Hardboiled#Noir fiction

{{About|the literary style|other uses|Hard boiled (disambiguation)}}

File:BlackMaskFalcon2.jpg, September 1929, featuring part 1 of its serialization of The Maltese Falcon, by Dashiell Hammett. Illustration of private eye Sam Spade by Henry C. Murphy Jr.]]

Hardboiled (or hard-boiled) fiction is a literary genre that shares some of its characters and settings with crime fiction (especially detective fiction and noir fiction). The genre's typical protagonist is a detective who battles the violence of organized crime that flourished during Prohibition in the United States (1920–1933) and its aftermath, while dealing with a legal system that has become as corrupt as the organized crime itself.{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Dennis |editor-last=Priestman |editor-first=Martin |title=The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prie |url-access=limited |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-00871-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prie/page/n115 96]–97 |chapter=Chapter 6: The Private Eye}} Rendered cynical by this cycle of violence, the detectives of hardboiled fiction are often antiheroes. Notable hardboiled detectives include Dick Tracy, Philip Marlowe, Nick Charles, Mike Hammer, Sam Spade, Lew Archer, Slam Bradley, and The Continental Op.

Genre pioneers

The style was pioneered by Carroll John Daly in the mid-1920s,{{cite news| title= Black Mask | first = I | last = Ousby | work= The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English | year = 1995 | page = 89}} popularized by Dashiell Hammett over the course of the decade, and refined by James M. Cain and by Raymond Chandler beginning in the late 1930s.{{cite encyclopedia | title = The Hard-Boiled Detective | first = Max Allan | last = Collins | author-link = Max Allan Collins | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Mysteriosa | editor-first = William L | editor-last = de Andrea | editor-link = William L. DeAndrea | publisher = MacMillan | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-02-861678-0 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamyst00dean_0/page/153 153–154] | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamyst00dean_0/page/153 }} English writer Gerald Butler was referred to as the "English James M. Cain", and his characters were noted as hardboiled.{{Cite web |last=Barr Mavity |first=Nancy |author-link=Nancy Barr Mavity |date=1946-04-28 |title=Butler Is Heralded as British James M. Cain |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/205510150/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Oakland Tribune |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}}{{Cite web |date=1946-09-08 |title=Gerald Butler's Novel of Pursuit - Author of 'Dark Rainbow' Wrestles a Creaking Plot |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/171517131/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} Its heyday was in 1930s–50s America.{{cite book| first = Megan | last = Abbott | author-link = Megan Abbott | title = The Street Was Mine: White Masculinity in Hardboiled Fiction and Film Noir | url = https://archive.org/details/streetwasminewhi00abbo | url-access = limited | year = 2002 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/streetwasminewhi00abbo/page/n12 2]–3| isbn = 978-0-312-29481-6 }}.

Pulp fiction

From its earliest days, hardboiled fiction was published in and closely associated with so-called pulp magazines. Pulp historian Robert Sampson argues that Gordon Young's "Don Everhard" stories (which appeared in Adventure magazine from 1917 onwards), about an "extremely tough, unsentimental, and lethal" gun-toting urban gambler, anticipated the hardboiled detective stories.{{cite encyclopedia |author=Sampson, Robert |title=Encyclopedia Mysteriosa: A Comprehensive Guide to the Art of Detection in Print, Film, Radio, and Television |editor=Deandrea, William L. |entry=Pulps|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Mysteriosa|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamyst00dean_0/page/287 287–289]|publisher=MacMillan|year=1994|isbn=978-0-02-861678-0|entry-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamyst00dean_0}} "Extremely tough, unsentimental and lethal, Everhard foreshadowed the hard-boiled characters of the following decade". In its earliest uses in the late 1920s, "hardboiled" did not refer to a type of crime fiction; it meant the tough (cynical) attitude towards emotions triggered by violence.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}

The hardboiled crime story became a staple of several pulp magazines in the 1930s; most famously Black Mask under the editorship of Joseph T. Shaw,{{Cite magazine

