Judiciary of Ukraine#High courts with specialized jurisdiction

Ukrainian courts enjoy legal, financial and constitutional freedom guaranteed by measures adopted in Ukrainian law in 2010.

The judicial system of Ukraine consists of three levels of courts of general jurisdiction.

Prior to the judicial reform introduced in 2016 the system consists of four levels.[http://www.magisters.com/publicationfile.php?en/825/ Ukraine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020455/http://www.magisters.com/publicationfile.php?en%2F825%2F |date=2011-07-14 }}, Magisters The Cassation Court of Ukraine existed until 2003.[http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3018-14 Law of Ukraine]. About court system of Ukraine. Parliament website. Those courts were recognized as unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine.[http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/v020p710-03 Decision of the Constitution Court of Ukraine]. Case about the Cassation Court of Ukraine. Parliament website.

Ukraine has 74 district courts. In 2018 they replaced the 142 local general courts.{{cite news |url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/473797.html |title=President signs decrees on creation of district courts |agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=29 December 2017}}{{cite news |url=https://www.unian.info/m/politics/2324751-ukraine-launches-2nd-stage-of-judicial-reform-poroshenko.html |title=Ukraine launches 2nd stage of judicial reform – Poroshenko |agency=Ukrainian Independent Information Agency |date=29 December 2017}} For example, in Kyiv ten district courts were eliminated and six district courts created.{{cite news |language=uk |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2017/12/29/7167059/ |title=Poroshenko replaced local district courts |work=Ukrayinska Pravda |date=29 December 2017}}{{cite news |language=uk |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2017/12/26/7166758/ |title=Attorneys ask Poroshenko not to destroy the district courts of Kyiv |work=Ukrayinska Pravda |date=26 December 2017}} The Pechersky District Court is a particularly active one, as it rules over most of the business community of Kyiv.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

• Courts of Appeal (combining criminal and civil jurisdiction), consisting of:
• regional courts of appeal;
• courts of appeal of the cities of Kyiv.

Prior to the judicial reform introduced in 2016, there were parallel Specialized Courts of Appeal (either commercial or administrative jurisdiction) consisting of the commercial courts of appeal and the administrative courts of appeal.

File:Klov Palace. Listed ID 80-382-0462. - 8 Pylypa Orlyka Street, Pechersk Raion, Kiev. - Pechersk 28 09 13 396.jpg is home to the Supreme Court of Ukraine.]]

• Supreme Court is the highest court within the system of courts of general jurisdiction, conducting the review regarding unequal application of the rules of substantive law by the cassation courts and subject to cases when international judicial institution the jurisdiction of which is recognized by Ukraine has established the violation of international obligations by Ukraine.{{clarification needed|date=June 2023}}{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

• The Constitutional Court of Ukraine is a special body with authority to assess whether legislative acts of the Parliament, President, Cabinet or Crimean Parliament are in line with the Constitution of Ukraine. This court also gives commentaries to certain norms of the constitution or laws of Ukraine (superior acts of Parliament).

• the High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine is to be established before the end of 2018.[https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/512072.html Poroshenko submits bill on creating Anti-Corruption Court to High Judicial Council], Interfax-Ukraine (14 June 2018)
  {{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2018/06/13/7183211/ Anticorruption court launched. The CPC claims to be "substituting" the appeal], Ukrayinska Pravda (13 June 2018)
  [https://www.unian.info/m/politics/10144694-ukraine-s-parliament-eventually-passes-law-on-anti-corruption-court.html Ukraine's parliament eventually passes law on anti-corruption court], UNIAN (7 June 2018)
  [https://www.unian.info/m/politics/10161143-ukraine-s-rada-adopts-bill-on-establishing-high-anti-corruption-court.html Ukraine's Rada adopts bill on establishing High Anti-Corruption Court], UNIAN (21 June 2018) Cases concerning corruption in Ukraine will be bought directly to this court. Appeals will be considered by a completely separate Appeal Chamber of the High Anti-Corruption Court.{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2018/06/7/7182654/ Closed vertical. What is the Higher Anti-Corruption Court and why its creation is afraid of politics?], Ukrayinska Pravda (7 June 2018) The law on the High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine came into force on 14 June 2018.[https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/511967.html Law on High Anti-Corruption Court comes into force], Interfax-Ukraine (14 June 2018)

In the judicial reform introduced in 2016 the following three courts were abolished and its tasks transferred to special chambers of the Supreme Court of Ukraine.

• The High Specialized Court on Civil and Criminal Cases, covering civil and criminal cases;
• The High Administrative Court of Ukraine, covering administrative cases;
• The High Commercial Court of Ukraine, covering commercial cases.

The rulings of the High (sometimes translated as Supreme) Administrative Court of Ukraine could not be appealed.{{cite news |url=http://www.unian.info/society/1246162-ban-of-communist-party-final-ukraines-supreme-administrative-court.html |title=Ban of Communist Party final: Ukraine's Supreme Administrative Court |agency=Ukrainian Independent Information Agency |date=25 January 2016}}

In 2012 Ukraine had about 8,000 judges.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/125714/ In Ukraine, scales of justice often imbalanced], Kyiv Post (10 April 2012)

Since the juridical reform of 2016 judges are appointed by the President of Ukraine upon their nomination by the Supreme Council of Justice. Prior judges were appointed by presidential decree for a period of five years, after which the Ukrainian parliament confirmed them for life in an attempt to insulate them from politics. This five year probation period was also abolished in 2016. Judges are protected from dismissal (save in instances of gross misconduct). Immunity from prosecution was guaranteed to judges until 2016.[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/parliament-rejects-opposition-bill-to-lift-immunity-of-deputies-and-judges/ Parliament rejects opposition bill to lift immunity of deputies and judges], Interfax-Ukraine (14 April 2013) (This immunity could be lifted by parliament.[http://www.unian.info/politics/1506069-rada-authorizes-arrest-of-fugitive-judge-chaus-known-for-keeping-bribes-in-glass-jars.html Rada authorizes arrest of fugitive judge Chaus, known for keeping bribes in glass jars], Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (6 September 2016)) Currently a judge is protected from liability resulting from their judicial actions only.

After judicial reforms, there was, effectively, a hiring freeze, which increased case backlog and caused a dearth of 2,600 judges, about a third of the judiciary, as they retired or were dismissed. In the later half of 2023, due to requirements of accession to the European Union, Ukraine re-opened two judicial governance bodies{{clarify|date=November 2023}} and sought to hire 1,100 judges over a period of months, and 2,000 judges over a period of years.{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/wanted-thousands-ukrainian-judges-huge-overhaul-sought-by-eu-2023-10-19/|title=Wanted: Thousands of Ukrainian judges, in huge overhaul sought by EU|date=19 October 2023|access-date=9 November 2023|author=Dan Peleschuk|website=Reuters }}

{{see also|General Prosecutor of Ukraine}}

Ukraine has a jury system;{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2020/09/10/7265894 A jury trial begins in Sheremet's case. We tell how he works in Ukraine], Ukrayinska Pravda (10 September 2020) although almost all cases are heard by either a single judge or two judges accompanied by assessors. In fact so few people in Ukraine face a jury trial that in 2018 survey by the Center for Civil Liberties, 64% of respondents claimed that such a phenomenon does not exist in Ukraine. Ukrainian law allows jurors to hear only those criminal cases where the sentence can reach life imprisonment. But even then they are not mandatory. A jury is only appointed if the accused so wishes. Jurors are not formed from random citizens, but rather from those who have previously applied for this role. Citizens are prohibited from joining a jury if:

• they do not speak Ukrainian
• elderly people over the age of 65
• persons with chronic mental or other illnesses that interfere with the work of the jury
• persons with an outstanding criminal record
• persons people's deputies, members of the Cabinet of Ministers, judges, law enforcement and judicial officials, the military, other officials, lawyers, notaries
• persons who have received an administrative penalty for corruption in the previous year
• persons who are recognized as having limited legal capacity or incapable

A Ukrainian jury is made up of five jurors (three main and two reserve) and two professional judges who are actively involved in decision-making.{{in lang|uk}} [https://tyzhden.ua/Society/247771 Jury in the Sheremet case: offshore, business and real estate in the occupied territories], The Ukrainian Week (16 September 2020)

Jurors are prohibited from communicating with anyone other than the court about the merits of the case without the permission of the presiding judge. They may not divulge details known to them or gather information about the case outside of the court proceedings. Jurors are financially compensated.

