:Al-Baghawi
{{short description|11th-century Islamic scholar}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = Islam
| occupation = Scholar, Mufassir, Traditionist, Jurist
| era = Islamic golden age
| image =
| caption =
| honorific_prefix = Imam
| name = Al-Baghawī
| native_name = البغوي
| native_name_lang = ar
| title = Shaykh al-Islam
Muḥyī as-Sunnah
Rukn al-Din
Al-Ḥāfiẓ
| birth_date = January 1042 or 1045
| birth_place = Baghshur
| death_date = 1123
| death_place = Marw al-Rudh
| ethnicity =
| region = Khorasan
| denomination = Sunni
| jurisprudence = Shafi'i{{cite book|author=Cemal Kafadar, Cornell Fleischer, Gülru Necipoğlu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPb7EAAAQBAJ|title=Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 Vols)|date=2019|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004402508|volume=1|page=276|quote=Ma'ālim al-Tanzīl, was produced by al-Baghawi, also a Shafi'i Ash'ari scholar from Khurasan.}}
| creed = Ash'ari
| main_interests = Tafsir, Hadith, Fiqh{{Cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Islam: Second Edition|last=W. Adamec |first=Ludwig |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8108-6161-9 | location=Plymouth, United Kingdom|page=50}}
| notable_ideas =
| works = Maʻālim at-Tanzīl
Masabih al-Sunnah
| influences = Al-Shafi'i
Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
Al-Tha'labi
Al-Qushayri
al-Qadi Husayn
| influenced = Diya' al-Din al-Makki
}}
Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥusayn ibn Masʻūd ibn Muḥammad al-Farrā' al-Baghawī (Persian/Arabic:ابو محمد حسین بن مسعود بغوی), also known as al-Baghawī ({{langx|ar|البغوي}}) was a Persian Sunni Muslim scholar based in Khorasan.{{cite book|author=Ali Shehata Abdou Selim |title=The Concept of Coexistence in Islamic Primary Sources - An Analytical Examination|date=27 February 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781443875875|page=121}} He was a prominent Quran exegete (mufassir), traditionist (muhaddith), and Shafi'i jurist (faqih).{{cite book|author=Megan H. Reid|title=Law and Piety in Medieval Islam|date=22 July 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107067110|page=81}}{{cite book|author=Hussein Abdul-Raof|title=Schools of Qur'anic Exegesis - Genesis and Development|date=13 December 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135240967|page=128}} He best known for his two major works, Maʻālim at-Tanzīl and Masabih as-Sunnah.
Al-Baghawi was known by several titles and was referred to as the "Supporter of the Religion" (Dhahīr al-Dīn) by Ibn Khallikān, who describes him as an ocean in the religious sciences. Al-Baghawī was dubbed the "Reviver of the Sunna" (Muḥyī as-Sunna) because he supposedly dreamed of the Islamic prophet telling him, “You revived my Sunna through your commentary on my ḥadīths” and this was due to compiling his work Sharḥ al-Sunna. He is also known as the "Pillar of the Religion" (Rukn al-Dīn).{{Harvnb|Nourhan Ibrahim Hassanein|2024|p=15}}
Name
His last name, al-Baghawī, comes from where he was born, and he is not the only scholar with this name; according to Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī (d. 626/1229), a number of scholars were born in this village and also had the same name. Al-Baghawī is also known as Ibn al-Farrāʾor al-Farrāʾ, which means “the furrier” or “son of the furrier.” Scholars disagreed as to whether this denotes his own occupation or his father's.
Life
His birthdate is only mentioned by Yaqut al-Hamawi in his Muʿjam al-Buldān to be in Jumādā al-Awwal, 433/January 1042. However, subsequent sources, like Miftāḥ al-Saʿāda by Ṭāsh Kopruzādeh and al-Aʿlām by Khayr al-Din al-Zirikli, report that he was born in 436 AH. According to every source, his hometown is Baghshûr, also known as Bagh, in Khurāsān, a city that lies between Herat and Merv.
