:Brodmann area 25

Brodmann described this area as it is labeled now in 1909. Originally in 1905, Brodmann labeled the area as part of area 24. In 1909, he divided the area into area 24 and 25.[http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Scripts/ancilcentraldirectory.aspx?ID=1043865377 area 25 of Brodmann-1909.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121215545/http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Scripts/ancilcentraldirectory.aspx?ID=1043865377 |date=January 21, 2007 }} braininfo.rprc.washington.edu, retrieved November 19, 2006.

This region is extremely rich in serotonin transporters and is considered as a governor for a vast network involving areas like hypothalamus and brain stem, which influences changes in appetite and sleep; the amygdala and insula, which affect the mood and anxiety; the hippocampus, which plays an important role in memory formation; and some parts of the frontal cortex responsible for self-esteem."[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=faulty-circuits Faulty Circuits]", Scientific American, April 2010 This region is particularly implicated in the normal processing of sadness.{{cite journal|last=Mayberg|first=HS|author2=Liotti M|author3=Brannan SK|author4=McGinnis S|author5=Mahurin RK|author6=Jerabek PA|title=Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness.|journal=Am J Psychiatry|date=May 1999|volume=156|issue=5|pages=675–82|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1176/ajp.156.5.675|pmid=10327898|s2cid=16258492 }}{{cite journal|last=Phan|first=KL|author2=Wager T|author3=Taylor SF|author4=Liberzon I|s2cid=7150871|title=Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI.|journal=NeuroImage|date=June 2002|volume=16|issue=2|pages=331–48|doi=10.1006/nimg.2002.1087|pmid=12030820}}

The subcallosal cingulate gyrus CG25 which consists of BA25 as well as parts of BA24 and BA32 has been implicated as playing an important role in major depression and has been the target of deep brain stimulation to treat the disorder.{{cite journal|title=The subcallosal cingulate gyrus in the context of major depression|vauthors=Hamani C, Mayberg H, Stone S, Laxton A, Haber S, Lozano AM | journal = Biological Psychiatry|volume=69|number=4|date=15 February 2011|pages=301–309|pmid=21145043|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.034|s2cid=35458273 |doi-access=free}}

One study found that BA25 is metabolically overactive in treatment-resistant depression.[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(05)00156-X Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression] neuron.org, March 3, 2005. Retrieved November 18, 2018. A different study found that metabolic hyperactivity in this area is associated with poor therapeutic response of persons with major depressive disorder to cognitive-behavioral therapy and venlafaxine.{{cite journal| pmc=2674969 | pmid=19448846 | volume=34 | issue=3 | title=Predictors of nonresponse to cognitive behavioural therapy or venlafaxine using glucose metabolism in major depressive disorder | year=2009 | author=Konarski JZ, Kennedy SH, Segal ZV, Lau MA, Bieling PJ, McIntyre RS, Mayberg HS | journal=J Psychiatry Neurosci | pages=175–80}}

In 2005 Helen S. Mayberg and collaborators described how they successfully treated a number of depressed people—individuals virtually catatonic with depression despite years of talk therapy, drugs, and electroconvulsive therapy—with pacemaker-like electrodes (deep brain stimulation) in area 25.{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3171/2011.10.JNS102122| last = Lozano| first = Andres M |author2=Peter Giacobbe |author3=Clement Hamani |author4=Sakina J Rizvi |author5=Sidney H Kennedy |author6=Theodore T Kolivakis |author7=Guy Debonnel |author8=Abbas F Sadikot |author9=Raymond W Lam |author10=Andrew K Howard |author11=Magda Ilcewicz-Klimek |author12=Christopher R Honey |author13=Helen S Mayberg| s2cid = 9778445| title = A multicenter pilot study of subcallosal cingulate area deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression| journal = Journal of Neurosurgery| date = 2011-11-18| pmid = 22098195| volume = 116| issue = 2| pages = 315–22}}

In 2013, Walker and Lawson conducted neurofeedback research with 183 subjects experiencing drug resistant depression. The neurofeedback specifically targeted Brodmann area 25. The treatment consisted of 6 neurofeedback sessions that were 20min long each over the course of 3 weeks. 1 year after the treatment 84% of subjects experienced over a 50% reduction in depression symptoms. 9% reported a 20-50% reduction in depression symptoms. 7% reported a 0-20% improvement. 1% initially reported positive effects, but had a depression relapse before the year follow up completed. There were no side effects or complications reported from the treatment.{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Jonathan |title=FP02 Beta Training for Drug-Resistant Depression—A New Protocol That Usually Reduces Depression and Keeps It Reduced |journal=Journal of Neurotherapy |date=2013 |volume=17:3 |issue=3 |pages=198–200 |doi=10.1080/10874208.2013.785784 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272123304|doi-access=free }}

A study found that transcranial magnetic stimulation is more clinically effective treating depression when targeted specifically to Brodmann area 46, because this area has intrinsic functional connectivity (negative correlation) with area 25.{{cite journal | year = 2012 | title = Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation targets for depression is related to intrinsic functional connectivity with the subgenual cingulate | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 72 | issue = 7 | pages = 595–603 | pmid = 22658708 | last1 = Fox | first1 = MD | last2 = Buckner | first2 = RL | last3 = White | first3 = MP | last4 = Greicius | first4 = MD | last5 = Pascual-Leone | first5 = A | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.028 | pmc=4120275}}

Another study has found that the responses of area 25 to viewing sad stimuli are affected by cortisol.{{cite journal|last=Sudheimer|first=KD|author2=Abelson JL|author3=Taylor SF|author4=Martis B|author5=Welsh RC|author6=Warner C|title=Exogenous glucocorticoids decrease subgenual cingulate activity evoked by sadness|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|date=April 2013|volume=38|issue=5|pages=826–45|pmid=23303057|doi=10.1038/npp.2012.249|pmc=3599059|display-authors=etal}} This suggests that depression related changes in the activity in area 25 could be due to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation.

File:Brodmann area 25 animation small.gif|Animation.

File:Brodmann area 25 medial.jpg|Medial view.

{{Commons category|Brodmann area 25}}

• Brodmann area
• List of regions in the human brain
• Biology of depression

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{{Brodmann area}}

{{Prosencephalon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brodmann Area 25}}

25

Category:Serotonin

Category:Neuroscience of depression

Category:Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere