:Black supremacy

Black supremacy was advocated by Jamaican preacher Leonard Howell in the 1935 Rastafari movement tract The Promised Key.{{Cite journal|last=Sellers|first=Allison Paige|date=2015|title=The 'Black Man's Bible': The Holy Piby, Garveyism, and Black Supremacy in the Interwar Years|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|journal=Journal of Africana Religions|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–342|doi=10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|jstor=10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|s2cid=141594246}} Howell's use of "Black Supremacy" had both religious and political implications. Politically, as a direct counterpoint to white supremacy, and the failure of white governments to protect black people, he advocated the destruction of white governments.{{cite book |last1=Bogues |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sX9ACwAAQBAJ |title=Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-94325-3 |page=164 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}} Howell had drawn upon as an influence the work of the earlier proto-Rastafari preacher Fitz Balintine Pettersburg, in particular the latter's book The Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy.{{cite book|author=Charles Price|title=Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OC399TZD2BwC&pg=PA49|year=2009|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-6768-9|pages=48–49}}

The Associated Press described the teachings of the Nation of Islam (NOI) as having been black supremacist until 1975, when W. Deen Mohammed succeeded Elijah Muhammad (his father) as its leader.{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26630405|title=Former Nation of Islam leader dies at 74|date=September 9, 2008|access-date=March 1, 2019|publisher=MSNBC|agency=Associated Press}} Elijah Muhammad's black-supremacist doctrine acted as a counter to the supremacist paradigm established and controlled by white supremacy.{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=Rickey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TTVAAAAQBAJ |title=Party Music: The Inside Story of the Black Panthers' Band and How Black Power Transformed Soul Music |date=2013 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=978-1-61374-495-6 |page=180 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}}{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZvHBQAAQBAJ |title=Teaching Malcolm X |date=1996 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-91155-9 |page=143 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}} The SPLC described the group as having a "theology of innate black superiority over whites – a belief system vehemently and consistently rejected by mainstream Muslims".{{Cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|title=Nation of Islam|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011080634/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|archive-date=2019-10-11|access-date=2019-10-16}}

File:TamaRe.jpg, a village in the U.S. state of Georgia built in 1993 by the United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors, as seen from the air in 2002]]

Several fringe groups have been described as either holding or promoting black supremacist beliefs. A source described by historian David Mark Chalmers as being "the most extensive source on right-wing extremism" is the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), an American nonprofit organization that monitors hate groups and extremists in the United States.{{cite book |author=David Mark Chalmers |author-link=David Mark Chalmers |title=Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2003 |isbn=0-7425-2311-X |url={{Google books|tlvs7498TJMC|plainurl=y|page=188}} |page=188}}{{cite book |author=Brett A. Barnett |title=Untangling the web of hate: are online "hate sites" deserving of First Amendment Protection? |publisher=Cambria Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-934043-91-2 |url={{Google books|iuQSNj5NxioC|plainurl=y|page=20}} |page=20}} Authors of the SPLC's quarterly Intelligence Reports have described the following groups as holding black supremacist views:

• The Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC), which is headquartered in New York City, was described in 2008 by the SPLC as an American "black supremacist sect" and part of the growing "black supremacist wing of the Hebrew Israelite movement". The ICGJC accepts the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha as inspired Scripture and has an apocalyptic view of the end of the world.{{cite web |title=Racist Black Hebrew Israelites Becoming More Militant |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/racist-black-hebrew-israelites-becoming-more-militant |date=August 29, 2008 |access-date=May 29, 2016}}
• The Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK), based in the Upper Darby Township of Philadelphia.{{cite web |title='General Yahanna' Discusses Black Supremacist Hebrew Israelites |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/racist-black-hebrew-israelites-becoming-more-militant |date=August 29, 2008 |access-date=July 9, 2016}}
• The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious organization founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad in the United States in 1930. They have been described by the SPLC as having "a theology of innate black superiority over whites".{{Cite web|title=Nation Of Islam {{!}} Southern Poverty Law Center|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331042910/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|archive-date=March 31, 2021|access-date=March 31, 2021|website=Southern Poverty Law Center}} SPLC cites the NOI leaders' "deeply racist, antisemitic and anti-LGBT rhetoric" as reasons for the organization being categorized as a hate group.
• The Nation of Yahweh is a religious group based in the United States described as black supremacist by the SPLC. It is an offshoot of the Black Hebrew Israelite line of thought. It was founded by American Yahweh ben Yahweh (born Hulon Mitchell Jr.), whose name means "God the Son of God" in Hebrew. The Nation of Yahweh grew rapidly throughout the 1980s and at its height had headquarters in Miami, Florida, and temples in 22 states,{{cite web |author=Mark Potok |title=Popularity and Populism |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/popularity-and-populism |date=November 29, 2001 |access-date=July 9, 2016}} ben Yahweh was imprisoned for 11 years for his links to nearly two dozen murders, and later released on restrictive parole.{{Cite web |last=Associated Press |date=6 October 2006 |title=Cult Leader Linked To Beheadings Asks To 'Die With Dignity' |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/10/06/cult.leader.ap/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011215618/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/10/06/cult.leader.ap/index.html |archive-date=11 October 2006 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=CNN}}
• The United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors was founded by the American Dwight York, who has been described by the SPLC as advocating the belief that black people are superior to white people. The SPLC reported that York's teachings included the belief that "whites are 'devils', devoid of both heart and soul, their color the result of leprosy and genetic inferiority".{{cite web |author=Bob Moser |title=United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors Meets Its Match in Georgia |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/united-nuwaubian-nation-moors-meets-its-match-georgia |date=September 20, 2002 |access-date=July 9, 2016}} The SPLC described the Nuwaubianism belief system as "mix[ing] black supremacist ideas with worship of the Egyptians and their pyramids, a belief in UFOs and various conspiracy theories related to the Illuminati and the Bilderbergers".{{cite web |title=Nuwaubian Nation of Moors |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nuwaubian-nation-moors |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=5 March 2019 |language=en}}

During speeches given at the Freedom Rally in Cobo Hall on June 23, 1963,{{Cite web|date=13 January 2015|title=Address at the Freedom Rally in Cobo Hall|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/address-freedom-rally-cobo-hall|access-date=2020-06-15 |work=King Papers Project |publisher=Stanford University {{!}} Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute|language=en}} at Oberlin College in June 1965,{{Cite web|title=Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution|url=https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/BlackHistoryMonth/MLK/CommAddress.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Electronic Oberlin Group}} and at the Southern Methodist University on March 17, 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. said:{{Cite web |title=Civil Rights Leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Speaks on the DePauw Campus |url=https://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/33427/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=DePauw University |language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Transcript of Dr. Martin Luther King's speech at SMU on March 17, 1966|url=https://www.smu.edu/News/2014/mlk-at-smu-transcript-17march1966|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Southern Methodist University}}{{Cite book |last=Ogbar |first=Jeffrey O. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb-EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity |date=2019-03-19 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-2976-2 |language=en}}

{{Quote|text=A doctrine of black supremacy is as dangerous as a doctrine of white supremacy. God is not interested merely in the freedom of black men or brown men or yellow men. God is interested in the freedom of the whole human race, the creation of a society where every man will respect the dignity and worth of personality.}}

• Afrocentrism
• Black Lives Matter
• Black nationalism
• Black pride
• Black separatism
• Melanin theory
• Racial formation theory

{{Reflist}}

{{Black supremacist organizations}}

{{Discrimination}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Supremacy}}

Category:African and Black nationalism

Category:Political theories

Category:Politics and race

Category:Ethnic supremacy