A greater understanding of the scholar's thoughts and the intellectual environment around them is made possible by knowing their educational background. The names of the academics who taught al-Baghawī and their areas of expertise are described in detail in biographical pages. His professors are spread out among different Khurāsān residents and are highly knowledgeable and diversified. al-Qāḍī Ḥusayn was al-Baghawī's main teacher, and he studied fiqh and received hadith from him as well as from many other experts. Qāḍī Ḥusayn's influence on al-Baghawī can be assessed by the many ḥadīths that he transmitted in Sharḥ al-Sunna and the frequent references to his legal judgements in al-Tahdhīb.{{Harvnb|Nourhan Ibrahim Hassanein|2024|p=17}}
Although al-Baghawī's educational travels are not consistently documented, Ibn al-Subkī makes sure that al-Baghawī did not travel to Baghdad due to the lack of sources on his interactions in this area. Ibn Taghribirdi mentions that he travelled to different places to hear ḥadīths. The six other scholars mentioned as ḥadīth teachers of al-Baghawī were not all based in Baghshūr or al-Marw al-Rūdk but across Khurāsān. Some of his professors were hadith experts well-versed in adab and fiqh, including Abū ʿAmr ʿAbd al-Waḥid al-Malīḥī, Abū al-Ḥasan al-Dāwūdī, Abū Bakr Yaʿqūb al-Ṣīrafī, and Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Haytham al-Turābī. {{Harvnb|Nourhan Ibrahim Hassanein|2024|p=18}}
Abū al-Qāsim al-Qushayrī and Abū al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-Juwaynī are the last two teachers of al-Baghawī who were major scholars of their respective times. Al-Qushayrī is considered a great Sufi master, but his knowledge encompassed fiqh, legal theory, ḥadīth, Quranic exegesis, and adab. Abū al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-Juwaynī is a Sufi muhaddith who wrote a Sufi treatise called al-Silwa fī ʿulūm al-ṣūfiyya. He was also the elder brother of the renowned legal scholar Imam al-Haramayn. These scholars' names reappear in al-Baghawī’s ḥadīth isnads across his works. While many had teaching and adjudicating duties, the exact institutions remain unknown. Their educational backgrounds, writings, and positions give information on the Sunni scholarly scene.{{Harvnb|Nourhan Ibrahim Hassanein|2024|p=19}}
Regarding the second pillar of science, al-Baghawī, which he acquired from his masters, he also studied the knowledge that earlier Muslim scholars (salāf) had left behind and drew on his own knowledge from literature.{{Harvnb|Muhammad Naufal Hakim|2024|p=92}} Al-Baghawī was well known for his religiosity and never taught without performing an wudu. Furthermore, it seems that he did not prioritise the wordily living because he liked to eat solely bread and began combining it with oil after his neighbours complained. He was a preacher who urged the people to follow the Sunnah and classical works. From among his pupils include Diya' al-Din al-Makki, the father of renowned polymath Fakhr al-Din al-Razi.{{EI3 |author=Ayman Shihadeh|url=https://www.academia.edu/22685198/Ḍiyā_al_Dīn_al_Makkī_the_Father_of_Fakhr_al_Dīn_al_Rāzī_EI3_|title=International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change|publisher=Brill|year=2016|volume=3|page=69-70}}
Al-Baghawī passed away in 516 AH in the month of Shawwal/1123 and was buried right next to his teacher al-Qadi Husayn in the Ṭāliqān cemetery in Marw al-Rudh.{{Harvnb|Muhammad Naufal Hakim|2024|p=93}}
Reception
Taqi al-Din al-Subki said: “Very little do we see al-Baghawi choosing something unless if he researched it he would find one that was stronger than the others, besides that he could also express it concisely, this shows that he was given extraordinary intelligence, and he is careful in such matters.”
Al-Dhahabi said: “Al-Baghawī was an imam who had a lot of knowledge, a role model, an expert on hadith, Shaikh al-Islām, life of the Sunnah, and many of his compositions.”
Works
File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0245 fol 003b-4a.jpg]]
Al-Dhahabi said: “His works were blessed and received complete acceptance due to his righteous purpose and sincere intention.”{{Harvnb|Nourhan Ibrahim Hassanein|2024|p=20}}
- Maʻālim at-Tanzīl, also known as Tafsīr al-Baghawi, is a classical commentary on the Quran.
- At-Tahdhīb fī Fiqh al-Imām ash-Shāfiʻī, a work on Shafi'i law and it is considered a summary of Taʿlīqa authored by al-Qadi Husayn.
- 'Sharḥ as-Sunnah
- Maṣābīḥ as-Sunnah, a famous Hadith collection.
- Al-Anwār fī Shamāʼil an-Nabī al-Mukhtār
- Al-Jamʻ bayn aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥayn
- Majmūʻah min al-Fatāwā, a fatawa collection of his teacher al-Qadi Husayn.
- Kitāb fī al-alfāẓ wa-l-sunnan
- Kashf al-manāhij wa al-tanāqīḥ fī takhrīj aḥādīth al-maṣābīḥ
- Al-Arbaʻīn Ḥadīthā
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{cite book|author=Nourhan Ibrahim Hassanein|url=https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/2370/|title=Imām al-Baghawī (d. 516/1123): Tafsīr and Sunnism during the 11th-12th Centuries in Khurāsān|work=Theses and Dissertations |date=July 2024|publisher=American University in Cairo|page=1-121}}
- {{cite journal|author=Muhammad Naufal Hakim|url=https://www.academia.edu/120472264|title=The Contextuality of Tafsir Ma'ālim al-Tanzīl by al-Baghawī: revisiting tradition and embracing modern values|year=2024|journal=Jurnal Semiotika-Q: Kajian Ilmu Al-Quran Dan Tafsir|publisher=Raden Fatah State Islamic University|volume=4|issue=1|page=88-106|doi=10.19109/7gthhn08|doi-broken-date=1 March 2025 |issn=2809-0500}}
{{Shafi'i scholars}}
{{Ash'ari}}
{{People of Khorasan}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Baghawi}}
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Category:Persian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Category:11th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Category:Quranic exegesis scholars
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