The Congress of Judges ({{lang|uk|З'їзд суддів України}}) is the highest body of judicial self-government.Law of Ukraine on the Judicial System and Status of Judges. Article 123.

The Council of Judges is responsible for the enforcement of the decisions of the Congress and their implementation in the period between congresses, and decides on the convocation of the Congress.Law of Ukraine on the Judicial System and Status of Judges. Article 127.

The State Judicial Administration provides organizational support of the judiciary and represents the judiciary to the Cabinet of Ministers and the Verkhovna Rada.Law of Ukraine on the Judicial System and Status of Judges. Articles 145, 146.

The High Judicial Qualifications Commission of Ukraine conducts the selection of judicial candidates, submits to the High Council of Justice recommendations on the appointment of a candidate for the subsequent introduction of the submission of the President of Ukraine, makes recommendations on the election of a permanent post, and conducts disciplinary proceedings including dismissal.Law of Ukraine on the Judicial System and Status of Judges. Articles 90 et seq.

The High Council of Justice "is a collective independent body that is responsible for formation of the high-profile judge corpus capable of qualified, honest and impartial exercise of justice on a professional basis; and for making decisions regarding violations by judges and procurators of the requirements concerning their incompatibility and within the scope of their competence of their disciplinary responsibility". Three members of the council are automatically assigned for holding the following positions: Chairman of the Supreme Court, Minister of Justice, and Prosecutor General. The other 17 members are elected for a period of six years. The council consists of 20 members. It was created on January 15, 1998.[http://www.vru.gov.ua/index.php?u,lawu,22-98-vru The law of the Supreme Council of Justice (Verkhovna Rada website)] {{in lang|uk}}

The 2010 Judicial System and Status of Judges Act is the legal basis for the organization of the judiciary and the administration of justice in Ukraine.[http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/2453-17 LAW OF UKRAINE On the Judicial System and Status of Judges]. Law from 07.07.2010 № 2453-VI. Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (BVR), 2010, № 41-42, № 43, № 44-45, st.529.

Since January 1, 2010 it is allowed to hold court proceedings in Russian on mutual consent of parties. Citizens, who are unable to speak Ukrainian or Russian are allowed to use their native language or the services of a translator.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118997/ Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian courts], Kyiv Post (15 December 2011)
{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/ З подачі "Регіонів" Рада дозволила російську у судах], Ukrayinska Pravda (23 June 2009)
{{in lang|uk}} [http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686 ЗМІ: Російська мова стала офіційною в українських судах] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111061236/http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686 |date=2012-01-11 }}, Novynar (29 July 2010)
{{in lang|uk}} [http://ua.for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html Російська мова стала офіційною в українських судах], forUm (29 July 2010)

{{Main|Corruption in Ukraine#Judicial corruption}}

A Ukrainian Ministry of Justice survey of Ukrainians in 2009 revealed that only 10 percent of respondents trusted the national court system. Less than 30 percent believed that it was possible to receive a fair trial in Ukraine.

Ukrainian politicians and analysts have described the system of justice in Ukraine as "rotten to the core" and have complained about political pressure put on judges and corruption.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62565/ Moskal: ‘Rotten to the core’], Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62879/ Yanukovych notes political pressure on Ukraine's judicial system], Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)
[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/62746/ Tymoshenko: Yanukovych entourage aims at recognizing legitimacy of coalition before president's trip to U.S.], Kyiv Post (March 29, 2010)
[https://books.google.com/books?id=C8C3xuqd6aMC&pg=PA219 How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy] by Anders Åslund, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-88132-427-3}} (page 219)
[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/62792/ Yanukovych allies: Tymoshenko trying to pressure court], Kyiv Post (March 30, 2010)
[https://books.google.com/books?id=cbFQJdGEaC8C&pg=PA149 Europe after Enlargement] edited by Anders Åslund and Marek Dabrowski, Cambridge University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-521-87286-7}} (page 149)
[https://books.google.com/books?id=R6v0RN-KUUgC&pg=PA400 Nations in Transit 2000-2001] edited by Adrian Karatnycky, Alexander Motyl and Amanda Schnetzer, Transaction Publishers, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0897-4}} (page 400)

Ukrainian judges have been arrested while taking bribes.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/96634/ Kyiv district court judge arrested while taking bribe], Kyiv Post (February 8, 2011) Independent lawyers and human rights activists have complained Ukrainian judges regularly come under pressure to hand down a certain verdict.