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}} but also in other pulps such as Dime Detective and Detective Fiction Weekly.{{cite encyclopedia|author=Sampson, Robert |title=Encyclopedia Mysteriosa: A Comprehensive Guide to the Art of Detection in Print, Film, Radio, and Television |editor=Deandrea, William L. |entry=Pulps|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Mysteriosa|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamyst00dean_0/page/287 287–289]|publisher=MacMillan|year=1994|isbn=978-0-02-861678-0|entry-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamyst00dean_0}} {{cite web|url=http://www.mysterynet.com/hardboiled/ |title=Mystery Time Line: Hard-Boiled Mysteries|website=MysteryNet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021205003/http://www.mysterynet.com/hardboiled/|archive-date=2006-10-21}} A brief survey of the genre's early days, focusing on Black Mask. Consequently, "pulp fiction" is often used as a synonym for hardboiled crime fiction or gangster fiction;{{cite book|author=Hoggart, Richard|title=The Uses of Literacy|url=https://archive.org/details/usesofliteracyby0000unse|url-access=registration|date=1957|page= [https://archive.org/details/usesofliteracyby0000unse/page/258 258]|publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-0763-5|author-link=Richard Hoggart}} some would distinguish within it the private-eye story from the crime novel itself.{{cite web|url=http://www.mysteryfile.com/Abbott/Hardboiled.pdf|title=Toward a Hardboiled Genealogy|author=Abbott, Megan|pages=10–11|author-link=Megan Abbott|access-date=2006-08-21|archive-date=2020-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719231311/http://www.mysteryfile.com/Abbott/Hardboiled.pdf|url-status=dead}} Hardboiled/noir "family tree", by crime fiction author and scholar Megan Abbott. In the United States, the original hardboiled style has been emulated by innumerable writers, including James Ellroy, Paul Cain, Sue Grafton, Chester Himes, Paul Levine, John D. MacDonald, Ross Macdonald, Walter Mosley, Sara Paretsky, Robert B. Parker, and Mickey Spillane. Later, many hardboiled novels were published by houses specializing in paperback originals, most notably Gold Medal, and in later decades republished by houses such as Black Lizard.

File:Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico - BEIC 6340857.jpg|Photo by Paolo Monti, 1975

File:Spicy-Adventure Stories November 1936.png|Femmes fatales were standard fare in hardboiled fiction.

Relation to noir fiction

Hardboiled writing is also associated with "noir fiction". Eddie Duggan discusses the similarities and differences between the two related forms in his 1999 article on pulp writer Cornell Woolrich. {{cite journal|author=Duggan, Eddie |url=https://www.academia.edu/6778750 |date=1999|title=Writing in the darkness: The world of Cornell Woolrich |journal=CrimeTime|volume= 2 |issue=6 |pages= 113–126|author-link=Eddie Duggan }} In his full-length study of David Goodis, Jay Gertzman notes: "The best definition of hard boiled I know is that of critic Eddie Duggan. In noir, the primary focus is interior: psychic imbalance leading to self-hatred, aggression, sociopathy, or a compulsion to control those with whom one shares experiences. By contrast, hard boiled 'paints a backdrop of institutionalized social corruption{{'"}}.{{cite book|author=Gertzman, J. A. |date=2018|title=Pulp According to David Goodis|location= Lutz, FL|publisher= Down & Out Books |page= 53}}

References

External links

{{cite web|url=http://rraymond.narod.ru/a-z-list.htm |publisher=rraymond.narod.ru|title=A–Z List: Hard-boiled Guide}} A list of hard-boiled and noir writers.
{{cite web|url=http://rraymond.narod.ru/contents.htm |publisher=rraymond.narod.ru|title=Hard-boiled Detective}} Comprehensive bibliographies.
{{cite web|url=http://www.miskatonic.org/rara-avis/biblio/|title= Hardboiled Bibliographies|publisher=miskatonic.org/rara-avis|date= 2005-08-28}} Comprehensive bibliographies of many important hardboiled/noir authors.
{{cite web|url=http://www.miskatonic.org/slang.html|publisher=miskatonic.org|title= Twists, Slugs and Roscoes: A Glossary of Hardboiled Slang|date=2016-05-26}}

Category:Crime fiction

Category:Mystery fiction