542-1.00044-8|isbn=978-0-12-822233-1 }} In electric power steering systems, they provide the necessary magnetic field for efficient motor operation, contributing to the system's overall performance and reliability.{{cite journal |last1=Tahanian |first1=H. |last2=Aliahmadi |first2=M. |year=2020 |title=Ferrite Permanent Magnets in Electrical Machines: Opportunities and Challenges of a Non-Rare-Earth Alternative |journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1109/TMAG.2019.2957468|bibcode=2020ITM....5657468T }} Automotive sensors utilize ferrite magnets for accurate detection and measurement of various parameters, such as position, speed, and fluid levels.{{cite journal |last=Treutler |first=C.P.O |year=2001 |title=Magnetic sensors for automotive applications |journal=Sensors and Actuators A: Physical |volume=91 |issue=1–2 |pages=2–6 |doi=10.1016/S0924-4247(01)00621-5|bibcode=2001SeAcA..91....2T }}

Due to ceramic ferrite magnet’s weaker magnetic fields compared to superconducting magnets, they are sometimes used in low-field or open MRI systems.{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordmagnets.com/ceramic-ferrite-magnets.html |title=Ceramic Ferrite Magnets |website=Stanford Magnets |access-date=Sep 15, 2024}}{{cite journal |last1=Morin |first1=Devin |last2=Richard |first2=Sebastian |year=2024 |title=A low-field ceramic magnet design for magnetic resonance |journal=Journal of Magnetic Resonance |volume=358 |page=107599 |doi=10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107599|pmid=38041994 |bibcode=2024JMagR.35807599M }} These magnets are favored in certain cases due to their lower cost, stable magnetic field, and ability to function without the need for complex cooling systems.{{cite journal |last1=Breton |first1=Jean |year=2021 |title=Ferrite Magnets: Properties and Applications |journal=Encyclopedia of Materials: Technical Ceramics and Glasses |volume=3 |pages=206–216 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-818542-1.00044-8|isbn=978-0-12-822233-1 }}

Ferrite nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic properties.

Yogoro Kato and Takeshi Takei of the Tokyo Institute of Technology synthesized the first ferrite compounds in 1930. This led to the founding of TDK Corporation in 1935, to manufacture the material.

Barium hexaferrite (BaO•6Fe₂O₃) was discovered in 1950 at the Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium (Philips Physics Laboratory). The discovery was somewhat accidental—due to a mistake by an assistant who was supposed to be preparing a sample of hexagonal lanthanum ferrite for a team investigating its use as a semiconductor material. On discovering that it was actually a magnetic material, and confirming its structure by X-ray crystallography, they passed it on to the magnetic research group.Marc de Vries, 80 Years of Research at the Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium (1914-1994), p. 95, Amsterdam University Press, 2005 {{ISBN|9085550513}}. Barium hexaferrite has both high coercivity (170 kA/m) and low raw material costs. It was developed as a product by Philips Industries (Netherlands) and from 1952 was marketed under the trade name Ferroxdure.Raul Valenzuela, Magnetic Ceramics, p. 76, Cambridge University Press, 2005 {{ISBN|0521018439}}. Also Mullard's Magnadur. The low price and good performance led to a rapid increase in the use of permanent magnets.R. Gerber, C.D. Wright, G. Asti, Applied Magnetism, p. 335, Springer, 2013 {{ISBN|9401582637}}

In the 1960s Philips developed strontium hexaferrite (SrO•6Fe₂O₃), with better properties than barium hexaferrite. Barium and strontium hexaferrite dominate the market due to their low costs. Other materials have been found with improved properties. BaO•2(FeO)•8(Fe₂O₃) came in 1980.{{Cite journal | doi=10.1063/1.327493|title = Permanent-magnet material obtained by sintering the hexagonal ferriteW=BaFe18O27| journal=Journal of Applied Physics| volume=51| issue=11| pages=5913–5918|year = 1980|last1 = Lotgering|first1 = F. K.| last2=Vromans| first2=P. H. G. M.| last3=Huyberts| first3=M. A. H.|bibcode = 1980JAP....51.5913L}} and Ba₂ZnFe₁₈O₂₃ came in 1991.Raul Valenzuela, Magnetic Ceramics, p. 76-77, Cambridge University Press, 2005 {{ISBN|0521018439}}.

• Ferromagnetic material properties
• Cobalt Ferrite

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Ferrite (magnet)}}

• [http://www.intl-magnetics.org/ International Magnetics Association]
• [http://computer.howstuffworks.com/question352.htm What are the bumps at the end of computer cables?]

• MMPA 0100-00, [http://www.intl-magnetics.org/pdfs/0100-00.pdf Standard Specifications for Permanent Magnet Materials]
• Meeldijk, Victor Electronic Components: Selection and Application Guidelines, 1997 Wiley {{ISBN|0-471-18972-3}}
• Ott, Henry Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems 1988 Wiley {{ISBN|0-471-85068-3}}
• Luecke, Gerald and others General Radiotelephone Operator License Plus Radar Endorsement 2004, Master Pub. {{ISBN|0-945053-14-2}}
• Bartlett, Bruce and others [https://books.google.com/books?id=3HUGO_ZrlkYC Practical Recording Techniques] 2005 Focal Press {{ISBN|0-240-80685-9}}
• Schaller, George E. [http://www.cmi-ferrite.com/news/Articles/ferpro.pdf Ferrite Processing & Effects on Material Performance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224413/http://www.cmi-ferrite.com/news/Articles/ferpro.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }}

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