In 2013, a Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer report showed that 66% of the Ukrainian public considered the judiciary to be the most corrupt institution in the country.[http://ukrainianweek.com/News/84111 Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer: Ukraine has become more corrupt over the last two years], The Ukrainian Week (9 July 2013) Twenty-one percent of Ukrainians admitted they had paid bribes to judicial officials themselves.

Courts maintained a 99.5 percent conviction rate from 2005 until 2008, equal to the conviction rate of the Soviet Union. In 2012 this number was 99.83 percent.{{cite news |language=uk |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/ |script-title=uk:Українські суди майже не виносять виправдувальних вироків |trans-title=Ukrainian courts almost can not stand the acquittals |work=Ukrayinska Pravda |date=8 March 2013}} Suspects are often incarcerated for long periods before trial.

Prosecutors in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries. According to the European Commission for Democracy through Law "the role and functions of the Prosecutor’s Office is not in accordance with Council of Europe standards".[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/ Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases], Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)

Ukraine has few relevant corporate and property laws; this hinders corporate governance.[https://books.google.com/books?id=C8C3xuqd6aMC&pg=PA245 How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy] by Anders Åslund, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-88132-427-3}} (page 110) Ukrainian companies often use international law to settle conflicts. Ukraine recognizes the verdicts of the European Court of Human Rights.

Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights Thomas Hammarberg stated in February 2012 that systemic deficiencies in the functioning of the Ukrainian judicial system seriously threatened human rights.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/123012/ Council of Europe human rights commissioner: Ukraine's judicial system needs independence], Kyiv Post (23 February 2012)

On July 25, 2012, a mass protest march took place from early morning to about 16:00 across the city of Kyiv of about 3,500 participants mostly of whom were sports fans of FC Dynamo Kyiv.[http://www.pravda.com.ua/photo-video/2012/11/25/6978122/ Акція на підтримку Павличенків, засуджених за вбивство судді (Actions in support of Palichenkos who were convicted for murdering a judge)]. Ukrayinska Pravda. 2012-11-25[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2012/11/25/6978121/ У Києві протестували проти вироку за вбивство судді (In Kyiv protested against the court decision for murdering a judge)]. Ukrayinska Pravda. 2012-11-25 (video, JW player format) The event took place soon after a decision was adopted by the Holosiivsky District Court of Kyiv City on the 2011-12 nationally renown Pavlichenko criminal case convicting a family of Pavlichenkos (father and son) to long-term sentence for killing a judge of the Shevskivsky District Court of Kyiv City Serhiy Zubkov.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ivano-frankivsk-city-council-joins-cause-to-free-father-and-son-convicted-of-murder-321257.html Ivano-Frankivsk City Council joins cause to free father and son convicted of murder], Kyiv Post (4 March 2013) On 24 February 2014 the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) decided to release all political prisoners, including father and son Pavlichenko.[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/192543.html Rada decides to release political prisoners, including Pavlychenko family], Interfax-Ukraine (24 February 2014)

Ukraine's judicial system was inherited from that of the Soviet Union and the former Ukrainian SSR. As such, it had many of the problems which marred Soviet justice, most notably a corrupt and politicised judiciary. Lawyers have stated trial results can be unfairly fixed, with judges commonly refusing to hear exculpatory evidence, while calling frequent recesses to confer privately with the prosecutor. Insiders say paying and receiving bribes is a common practice in most Ukrainian courts. Fee amounts depend on jurisdiction, the crime, real or trumped-up, and the financial wherewithal of the individual or company involved.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564/ Jackpot], Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)

The Prosecutor-General's Office – part of the government – exerted undue influence, with judges often not daring to rule against state prosecutors. Those who did faced disciplinary actions; when a Kyiv court ruled for opposition politician Yulia Tymoshenko, the presiding judge was himself prosecuted. The courts were not even independent from each other, and it was commonplace for trial court judges to call the higher courts and ask how to decide a case. Courts were often underfunded, with little money or resources. It was not uncommon for cases to be heard in small, cramped courtrooms with the electricity cut off while prisoners were unable to attend because of lack of transport from jails to courtrooms.

