Hot dog#Sandwich debate

File:Coney Island Hot Dogs (1940).webm in 1940]]

The word frankfurter comes from Frankfurt, Germany, where pork sausages similar to hot dogs originated.{{OEtymD|frankfurter|access-date=2009-10-17}} These sausages, Frankfurter Würstchen, were known since the 13th century and given to the people on the event of imperial coronations, starting with the coronation of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, as King. "Wiener" refers to Vienna, Austria ({{langx|de|Wien}}), home to a sausage made of a mixture of pork and beef.{{OEtymD|wiener |access-date=2009-10-17}} Johann Georg Lahner, an 18th/19th century butcher from the Franconian city of Coburg, is said to have brought the Frankfurter Würstchen to Vienna, where he added beef to the mixture and simply called it Frankfurter.{{harvcolnb|Schmidt|2003|p=241}} Nowadays, in German-speaking countries, except Austria, hot dog sausages are called Wiener or Wiener Würstchen (Würstchen means "little sausage"), to differentiate them from the original pork-only mixture from Frankfurt. In Swiss German, it is called Wienerli, while in Austria the terms Frankfurter or Frankfurter Würstel are used.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

File:Frankfurter stand LOC det.4a13502.jpg It is not definitively known who started the practice of serving the sausage in the bun. One of the strongest claims comes from Harry M. Stevens who was a food concessionaire.{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2008 |title=Derby's claim to the hot dog |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/derby/content/articles/2008/08/13/hot_dog_history_feature.shtml |access-date=June 8, 2022 |website=BBC |archive-date=June 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608172534/https://www.bbc.co.uk/derby/content/articles/2008/08/13/hot_dog_history_feature.shtml |url-status=live }} The claim is that, while working at the New York Polo Grounds in 1901, he came upon the idea of using small French rolls to hold the sausages when the waxed paper they were using ran out.{{Cite web |last=Ringolsby |first=Tracy |date=March 18, 2017 |title=Q&A with great-great-grandson of hot dog inventor |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/q-a-with-harry-m-stevens-ancestor-c219792410 |access-date=June 8, 2022 |website=The Official Site of Major League Baseball |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707235408/https://www.mlb.com/news/q-a-with-harry-m-stevens-ancestor-c219792410 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Harry Stevens — The Hot Dog King from Niles, Ohio |url=https://nileshistoricalsociety.org/harry.htm |access-date=June 8, 2022 |website=Niles Historical Society |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922104716/http://nileshistoricalsociety.org/harry.htm |url-status=dead }}

A German immigrant named Feuchtwanger, from Frankfurt, in Hesse, allegedly pioneered the practice in the American Midwest; there are several versions of the story with varying details. According to one account, Feuchtwanger's wife proposed the use of a bun in 1880: Feuchtwanger sold hot dogs on the streets of St. Louis, Missouri, and provided gloves to his customers so that they could handle the sausages without burning their hands. Losing money when customers did not return the gloves, Feuchtwanger's wife suggested serving the sausages in a roll instead.{{cite web |author=KiteFly Web Design – kitefly.com |url=http://www.hotdogchicagostyle.com/history.php |title=Hot Dog History |publisher=Hotdogchicagostyle.com |access-date=2012-03-05 |archive-date=2010-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204012255/http://hotdogchicagostyle.com/history.php |url-status=live }} In another version, Antoine Feuchtwanger, or Anton Ludwig Feuchtwanger, served sausages in rolls at the World's Fair – either at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis,Allen, Beth; Westmoreland, Susan (ed.) (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=coA1FiirGxUC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49 Good Housekeeping Great American Classics Cookbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118092702/https://books.google.com/books?id=coA1FiirGxUC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49 |date=2023-01-18 }}. New York: Hearst Books. p. 49.Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA968&lpg=PA968 Encyclopedia of Kitchen History]. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 968. or, earlier, at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, in Chicago{{harvcolnb|McCullough|2000|p=240}} – again, allegedly because the white gloves provided to customers to protect their hands were being kept as souvenirs.{{harvcolnb|Jakle|Sculle|1999|pp=163–164}}

Another possible origin for serving the sausages in rolls is the pieman Charles Feltman, at Coney Island in New York City. In 1867 he had a cart made with a stove on which to boil sausages, and a compartment to keep buns in which they were served fresh. In 1871 he leased land to build a permanent restaurant, and the business grew, selling far more than just the "Coney Island Red Hots" as they were known.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGGbhGx003oC&pg=PA236|title=Good Old Coney Island: A Sentimental Journey Into the Past : the Most Rambunctious, Scandalous, Rapscallion, Splendiferous, Pugnacious, Spectacular, Illustrious, Prodigious, Frolicsome Island on Earth|last=McCullough|first=Edo|date=1957|publisher=Fordham Univ Press|isbn=9780823219971|pages=234–236|language=en|access-date=2020-09-07|archive-date=2023-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118092742/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGGbhGx003oC&pg=PA236|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.westland.net/coneyisland/articles/food.htm|title=Coney Island History -Food & Dining|website=www.westland.net|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2017-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218170521/http://www.westland.net/coneyisland/articles/food.htm|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.coneyislandhistory.org/hall-of-fame/charles-feltman|title=Charles Feltman|date=2015-05-22|work=Coney Island History Project|access-date=2017-09-11|language=en|archive-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205025/http://www.coneyislandhistory.org/hall-of-fame/charles-feltman|url-status=live}}

File:Dog Factory (1904).ogv, a short film by Thomas Edison poking fun at what went into hot dogs in 1904]]

File:Indoor Sports (January 8, 1916).jpg's Indoor Sports strip from January 8, 1916, using the term hot dog]]

The term dog has been used as a synonym for sausage since the 1800s, possibly from accusations that sausage makers used dog meat in their sausages.{{harvcolnb|Wilton|2004|pp=58–59}}

In Germany the consumption of dog meat was common in Saxony, Silesia, Anhalt, and Bavaria during the 19th and 20th centuries.{{cite journal |last1=Geppert |first1=P |title=[Dog slaughtering in Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries with special consideration of the Munich area]. |journal=Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift |date=1992-10-01 |volume=105 |issue=10 |pages=335–42 |pmid=1463437 |language=German |quote=German title, "Hundeschlachtungen in Deutschland im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Raums München"}}{{Cite journal|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/06/23/106756317.pdf|title=Germany's dog meat market; Consumption of Canines and Horses Is on the Increase.|date=June 23, 1907|journal=The New York Times|access-date=2008-01-20|archive-date=2020-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817142535/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/06/23/106756317.pdf|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mZJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 |title=Horse and Dog Meat as a Food in Germany |journal=Monthly Consular and Trade Reports |department=Notes |volume=64 |number=240–243 |date=September–December 1900 |publisher=United States Bureau of Manufactures, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, Dept. of Commerce; Bureau of Manufactures, Bureau of Foreign Commerce; Bureau of Statistics, Dept. of Commerce and Labor |page=133 |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118092656/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mZJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 |url-status=live }} Hot dogs occasionally contained it.[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=hot+dog&searchmode=none "Hot Dog"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219003904/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=hot+dog&searchmode=none |date=2012-02-19 }} at Online Etymology Dictionary

An early use of the term hot dog in reference to the sausage-meat appears in the Evansville (Indiana) Daily Courier (September 14, 1884):

even the innocent 'wienerworst' man will be barred from dispensing hot dog on the street corner.{{Cite OED|term=hot dog|access-date=10 September 2017}}

It was used to mean a sausage in casing in the Paterson (New Jersey) Daily Press (31 December 1892):

the 'hot dog' was quickly inserted in a gash in a roll.

Subsequent uses include the New Brunswick Daily Times (New Jersey; May 20, 1893), the New York World (May 26, 1893), and the Knoxville Journal (September 28, 1893).

According to one story, the use of the complete phrase hot dog (in reference to sausage) was coined by the newspaper cartoonist Thomas Aloysius "Tad" Dorgan around 1900 in a cartoon recording the sale of hot dogs during a New York Giants baseball game at the Polo Grounds. He may have used the term because he did not know how to spell "dachshund".{{Cite web|url=https://www.allrecipes.com/article/hot-dogs-history/|title=How Did Hot Dogs Get Their Name?|website=Allrecipes|accessdate=8 May 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429223013/https://www.allrecipes.com/article/hot-dogs-history/|url-status=live}} No copy of the apocryphal cartoon has ever been found.{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/hotdog.asp | title=Hot Dog | website=Snopes | date=July 13, 2007 | access-date=2007-12-13 | archive-date=2023-07-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703223845/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/hot-dog/ | url-status=live }} Dorgan did use the term at other times; the earliest known example was in connection with a bicycle race at Madison Square Garden, appearing in The New York Evening Journal of December 12, 1906."[http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/hot_dog_polo_grounds_myth_original_monograph/ Hot Dog (Polo Grounds myth & original monograph)] barrypopik.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608215101/http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/hot_dog_polo_grounds_myth_original_monograph/ |date=2011-06-08 }}"

{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2021}}

File:Hotdogs.JPG

Common hot dog sausage ingredients include:{{Cite web|url=http://www.hot-dog.org/sausage-basics/sausage-glossary|title=Sausage Glossary | NHDSC|website=www.hot-dog.org|access-date=2020-09-02|archive-date=2020-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901150637/http://hot-dog.org/sausage-basics/sausage-glossary|url-status=dead}}

• Meat trimmings and fat
• Flavorings, such as salt, garlic, and paprika
• Preservatives (cure) – typically sodium erythorbate and sodium nitrite

Pork and beef are the traditional meats used in hot dogs. Less expensive hot dogs are often made from chicken or turkey, using low-cost mechanically separated poultry. Changes in meat technology and dietary preferences have led manufacturers to lower the salt content and use turkey, chicken, and vegetarian meat substitutes.

