:1896 Sanriku earthquake

{{Infobox earthquake

| title = 1896 Sanriku earthquake

| pre-1900 = yes

| image = Sanriku Great Tsunami.JPG

| image alt =

| imagecaption = Devastation caused by the tsunami at Sanriku.

| local-date = {{Start-date|June 15, 1896}}

| local-time = 19:32:30 JST (UTC+09:00)

| map2 = {{Location map | Japan

| label=

| lat=39.5

| long=144.0

| mark=Bullseye1.png

| marksize=40

| position=top

| width= 260

| float=right

| caption=

| relief=yes}}

| magnitude = 8.5 M_w, 7.2 M_s{{cite journal|last=Nishimura|first=T.|author2=Miura S.|author3=Tachibana K.|author4=Hashimoto K.|author5=Sato T.|author6=Hori S.|author7=Murakami E.|author8=Kono T.|author9=Nid K.|author10=Mishina M.|author11=Hirasawa T.|author12=Miyazaki S.|name-list-style=amp|year=2000|title=Distribution of seismic coupling on the subducting plate boundary in northeastern Japan inferred from GPS observations|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=323|issue=3–4|pages=217–238|doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00108-6|bibcode = 2000Tectp.323..217N }}

| depth = Shallow

| location = {{coord|39.5|144.0|display=inline,title}}

| type = Megathrust

| countries affected = Empire of Japan, United States

| damage = Tsunami

| tsunami = Up to {{Convert|38.2|m|ft|abbr=on}}
in Ryori, Kesen, Iwate, Tōhoku

| casualties = 22,066 people dead or missing

}}

The {{nihongo|1896 Sanriku earthquake|明治三陸地震|Meiji Sanriku Jishin}} was one of the most destructive seismic events in Japanese history. The 8.5 magnitude earthquake occurred at 19:32 (local time) on June 15, 1896, approximately {{convert|166|km}} off the coast of Iwate Prefecture, Honshu. It resulted in two tsunami waves which destroyed about 9,000 homes and caused at least 22,000 deaths. The waves reached a then-record height of {{convert|38.2|m}}; this would remain the highest on record until waves from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake exceeded that height by more than {{convert|2|m}}.{{cite web |url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/13_04.html |title=March 11th tsunami a record 40.5 metres high NHK |publisher=.nhk.or.jp |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728013451/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/13_04.html |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}

From the tsunami records the estimated tsunami's magnitude is (M_t = 8.2),{{Cite journal|author=Abe, K.|year= 1981|title= Physical size of tsunamigenic earthquakes of the northwestern Pacific|journal= Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.|volume= 27|issue= 3|pages= 194–205|doi=10.1016/0031-9201(81)90016-9|bibcode = 1981PEPI...27..194A }} much greater than expected for the seismic magnitude estimated from the observed seismic intensity ({{M|s|link=yes}}=7.2). This earthquake is now regarded as being part of a distinct class of seismic events, the tsunami earthquake.{{Cite journal|author=Kanamori, H. |year=1972 |title=Mechanism of tsunami earthquakes |journal=Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=346–359 |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKpepi72c.pdf |doi=10.1016/0031-9201(72)90058-1 |bibcode=1972PEPI....6..346K |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131951/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKpepi72c.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-14 }}

Geology

File:Meiji-Sanriku earthquake 02.jpg

The epicenter lies just to the west of the Japan Trench, the surface expression of the west-dipping subduction zone. The trench forms part of the convergent boundary between the Pacific and Eurasian plates.{{cite journal|last=Tanioka|first=Yuichiro|author2=Sataka K.|year=1996|title=Fault parameters of the 1896 Sanriku Tsunami Earthquake estimated from Tsunami Numerical Modeling|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=23|issue=3|pages=1549–1552|doi=10.1029/96GL01479|url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/96GL01479.shtml|bibcode=1996GeoRL..23.1549T|hdl=2027.42/95213|hdl-access=free|access-date=2009-10-19|archive-date=2011-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531170832/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/96GL01479.shtml|url-status=dead}}

=Magnitude=

The unusual disparity between the magnitude of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami may be due to a combination of factors:

the tsunami was caused by a slope failure triggered by the earthquake
the rupture velocity was unusually low

Scientists believe the effect of subducted sediment beneath the accretionary wedge was responsible for a slow rupture velocity. The effects of a 20° dipping fault along the top of the subducting plate was found to match both the observed seismic response and tsunami, but required a displacement of 10.4 m. The displacement was reduced to a more reasonable value after the extra uplift caused by the deformation of sediments in the wedge and a shallower fault dip of 10° was considered. This revised fault model gave a magnitude of {{M|w}}=8.0–8.1. A figure much closer to the estimated actual tsunami magnitude.{{cite journal|last=Tanioka|first=Y.|author2=Seno T.|year=2001|title=Sediment effect on tsunami generation of the 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=28|issue=17|pages=3389–3392|doi=10.1029/2001GL013149|url=http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/seno/Papers/2001GL013149.pdf|bibcode=2001GeoRL..28.3389T|s2cid=56014660 |access-date=2009-10-19|archive-date=2011-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610231703/http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/seno/Papers/2001GL013149.pdf|url-status=dead}} A magnitude of 8.5 on the moment magnitude scale has also been estimated for this event.

Tsunami

On the evening of June 15, 1896, communities along the Sanriku coast in northern Japan were celebrating a Shinto holiday and the return of soldiers from the First Sino-Japanese War. After a small earthquake, there was little concern because it was so weak and many small tremors had also been felt in the previous few months. However, 35 minutes later the first tsunami wave struck the coast, followed by a second a few minutes later.Corkill, Edan, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20110612x1.html Heights of survival]", Japan Times, 12 June 2011, pp. 9–10. The damage was particularly severe because the tsunamis coincided with high tides. Most deaths occurred in Iwate and Miyagi although casualties were also recorded from Aomori and Hokkaido.

The power of the tsunami was great: large numbers of victims were found with broken bodies or missing limbs.{{cite web|url=http://shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail?fn=2&id=CA1000616|title=The Great Meiji Sanriku Tsunami June 15, 1896, at the Sanriku coast of the Tohoku region|last=Nakao|first=Masayuki|access-date=2009-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223230738/http://shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail?fn=2&id=CA1000616|archive-date=2008-12-23|url-status=dead}} As was their normal practise each evening, the local fishing fleets were all at sea when the tsunamis struck. In the deepwater, the waves went unnoticed. Only when they returned the next morning did they discover the debris and bodies.{{cite book|last=Kusky|first=Timothy M.|title=Geological hazards: a sourcebook|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2003|pages=312|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnARN4s-WRkC&pg=PA94|isbn=978-1-57356-469-4}}

Wave heights of up to {{convert|9|m|ft|sp=us}} were also measured in Hawaii. They destroyed wharves and swept several houses away.{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=6&day=15&submit=View+Date|title=Today in Earthquake History: June 15|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-10-18}}{{cite journal|last=Hatori|first=Tokutaro|year=1963|title=On the Tsunamis along the Island of Hawaii|journal=Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute|volume=41|pages=49–59|url=http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/12096/1/ji0411005.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006004245/http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/12096/1/ji0411005.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-10-06}}

The word tsunami (from tsu "harbor" and nami "waves") was coined due to this disaster.{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Douglas |title=tsunami (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/tsunami |website=The Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=4 March 2023}}

Legacy

Many tsunami stones were installed following the disaster.{{Cite news |date=20 April 2011 |title=Tsunami Warnings, Written in Stone |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/21/world/asia/21stones.html |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=The New York Times}} Preventive coastal measures were not implemented until after another tsunami struck in 1933. Due to higher levels of tsunami awareness, fewer casualties were recorded following the 1933 Sanriku earthquake. Nevertheless, the earthquake of 11 March 2011 caused a huge tsunami that resulted in thousands of deaths across the same region and the nuclear disaster at Fukushima.