:Call to prayer

File:Bells, Mission San Gabriel Archangel, California (65945).jpg]]

{{see also|Church bells}}

On a daily basis, church bells are rung in major Christian denominations at the canonical hours prayed at fixed prayer times, as well as at the start of a church service.{{cite book |last1=Jupp |first1=Edmund W. |title=Bell Watching |date=2003 |publisher=Intellect Books |isbn=978-1-84150-808-5 |page=16 |language=English}}

In the early Church, different methods were used to call the worshippers: playing trumpets, hitting wooden planks, shouting, or using a courier.{{Cite book|last=Buse|first=Adolf|title=S. Paulin évêque de Nole et son siècle (350-450)|publisher=H. Casterman|year=1858|location=Paris|pages=415–418|language=fr|translator-last=Dancoisne|translator-first=L.}} Greek monasteries would ring a semantron (flat metal plate) to announce services.

Paulinus of Nola, an early church father, is traditionally credited with the introduction of the use of bell in devotions.{{Cite book |last=Buse |first=Adolf |title=S. Paulin évêque de Nole et son siècle (350-450) |publisher=H. Casterman |year=1858 |location=Paris |pages=415–418 |language=fr |translator-last=Dancoisne |translator-first=L.}} The steeple bells were known as {{lang|la|campana}}s.{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Bell |volume= 3 |last= Haweis |first= Hugh Reginald |author-link= Hugh Reginald Haweis | pages = 536–539|short=1}} However, the invention credited to Paulinus was probably the work of Nicetas of Remesiana, and most likely used in the churches used by the Bessi in the highlands of Western Thrace.{{cite web | url = https://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.html?term=Paulinus,%20bishop%20of%20Nola | title = Paulinus, bishop of Nola | work = Dictionary of Christian Biography | editor = Henry Wace | location = London | publisher = John Murray | access-date = April 19, 2022 | archive-date = February 23, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220223054822/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.html?term=Paulinus,%20bishop%20of%20Nola | url-status = live }} In AD 604, Pope Sabinian introduced the ringing of bells at the canonical hours and the celebration of the Eucharist.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Sabinianus |volume= 23 | page= 966 }} Their use spread rapidly as the bells were not only useful signaling the call to worship, but could be used in times of danger.{{cite web|first=Roger J.|last=Smith|year=1997|title=Church Bells|url=http://www.awakentoprayer.org/church_bells.htm|publisher=Sacred Heart Catholic Church and St. Yves Mission|access-date=April 19, 2022|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207150201/http://www.awakentoprayer.org/church_bells.htm|url-status=live}}

The Roman tintinnabuli were made from forged metal and were not large in size.{{cite book|first=Henry Beauchamp | last = Walters|url=https://archive.org/details/churchbells00waltgoog|title=Church Bells|publisher=A. R. Mowbray & Company|year=1908|page=[https://archive.org/details/churchbells00waltgoog/page/n20 4]}} By the end of the 7th century, larger bells originating from Campania and Nola were cast. The bells consequently took the eponymous names of campana and nola from cities. By the early Middle Ages, church bells became common throughout the rest of Europe, and were most likely spread by the Irish missionaries and their Celtic influence.{{Cite book |title=Bells |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02418b.htm |work=Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405131410/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02418b.htm |url-status=live }}

{{main|Adhan}}

The Adhan ({{langx|ar|أَذَان}} {{IPA|ar|ʔaˈðaːn|}}) is the Islamic call to prayer.{{Cite web |language=fr |title=Adhane - Appel à la prière depuis la Mecque |date=October 11, 2014 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6okulgC3FWo |via=YouTube |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421020436/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=6okulgC3FWo |url-status=live }} It has different names in different languages. It is recited by a muezzin at defined times of the day. The call is recited loudly from the mosque five times a day on most days and all day long during the religious holidays of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, traditionally from the minaret. It is the first call summoning Muslims to enter the mosque for obligatory (fard) prayer (salah).{{Cite book |last=Dessing |first=Nathal M. |title=Rituals of Birth, Circumcision, Marriage, and Death Among Muslims in the Netherlands |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-9-042-91059-1 |page=25}} A second call, known as the iqamah summons those within the mosque to line up for the beginning of the prayers. The main purpose behind the multiple loud pronouncements of adhan in every mosque is to make available to everyone an easily intelligible summary of Islamic belief. After the call is made, Muslims are gathered to go to pray.

In Indian Hinduism, Nepali Hinduism and Balinese Hinduism, the Trisandya is a prayer said three times each day: six in the morning, noon, and six in the evening, in line with the Sandhyavandanam tradition.{{cite book|title=Island Secrets: Stories of Love, Lust and Loss in Bali|author=Blum, A.|date=2018|publisher=Monsoon Books Pte. Limited|isbn=978-1-912049-27-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtdFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-date=January 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101211559/https://books.google.com/books?id=gtdFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=Renegotiating Boundaries: Local Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia|author1=Nordholt, H.S.|author2=Van Klinken, G.|author3=van Klinken, G.A.|date=2007|publisher=KITLV Press|isbn=9789067182836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeP-LBnI_LMC&pg=PA412|page=412|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-date=December 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230023407/https://books.google.com/books?id=MeP-LBnI_LMC&pg=PA412|url-status=live}}

The Puja Tri Sandhya is the call to prayer.{{Cite journal |last=Hynson |first=Meghan |title=A Balinese 'Call to Prayer': Sounding Religious Nationalism and Local Identity in the Puja Tri Sandhya |journal=Religions |date=2021 |volume=12 |issue=8 |page=668 |doi=10.3390/rel12080668|doi-access=free }}

{{main|Barechu}}

The Barechu ({{langx|he|ברכו}}, also Borchu, Barekhu or Bar'chu) is the beginning of the Jewish prayer service. It serves as a call to prayer, and is recited before the blessings over the morning and evening Jewish prayer services (the Shema, Shacharit and Maariv), and before each aliyah in the Torah reading.{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/barkhu/|title=Barekhu|work=myjewishlearning.com|access-date=April 19, 2022|archive-date=April 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416023148/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/barkhu/|url-status=live}}

• Angelus
• Awgatha

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|title=Clip Notes for Church Bulletins | volume = 1|year=1997 |first1= Kathy |last1= Luty |first2= David |last2= Philippart| publisher = LiturgyTrainingPublications|isbn=9781568541693 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-nmAinYFJ0C&pg=PT133 }}

• {{cite news | url =https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128976431 | title = In Cairo, An End To The Cacophony Of Calls To Prayer | date = 2010-08-05 | work = All Things Considered | publisher = NPR | last = Nelson | first = Soraya Sarhaddi}}

{{Religion topics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Call to prayer}}

Category:Prayer

Category:Religious practices

Category:Spiritual practice