File:This Is Hormel (1964) hot dog segment.webm

Hot dogs are prepared commercially by mixing the ingredients (meats, spices, binders and fillers) in vats where rapidly moving blades grind and mix the ingredients in the same operation. This mixture is forced through tubes into casings for cooking. Most hot dogs sold in the US are "skinless" rather than "natural casing" sausages.

As with most sausages, hot dogs must be in a casing to be cooked. Traditional casing is made from the small intestines of sheep. The products are known as "natural casing" hot dogs or frankfurters.{{harvcolnb|Levine|2005}}:[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/25/dining/25dogs.html It's All in How the Dog Is Served] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830110301/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/25/dining/25dogs.html |date=2011-08-30 }} These hot dogs have firmer texture and a "snap" that releases juices and flavor when the product is bitten.

Kosher casings are expensive in commercial quantities in the US, so kosher hot dogs are usually skinless or made with reconstituted collagen casings.

"Skinless" hot dogs use a casing for cooking, but the casing may be a long tube of thin cellulose that is removed between cooking and packaging, a process invented in Chicago in 1925{{cite web | last = Zeldes | first = Leah A. | title = Know your wiener! | work = Dining Chicago | publisher = Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. | date = 2010-07-08 | url = http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/07/08/know-your-wiener/ | access-date = 2010-07-31 | archive-date = 2011-07-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110710093609/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/07/08/know-your-wiener/ | url-status = dead }} by Erwin O. Freund, founder of Visking.{{cite web|title=Viskase: About Us |url=http://www.viskase.com/aboutus_history.aspx |publisher=Viskase Companies, Inc |access-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210062950/http://www.viskase.com/aboutus_history.aspx |archive-date=December 10, 2011 }}

The first skinless hot dog casings were produced by Freund's new company under the name "Nojax", short for "no jackets" and sold to local Chicago sausage makers.

Skinless hot dogs vary in surface texture, but have a softer "bite" than with natural casing. Skinless hot dogs are more uniform in shape and size and cheaper to make than natural casing hot dogs.

A hot dog may be prepared and served in various ways.{{cite web|url=http://www.inmamaskitchen.com/SEASONS/hotdogs.html |first=Stacy |last=Cooper |title=Hot Dogs, Get Your Hot Dogs: all about hot dogs, wieners, franks and sausages |publisher=Inmamaskitchen.com |access-date=2012-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309074822/http://www.inmamaskitchen.com/SEASONS/hotdogs.html |archive-date=March 9, 2012 }} Typically it is served in a hot dog bun with various condiments and toppings. The sausage itself may be sliced and added, without bread, to other dishes.

File:Hotdog (4739769948).jpg|Hot dog garnished with ketchup and onions

File:Allina Volunteer at National Night Out (229022095).jpg|Hot dogs being grilled at National Night Out 2006 - in Phillips West Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.

File:Hot Dog Toaster.jpg|Toaster for hot dog buns that grills hot dogs at the same time

File:Long hot dog in bun.jpg|Hot dog at college fair

There is an ongoing debate about whether a hot dog, fully assembled in its bun with condiments, fits the description of a sandwich.{{cite web |last1=Garber |first1=Megan |title=A Hot Dog Is Not a Sandwich |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/11/its-not-a-sandwich/414352/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=14 November 2021 |language=en |date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114115148/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/11/its-not-a-sandwich/414352/ |url-status=live }} Merriam-Webster has stated that a hot dog is indeed a sandwich.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/80901/merriam-webster-boldly-declares-hot-dog-sandwich|title=Merriam-Webster Boldly Declares That a Hot Dog is a Sandwich|date=June 1, 2016|website=www.mentalfloss.com|access-date=February 11, 2021|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224083341/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/80901/merriam-webster-boldly-declares-hot-dog-sandwich|url-status=live}} In 2015, the National Hot Dog and Sausage Council (NHDSC), on the other hand, declared that a hot dog is not a sandwich.{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/11/07/a-hot-dog-is-not-a-sandwich/75362898/|title=Is a hot dog a sandwich? Council rules once and for all|first=Lindsay|last=Deutsch|date=November 7, 2015 | website=USA TODAY|access-date=February 11, 2021|archive-date=January 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127234613/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/11/07/a-hot-dog-is-not-a-sandwich/75362898/|url-status=live}}{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.bhg.com/are-hot-dogs-sandwiches-according-to-experts-6825197 |title=Is a Hot Dog a Sandwich? Here's What 4 Pros Have to Say|last=Jones |first=Bryce |date=October 8, 2024 |website=Better Homes and Gardens |access-date=November 6, 2024}} Hot dog eating champions Joey Chestnut and Takeru Kobayashi agree with the NHDSC,{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/eats/2017/07/19/joey-chestnut-hot-dog-not-sandwich-debate|title=Joey Chestnut rules that a hot dog is not a sandwich|first=Chris|last=Chavez|magazine=Sports Illustrated}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/nathans-hot-dog-eating-contest-legend-kobayashi-settles-the-hot-dog-sandwich-debate/|title=Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest legend Kobayashi settles hot dog-sandwich debate|website=CBSSports.com|date=July 4, 2017 |access-date=2021-02-12|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513003403/https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/nathans-hot-dog-eating-contest-legend-kobayashi-settles-the-hot-dog-sandwich-debate/|url-status=live}} as does Nathan's Famous, the host of a significant hot dog eating contest.

United States Supreme Court justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg also weighed in on the matter, stating that a hot dog might be categorized as a sandwich, but ultimately it comes down to the definition of a sandwich.{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/03/colbert-gets-ruth-bader-ginsburgs-ruling-on-hot-dogs.html|title=Stephen Colbert Gets Ruth Bader Ginsburg's Ruling on Hot Dogs v. Sandwiches|first=Tolly|last=Wright|date=March 22, 2018|website=Vulture|access-date=February 11, 2021|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012721/https://www.vulture.com/2018/03/colbert-gets-ruth-bader-ginsburgs-ruling-on-hot-dogs.html|url-status=live}} She went on to acknowledge that a hot dog bun is a single roll that is not sliced all the way through, and in that way is similar to a submarine sandwich.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=153&v=0oBodJHX1Vg "Stephen Works Out With Ruth Bader Ginsburg"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816232642/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=153&v=0oBodJHX1Vg |date=2021-08-16 }}, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (2018).

In June 2022, Jon Batiste stated that hot dogs were his favourite kind of sandwiches when he was given the Colbert Questionert by Stephen Colbert.{{Citation |title=Jon Batiste Takes The Colbert Questionert | date=June 9, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UblZRjrf7SQ |language=en |access-date=2022-07-08 |archive-date=2022-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708030454/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UblZRjrf7SQ |url-status=live }}

File:A Mark of Wholesome Meat (1964).ogv

Although hot dogs are cooked during manufacture, it is still recommended that packaged hot dogs are heated to an internal temperature of at least 165 °F (75 °C) prior to consumption.{{cite web |last1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=How to Grill Safely |url=https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/communication/bbq-iq.html |website=Food Safety |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009132844/https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/communication/bbq-iq.html |url-status=live }}

Most hot dogs are high in fat and salt and have preservatives sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate, which are contributors to nitrate-containing chemicals classified as group 1 carcinogens by the World Health Organization,{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/01/bacon-cancer-processed-meats-nitrates-nitrites-sausages |title=Yes, bacon really is killing us |newspaper=The Guardian |date=1 May 2018 |author=Bee Wilson |access-date=27 December 2018 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210183650/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/01/bacon-cancer-processed-meats-nitrates-nitrites-sausages |url-status=live }} although this has been disputed.{{Cite web|url=http://junkfoodscience.blogspot.com/2008/07/does-banning-hotdogs-and-bacon-make.html|title=Junkfood Science: Does banning hotdogs and bacon make sense?|website=junkfoodscience.blogspot.com|access-date=2017-06-04|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703223845/http://junkfoodscience.blogspot.com/2008/07/does-banning-hotdogs-and-bacon-make.html|url-status=live}}[https://www.foxnews.com/story/new-attack-ad-targets-hot-dogs-citing-dubious-cancer-risk New Attack Ad Targets Hot Dogs, Citing Dubious Cancer Risk], Fox News, August 26, 2008. These health concerns have resulted in manufacturers offering alternative product lines made from turkey and chicken, and uncured, low-sodium, and "all-natural" franks.

Hot dogs have relatively low carcinogenic heterocyclic amine (HCA) levels compared to other types of ready-to-eat meat products because they are manufactured at low temperatures.{{cite web|title=A Hot Dog Healthier Than Chicken? Could Be... |url=http://www.clickondetroit.com/health/27296067/detail.html |publisher=ClickOnDetroit.com |access-date=2011-03-27 |date=2011-03-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326161912/http://www.clickondetroit.com/health/27296067/detail.html |archive-date=March 26, 2011 }}

An American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) report found that consuming one daily 50-gram serving of processed meat—about one hot dog—increases long-term risk of colorectal cancer by 20 percent.[http://www.aicr.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=15642&news_iv_ctrl=0&abbr=pr_ AICR Statement: Hot Dogs and Cancer Risk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503071935/http://www.aicr.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=15642&news_iv_ctrl=0&abbr=pr_ |date=2010-05-03 }}, American Institute for Cancer Research, July 22, 2009. Thus, eating a hot dog every day would increase the probability of contracting colorectal cancer from 5.8 percent to 7 percent. The AICR's warning campaign has been criticized as being "attack ads".[https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/attack-ad-targets-hot-dogs-as-cancer-risk-1.760765 Attack ad targets hot dogs as cancer risk], Canadian Broadcasting Company, August 27, 2008. The Cancer Project group filed a class-action lawsuit demanding warning labels on packages and at sporting events.[http://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/index.ssf/2009/08/hot_dog_cancerwarning_labels_s.html Hot dog cancer-warning labels sought in lawsuit: Healthy Cleveland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716060851/http://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/index.ssf/2009/08/hot_dog_cancerwarning_labels_s.html |date=2017-07-16 }}, The Plain Dealer, August 29, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-06.

Like many foods, hot dogs can cause illness if not cooked properly to kill pathogens. Listeria monocytogenes, a type of bacteria sometimes found in hot dogs, can cause serious infections in infants and pregnant women, and can be transmitted to an infant in utero or after birth. Adults with suppressed immune systems can also be harmed.{{cite web|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/iyh-vsv/food-aliment/listeria_e.html |title=Listeria and food safety |publisher=Health Canada |date=2011-06-24 |access-date=2012-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507233932/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/iyh-vsv/food-aliment/listeria_e.html |archive-date=May 7, 2008 }}

Due to their size, shape, and ubiquitous consumption, hot dogs present a significant choking risk, especially for children. A study in the US found that 17% of food-related asphyxiations among children younger than 10 years of age were caused by hot dogs.{{Cite journal | last1 = Harris | first1 = Carole Stallings | last2 = Baker | first2 = Susan P. | last3 = Smith | first3 = Gary A. | last4 = Harris | first4 = Richard M. | title = Childhood Asphyxiation by Food: A National Analysis and Overview | journal = JAMA | volume = 251 | issue = 17 | pages = 2231–2235 |date=May 1984 | doi = 10.1001/jama.251.17.2231 | pmid = 6708272 |issn=0098-7484}} The risk of choking on a hot dog is greatly reduced by slicing it. It has been suggested that redesign of the size, shape and texture of hot dogs would reduce the choking risk.{{cite news | last = Szabo | first = Liz | title = Pediatricians seek choke-proof hot dog | newspaper = USA Today | date = 22 February 2010 | url = https://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20100222/1achoke22_st.art.htm | access-date = 6 March 2012 | archive-date = 9 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120509055249/http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20100222/1achoke22_st.art.htm | url-status = live }}

File:Hotdog three.jpg

Hot dogs are a traditional element of American food culture, having obtained significant cultural and patriotic status from their association with public events and sports since the 1920s.{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Jackson |first2=Donald Dale |title=Hot Dogs Are Us |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/hot-dogs-are-us-68009224/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023045029/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/hot-dogs-are-us-68009224/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Selinger |first=Hannah |title=How the hot dog became an American icon |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/hot-dog-classic-american-summer-food/index.html |others=Video: Diana Diroy |access-date=2022-10-23 |publisher=CNN |date=3 July 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023045035/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/hot-dog-classic-american-summer-food/index.html |url-status=live }} In the US, the term hot dog refers to both the sausage by itself and the combination of sausage and bun. Many nicknames applying to either have emerged over the years, including frankfurter, frank, wiener, weenie, coney, and red hot. Annually, Americans consume 20 billion hot dogs.{{cite web |title=In 2016, consumers spent more than $2.4 billion on hot dogs in U.S. supermarkets |url=http://www.hot-dog.org/media/consumption-stats |publisher=National Hot Dog & Sausage Council |access-date=4 July 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822080333/http://www.hot-dog.org/media/consumption-stats |url-status=dead }}

Stands and trucks sell boiled hot dogs at street and highway locations. Wandering hot dog vendors sell their product in baseball parks. At convenience stores, hot dogs are kept heated on rotating grills. Hot dogs are also common on restaurants' children's menus. Costco, a big-box retail chain, sells a yearly average of 135 million hot dogs at its food courts, at a notably low price.{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Todd |date=2018-04-18 |title=Costco CEO Craig Jelinek on Shareholders, Costco.com, and Hot Dogs |url=https://www.425business.com/news/costco-ceo-craig-jelinek-on-shareholders-costco-com-and-hot-dogs/article_5ff4b632-1f75-5e98-b9ff-6e02d676668b.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=425Business.com/ |language=en |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831232317/https://www.425business.com/news/costco-ceo-craig-jelinek-on-shareholders-costco-com-and-hot-dogs/article_5ff4b632-1f75-5e98-b9ff-6e02d676668b.html |url-status=live }} Fast-food restaurant chains typically do not carry hot dogs because of its shorter shelf-life, more complex toppings and cooking, and mismatched consumer expectations.{{cite news |last1=Alleyne |first1=Allyssia |title=Hot Dogs Are America's Food, So Why Aren't They a Fast-Food Staple? |url=https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/fast-food-hot-dogs-chains |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=Mel Magazine |date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821142612/https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/fast-food-hot-dogs-chains |url-status=live }} There are also restaurants where hot dogs are a specialty.

Hot dogs are commonly served with one or more condiments. In 2005, the US-based National Hot Dog & Sausage Council (part of the American Meat Institute) found mustard to be the most popular, preferred by 32% of respondents; 23% favored ketchup; 17% chili; 9% pickle relish, and 7% onions. Other toppings include sauerkraut, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, and chili peppers.

Condiment preferences vary across the U.S. Southerners showed the strongest preference for chili, while Midwesterners showed the greatest affinity for ketchup.{{cite web| title= Fire in their Bellies: Sixty Percent of Americans Prefer Hot Dogs Grilled, New Hot Dog Council Poll Data Shows Mustard Takes 'Gold Medal' in Topping Poll| url=http://www.hot-dog.org/pr/052505.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050616014926/http://www.hot-dog.org/pr/052505.htm | publisher= National Hot Dog & Sausage Council; American Meat Institute | date= 25 May 2005 | access-date= 29 March 2013 | archive-date= 16 June 2005}}File:Sigh and Elaine Bell Catering Pop-Up, Sonoma, California 07.jpg in Sonoma, California]]

{{For|a list of regional differences in hot dog preparation and condiments|Hot dog variations}}

American hot dog variations often have misleading names; they are commonly named for the geographical regions that allegedly inspired them instead of the regions in which they are most popular. For example, michigan hot dogs and white hots are popular in upstate New York, whereas Coney Island hot dogs are popular in Michigan.{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Bramen |first2=Lisa |title=The Annals of Geographically Confused Foods: Michigan Hot Dogs from New York |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-annals-of-geographically-confused-foods-michigan-hot-dogs-from-new-york-84948029/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023045034/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-annals-of-geographically-confused-foods-michigan-hot-dogs-from-new-york-84948029/ |url-status=live }} File:coneyhdog.jpg

Sauteed bell peppers, onions, and potatoes find their way into New Jersey's deep-fried Italian hot dog. Hot wieners, or weenies, are a staple in Rhode Island where they are sold at restaurants under the misleading name "New York System."Lukas, Paul. [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/13/dining/the-big-flavors-of-little-rhode-island.html "The Big Flavors Of Little Rhode Island."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117183736/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/13/dining/the-big-flavors-of-little-rhode-island.html |date=2020-11-17 }} The New York Times. November 13, 2002. Texas hot dogs are spicy variants found in upstate New York and Pennsylvania (and as "all the way dogs" in New Jersey), but not Texas. In the Philadelphia metro area, Texas Tommy refers to a hot dog variant in which the frank is topped with melted cheese (often cheddar) and wrapped in bacon. In the Midwest, the Chicago-style hot dog is served on a poppy seed bun and topped with mustard, fresh tomatoes, onions, "sport peppers", bright green relish, dill pickles, and celery salt.

The "New York dog" or "New York style" hot dog is a natural-casing all-beef frank topped with sauerkraut and spicy brown mustard, onions optional, invented and popularized in New York City.{{Cite web |last=TheHotDog.org |date=2021-06-29 |title=Types of Hotdog |url=https://www.thehotdog.org/types-of-hotdog/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=TheHotDog.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023045030/https://www.thehotdog.org/types-of-hotdog/ |url-status=live }}

Some baseball parks have signature hot dogs, such as Dodger Dogs at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, and Fenway Franks at Fenway Park in Boston.{{Cite web |title=MLB Hot Dog & Sausage Guide {{!}} NHDSC |url=https://www.hot-dog.org/culture/mlb-hot-dog-sausage-guide |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=www.hot-dog.org |archive-date=2022-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023045036/https://www.hot-dog.org/culture/mlb-hot-dog-sausage-guide |url-status=live }}Wood, Bob., Wood, Robert. Dodger Dogs to Fenway Franks: The Ultimate Guide to America's Top Baseball Parks. United States: McGraw-Hill, 1989.

File:2020.03.19 DC People and Places, Washington, DC USA 080 30019 (49679400851).jpg in Washington, D.C. sells the half-smoke.]]