Reformers highlighted the state of the judiciary as a key problem in the early 1990s and established a number of programmes to improve the performance of the judiciary. A Ukraine-Ohio Rule of Law Program was established in 1994 which brought together lawyers and judges from the American state of Ohio, including members of the Ohio Supreme Court, with their Ukrainian counterparts. The United States Agency for International Development supported these and other initiatives, which were also backed by European governments and international organisations.

These efforts proved controversial among some of the judicial old guard, but a band of reformist judges – dubbed the "judicial opposition" – increasingly gained support from reformers in local administrations who pushed for an end to judicial corruption. Judges were indicted en masse in Dnipro in the early 1990s, and later on judges from the Mykolayiv city court and the Moskovskyy district court of Kyiv were put on trial for corruption.

Major changes were made to the judicial system when the law "On the court system" was passed on 7 February 2002, creating a new level of judiciary and enacting institutional safeguards to insulate judges from political pressure.

President Viktor Yanukovych formed an expert group to make recommendations how to "clean up the current mess and adopt a law on court organization” on March 24, 2010. One day after setting this commission Yanukovych stated “We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.”

In December 2011 certain economic crimes were decriminalized.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118876/ Yanukovych signs law on humanization of responsibility for economic crimes], Kyiv Post (13 December 2011)[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118849/ Yanukovych signs law on decriminalizing economic offenses], Kyiv Post (13 December 2011)

Concrete steps the Azarov Government proposed the abolition of pre-trial detention for non-violent crimes, promoting experienced judges with strong records and punishing bribe-taking and corruption in the judiciary. A law passed in 2010 improved the basic salaries of judges, and a more rigorous method of selecting candidates for judges was introduced. But reforms brought many new problems: the Supreme Court lost almost all of its powers, judges become very dependent on the Supreme Council of Justice, and the ability to sue the government was severely limited.

A new criminal code came into effect on 20 November 2012.[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/new-criminal-code-a-step-towards-civilization-316585.html New criminal code a step towards civilization], Kyiv Post (22 November 2012)

On 8 April 2014 the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the law "On Restoring confidence in the judicial system of Ukraine". This bill established the legal and organizational framework for a special audit of judges of courts of general jurisdiction.{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/8/7021790/ Parliament passed a law on lustration judges], Ukrayinska Pravda (8 April 2014)

On 26 September 2015 Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk claimed Ukraine's court system would be reformed following the example of the National Police of Ukraine,[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/292750.html New patrol police formation principle to be used in reformation of court, customs systems, other agencies - Yatseniuk], Interfax Ukraine (6 September 2015) meaning employing new personnel en masse.[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34276795 New-style police have key role in Ukraine], BBC News (25 September 2015)

In the last judicial reform introduced in 2016 the court system was completely overhauled, including the abolishing of certain courts. Advocacy operates in Ukraine to provide professional legal assistance. The independence of the lawyers is guaranteed. Only a lawyer represents another person in court, as well as defending against criminal charges.

A new Supreme Court was launched in December 2017.[https://www.unian.info/m/society/2300259-new-editions-of-three-codes-put-into-force-new-supreme-court-launches-work-in-ukraine.html New Supreme Court launches work in Ukraine, 3 new codes put into force], Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (15 December 2017)

The Kyiv Administrative District Court was disestablished in December 2022 due to its alleged corruption and powerful jurisdiction over national government agencies.{{cite news |title=Ukraine takes two steps forward, one step back in anti-corruption fight |date=26 December 2022 |first=Veronika |last=Melkozerova |work=Politico Europe |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-takes-two-steps-forward-one-step-back-in-anti-corruption-fight-constitutional-court-reform/ |accessdate=2022-12-27}}

• Incarceration in Ukraine
• Judiciary of Russia
• Judicial reform in Ukraine

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