PARRY

PARRY was written in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, then at Stanford University.{{cite web| url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/dialogues.html| title=dialogues with colorful personalities of early ai| author=Güven Güzeldere|author2=Stefano Franchi| work=Stanford Humanities Review, SEHR, volume 4, issue 2: Constructions of the Mind| date=1995-07-24| publisher=Stanford University| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628054037/http://web.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/dialogues.html| accessdate=2008-02-17| archive-date=2014-06-28}} While ELIZA was a simulation of a Rogerian therapist, PARRY attempted to simulate a person with paranoid schizophrenia. The program implemented a crude model of the behavior of a person with paranoid schizophrenia based on concepts, conceptualizations, and beliefs (judgements about conceptualizations: accept, reject, neutral). It also embodied a conversational strategy, and as such was a much more serious and advanced program than ELIZA. It was described as "ELIZA with attitude".{{sfn|Boden|2006|p=370}}

PARRY was tested in the early 1970s using a variation of the Turing Test. A group of experienced psychiatrists analysed a combination of real patients and computers running PARRY through teleprinters. Another group of 33 psychiatrists were shown transcripts of the conversations. The two groups were then asked to identify which of the "patients" were human and which were computer programs.{{sfn|Colby|Hilf|Weber|Kraemer|1972|p=220}} The psychiatrists were able to make the correct identification only 48 percent of the time — a figure consistent with random guessing.{{citation|last1=Saygin|last2=Cicekli|last3=Akman|year=2000|journal=Minds and Machines|title=Turing Test: 50 years later|volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=463–518|doi=10.1023/A:1011288000451|url=http://sayginlab.ucsd.edu/files/2015/01/MMTT.pdf|hdl=11693/24987|s2cid=990084 |hdl-access=free}}

PARRY and ELIZA (also known as "the Doctor"{{cite web| url=http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9707/msg00059.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613072047/http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9707/msg00059.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=2008-06-13| title= Important Documents from the Early Internet (1972)| author=Alan J. Sondheim| publisher=nettime.org| accessdate=2008-02-18}} – transcript of the 1972 document shows programs DOCTOR (an eliza-type program) at Bolt Beranek and Newman and PARRY at Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory) interacted several times.{{cite IETF |rfc=439 |title=PARRY encounters the DOCTOR |author=V. Cerf |author-link=Vint Cerf |date=21 January 1972 |publisher=IETF}} – Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is not the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place October 24–26, 1972, whereas this session is from September 18, 1972.){{cite web| url=http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html| title=Computer History Museum – Exhibits – Internet History – 1970's| publisher=Computer History Museum| accessdate=2008-02-18}} The most famous of these exchanges occurred at the ICCC 1972, where PARRY and ELIZA were hooked up over ARPANET and responded to each other.

• History of natural language processing

{{Reflist}}

• {{Citation | last = Boden | first = Margaret A. | author-link = Margaret A. Boden | year = 2006 | title = Mind As Machine: A History of Cognitive Science | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-924144-6 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/mindasmachinehis0001bode }}
• {{Citation | last1 = Colby | first1 = K. M. | last2 = Hilf | first2 = F. D. | last3 = Weber | first3 = S. | last4 = Kraemer | year = 1972 | title = Turing-like indistinguishability tests for the validation of a computer simulation of paranoid processes | journal = Artificial Intelligence | volume = 3 | pages = 199–221 | doi = 10.1016/0004-3702(72)90049-5 | first4 = H.}}

• [http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/classics/parry/ Parry's Source Code] The original LISP code for Parry.

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Category:Chatbots

Category:History of artificial intelligence

Category:Schizophrenia