Washington, D.C. is home to the half-smoke, a half beef, half pork sausage that is both grilled and smoked. A half-smoke is often placed into a hotdog-style bun and topped with chili, cheese, onions, and mustard, similar to a chili dog. Among the famous half-smoke restaurants in the Washington area include Ben's Chili Bowl, which is a cultural landmark, and Weenie Beenie in Arlington County, Virginia.

Skinner's Restaurant, in Lockport, Manitoba, is reputed to be Canada's oldest hot dog outlet in continuous operation, founded in 1929 by Jim Skinner Sr.{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/whos-got-canadas-best-hot-dog/article584896/|title=Who's got Canada's best hot dog?|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=11 June 2015|archive-date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106152708/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/whos-got-canadas-best-hot-dog/article584896/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipegsun.com/2014/04/02/hot-dog-skinners-celebrating-85-years|title=Hot dog! Skinner's celebrating 85 years|work=Winnipeg Sun|access-date=11 June 2015|date=2014-04-02|archive-date=2014-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106123800/http://www.winnipegsun.com/2014/04/02/hot-dog-skinners-celebrating-85-years|url-status=live}} Hot dogs served at Skinner's are European style foot-long (30.5 cm) hot dogs with natural casings, manufactured by Winnipeg Old Country Sausage in Winnipeg, Manitoba.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

{{For|a list of international differences in hot dogs|Hot dog variations}}

In most of the world, a "hot dog" is recognized as a sausage in a bun, but the type varies considerably. The name is often applied to something that would not be described as a hot dog in North America. For example, in New Zealand a "hot dog" is a battered sausage, often on a stick, which is known as a corn dog in North America; an "American hot dog" is the version in a bun.{{cite book|title=The Rough Guide to New Zealand|author=Rough Guides|isbn=9780241186701|year=2010|publisher=Rough Guides}}

File:Austrian Hot Dog.jpg|An Austrian "hot dog" can use a hollowed-out baguette as the bread.

File:Thai hot dogs.JPG|Grilled sausages on sticks for sale in Thailand

File:わさびぬき (3559517214).jpg|Hot dog sushi

File:Khanom Tokiao.jpg|Thai khanom Tokiao being prepared, a Thai style crêpe with a hot dog sausage, at a night market

File:ミニホットドック (16853193965).jpg|Miniature hot dogs in Japan

File:Hot dog from Bæjarins Beztu Pylsur.jpg|Hot dog from Bæjarins Beztu Pylsur in Iceland

File:Cachorro-quente.jpg|In Brazil, a cachorro-quente is served on a bread roll with a tomato-based broth, corn, and potato sticks.

File:Completo italiano.jpg|The completo, a Chilean version of hot dog with additional sausages

File:Hot Dog in Berlin.jpg|German Hot Dog version served here in Berlin, Germany. In Germany, such sausages are heated in a kettle of hot broth, but are also often grilled, then served in a crunchy bun. The German term for this grilled street food is “Bockwurst” or ”Bratwurst im Brötchen.”

File:60m Hot Dog Akasaka Aug4 06.jpeg stretched {{convert|60|m|0|sp=us}}.]]

The world's longest hot dog had been {{convert|60|m|0|sp=us}} long and rested within a {{convert|60.3|m|adj=on|sp=us}} bun. The hot dog was prepared by Shizuoka Meat Producers for the All-Japan Bread Association, which baked the bun and coordinated the event, including official measurement for the world record. The hot dog and bun were the center of a media event in celebration of the Association's 50th anniversary on August 4, 2006, at the Akasaka Prince Hotel in Tokyo.{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=53589O |title=Guinness World Records |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233034/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=53589O |accessdate=2023-04-05|archive-date=2016-03-03 }}

On May 31, 2012, Guinness World Records certified the world record for the most expensive hot dog at USD$145.49. The "California Capitol City Dawg", served at Capitol Dawg in Sacramento, California, features a grilled {{convert|18|in|abbr=on|order=flip}} all-beef, natural-casing frank from Chicago, served on a fresh-baked herb-and-oil focaccia roll, spread with white truffle butter, then grilled. It is topped with whole-grain mustard from France, garlic and herb mayonnaise, sauteed chopped shallots, organic mixed baby greens, maple syrup-marinated and fruitwood-smoked uncured bacon from New Hampshire, chopped tomato, moose cheese from Sweden, sweetened dried cranberries, basil olive oil and pear-cranberry-coconut balsamic vinaigrette, and ground peppercorn. Proceeds from the sale of each {{convert|3|lb|abbr=on|order=flip}} super dog were donated to the Shriners Hospitals for Children.{{cite news|last=Pierleoni |first=Allen |title=Sacramento claims record with $145.49 hot dog |url=http://www.sacbee.com/2012/06/01/4529994/capital-claims-hot-dog-record.html |access-date=12 June 2012 |newspaper=The Sacramento Bee |date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604040615/http://www.sacbee.com/2012/06/01/4529994/capital-claims-hot-dog-record.html |archive-date=June 4, 2012 }}

Hot dogs are a popular food for eating competitions. The record for hot dogs eaten in 10 minutes is 83 by Joey Chestnut at the "Chestnut vs. Kobayashi: Unfinished Beef" event on September 02, 2024.{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Josh Peter, Casey L. Moore and Heather |title=Joey Chestnut vs. Kobayashi: Chestnut sets record in winning hot dog eating rematch |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2024/09/02/joey-chestnut-kobayashi-hot-dog-eating-contest-highlights/75045706007/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Joey Chestnut tops Takeru Kobayashi with new world record of 83 hot dogs to win Netflix eating battle |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/live/joey-chestnut-tops-takeru-kobayashi-with-new-world-record-of-83-hot-dogs-to-win-netflix-eating-battle-183211224.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAJwvZFK7UZ7qDGAZsArzz8e0v7cEZbR_k8UQ2BtpJQcM1Htk_cWXXL6sBmCXcwmPDBZzfNqzdqiCYDdRMeB1-plNaxUS7przdO7dRxG_QbQLiiZpmufkvAxI1ZoGf5ijYkDFE4ats9tHT9FGN7y7E4GcajAwGc7zkDMCg2yG1fzO |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}} The last person to hold the record before Chestnut was Takeru Kobayashi. Competitive eater Miki Sudo holds the record for most hot dogs eaten in 10 minutes by a female at 48.5 hot dogs, also setting this record on July 4, 2020.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/science/hotdog-eating-contests.html|title=Scientists Have Finally Calculated How Many Hot Dogs a Person Can Eat at Once|first=Christie|last=Aschwanden|author-link=Christie Aschwanden |newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 14, 2020|access-date=February 12, 2021|archive-date=January 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104141019/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/science/hotdog-eating-contests.html|url-status=live}} The last person to hold the record before Sudo was Sonya Thomas.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/sports/nathans-hot-dog-competition.html|title=Joey Chestnut and Miki Sudo Again Set Hot Dog Eating Records|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 4, 2020|access-date=September 28, 2021|archive-date=September 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928191458/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/sports/nathans-hot-dog-competition.html|url-status=live}}

{{Portal|Food}}

• Hot dog variations
• List of hot dogs
• List of hot dog restaurants

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

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• {{Cite news |title=Hot Dogs Chain Store Basis |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=1925-10-11 |page=18 }}
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• {{Cite book |last1=Jakle |first1=John A. |last2=Sculle |first2=Keith A. |title=Fast Food |url=https://archive.org/details/fastfoodroadside0000jakl |url-access=registration |place=Baltimore |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8018-6109-3 }}
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• {{Cite news |last=McCollough |first=J. Brady |title=Frankfurter, she wrote: Hot dog shrouded in mystery |newspaper=The Kansas City Star |date=2006-04-02 |url=http://www.coveringsports.com/hotdog.htm |access-date=2007-05-27 |archive-date=2010-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123151659/http://www.coveringsports.com/hotdog.htm |url-status=dead }}
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• {{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Gretchen |title=German Pride: 101 Reasons to Be Proud You're German |place=New York |publisher=Citadel Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8065-2481-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/germanpride00gret }}
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• {{Cite book |last=Wilton |first=David |title=Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-517284-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/wordmythsdebunki00wilt_0 }}
• {{Cite news |last=Zwilling |first=Leonard |title=Trail of Hot Dog Leads Back to 1880's |department=Opinion |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1988-09-27 |page=A34 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/opinion/l-trail-of-hot-dog-leads-back-to-1880-s-531388.html |access-date=2017-02-08 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121114/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/opinion/l-trail-of-hot-dog-leads-back-to-1880-s-531388.html |url-status=live }}

{{refend}}

• {{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Julia |date=3 July 2019 |title=The truth about the US' most iconic food |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20190702-the-truth-about-the-us-most-iconic-food |language=en |publisher=BBC Travel}}
• {{Cite book |last=Loftus |first=Jamie |year=2023 |title=Raw Dog: The Naked Truth About Hot Dogs |location=New York |publisher=Tor Publishing Group |isbn=9781250847744 |oclc=1372498488}}

{{Wiktionary|hot dog}}

{{Cookbook|Hot Dog}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080814143845/http://www.wqed.org/tv/natl/hotdogs/index.shtml Home page for a PBS documentary about hot dogs]
• [https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/meat/hot-dogs-food-safety USDA Fact Sheet on hot dogs]

{{Hot dog variations}}

{{Sausage}}

{{Street food}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hot Dog}}

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