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"Christmas tree" files

{{Short description|20th-century files kept by the BBC}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

File:A SECOND FRONT IN EUROPE CPGB poster.jpg during the Second World War since 1941, suspected communists who applied for work at the BBC were investigated by MI5 officers (poster produced by the Communist Party of Great Britain)]]

From the 1930s until the 1980s, the BBC kept a number of clandestine files on applicants accused by MI5 of political subversion, in particular those deemed to be communists or fellow travellers of communism, and also members of far-right organisations. They were marked with a distinctive upward-facing green arrow, which bore resemblance to a Christmas tree and had the effect of blacklisting a number of applicants for roles in the BBC. Knowledge of the files was made public in 1985 after being reported on by The Observer. By that time, the practice had ceased but a number of files remained. They were destroyed in the 1990s following the end of the Cold War.

Process

From the late 1930s until 1984, MI5 stationed an intelligence officer at the BBC to vet editorial applicants. During World War II, those deemed to be political subversives, in particular suspected communists or fellow travellers of communism, were banned from working at the BBC. The personnel records of anyone suspicious were stamped with the legend "SECRET", a distinctively shaped green upward-facing arrow resembling a Christmas tree.Mark Hollingsworth and Richard Norton-Taylor Blacklist: The Inside Story of Political Vetting, London: Hogarth, 1988, p. 103. The relevant extract from the book is [http://bilderberg.org/mi5bbc.htm here] Only a handful of BBC staff knew what the tag meant.{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=David |title=BBC banned communists in purge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/mar/05/broadcasting.bbc |work=The Guardian |date=5 March 2006}} The practice was secret and was officially denied{{By whom|date=October 2024}} until it became public knowledge when The Observer wrote about the practice in 1985, following leaked information from Mike Fentiman. The officer in charge of vetting at that time was Ronnie Stonham.{{cite news |last1=Leigh |first1=David |last2=Lashmar |first2=Paul |title=The Blacklist in Room 105. Revealed: How MI5 vets BBC staff|url=https://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/mi5.bbc.page9_obs_18aug1985.html |work=The Observer |date=18 August 1985 |page=9}}

The "Christmas tree" scheme was dropped in 1984.{{cite news |title=The vetting files: How the BBC kept out 'subversives' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-43754737 |work=BBC News |date=22 April 2018}} Mike Fentiman claimed that the Christmas tree symbol was used because the Christmas carol "O Tannenbaum" had the same tune as the socialist song "The Red Flag".{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Colin |title=Letters: Mike Fentiman obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/apr/23/mike-fentiman-obituary-letters |work=The Guardian |date=23 April 2017}} However, in 2020, on the BBC program QI, it was claimed that the "Christmas tree" symbol was merely an arrow, indicating that a file should be referred upwards.QI. Series K, Episode 14. (Kris Kringle). Hosted by Stephen Fry. Guests include Jo Brand, Phill Jupitus and Brendan O'Carroll. Released 24 December 2020. "The reason people thought it might be a Christmas tree was [because of the tune of 'O Tannenbaum' being the same as 'The Red Flag'] ... it isn't actually the reason ... it's actually just two arrows, meaning 'refer upstairs'".{{Better reference needed|date=October 2024}} Michael Hodder, who worked for the vetting unit in the 1980s, told The Times that all files were destroyed in the early 1990s as the Cold War ended.{{cite news |last1=Spence |first1=Alex |title=Secret MI5 files on BBC staff 'were shredded when Cold War ended' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/secret-mi5-files-on-bbc-staff-were-shredded-when-cold-war-ended-pgjwl5gwhrg |work=The Times |url-access=subscription |date=12 August 2014}}

Categories

  • Category A: MI5 "advises that the candidate should not be employed in a post offering direct opportunity to influence broadcast material for a subversive purpose."
  • Category B: MI5 "advised" against employment "unless it is decided that other considerations are overriding".
  • Category C: The individual should not be debarred unless the post gave "exceptional opportunity" for subversive activity.

The BBC's policy was to not employ someone in Category A, although this did happen sometimes.

Organizations on the blacklist

Membership of these groups was not necessary for blacklisting; guilt by association was assumed.

People who underwent vetting

In 1940, Hugh Greene – who later became Director-General of the BBC – was one of the first to undergo its security vetting, as MI5 mistakenly suspected Greene was a communist. Other people who underwent vetting and gained the "Christmas tree" tag on their file included:

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See also

  • {{Annotated link|BBC controversies}}
  • {{Annotated link|Orwell's list}}
  • {{Annotated link|Executive Order 9835}}

References

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Category:Articles with quotation marks in the title

Category:Blacklisting in the United Kingdom

Category:MI5

Category:Communism in England

Category:BBC controversies