:Canadian Jewish Congress

{{Infobox organization

|name = Canadian Jewish Congress

|native_name =

|logo = Canadian_Jewish_Congress.svg

|map =

|msize =

|mcaption =

|abbreviation = CJC

|formation = 1919

|dissolved = {{end date and age|2011}}

|type = Non-governmental organization{{cite journal|title=Jewish NGOs, Human Rights, and Public Advocacy: A Comparative Inquiry|first=Irwin|last=Cotler|author-link=Irwin Cotler|journal=Jewish Political Studies Review|volume=11|number=3–4|date=Fall 1999|pages=61–95|publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|jstor= 25834458}}

|status =

|headquarters = {{unbulleted list|Montreal, Quebec (1919–1999)|Ottawa, Ontario (1999–2011){{cite web|author=Canadian Jewish Archives|title=Canadian Jewish Congress organizational records|website=The Canadian Jewish Heritage Network|access-date=11 September 2022|url=https://www.cjhn.ca/en/permalink/cjhn2}}}}

|location =

|membership =

|language = English, French, Yiddish

|parent_organization = Canadian Council for Israel and Jewish Advocacy (2007–2011)

|affiliations = World Jewish Congress

|website =

|remarks = }}

The Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC; {{Langx|fr|Congrès juif canadien}}; {{Langx|yi|קאַנאַדער ײִדישער קאָנגרעס}}; {{Langx|he|הקונגרס היהודי הקנדי}}) was, for more than ninety years, the main advocacy group for the Jewish community in Canada. Regarded by many as the "Parliament of Canadian Jewry," the Congress was at the forefront of the struggle for human rights, equality, immigration reform and civil rights in Canada.{{cite web|title=Founding of the Canadian Jewish Congress National Historic Event|website=Directory of Federal Heritage Designations|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=14 November 2018|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=10931}}{{Cite web|date=2017-01-27|title=Canadian Jewish Congress|url=https://www.juifsdici.ca/en/canadian-jewish-congress/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Juifs d'ici - Quebec|language=en-US}}

The organization disbanded in July 2011 following a reorganization of the Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs, of which the CJA became a subsidiary in 2007.{{cite web|url=http://www.cjc.ca/2011/06/30/12198/|title=Canadian Jewish Congress is discontinuing its activities|website=Canadian Jewish Congress|date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720045227/http://www.cjc.ca/|archive-date=20 July 2011}}

History

=Founding and early history=

File:1943–44 Jewish calendar for the Canadian Armed Forces.JPG for the Canadian Armed Forces in World War II, published by the Canadian Jewish Congress]]

The immediate predecessor to the CJC was formed in 1915 by the Montreal chapter of Poalei Zion, a working class Labour Zionist organization. They were soon joined by thirteen other organizations, mostly other chapters of Poalei Zion and the Arbeiter Ring, in forming the Canadian Jewish Alliance. The organization, composed of elected officials, set out to represent all of Canadian Jewry on its major political, national and international affairs. It also aimed to respond to problems arising from the First World War, specifically the oppression of Jews overseas, the immigration of Jewish refugees, and Britain's promises to create a Jewish state.{{cite web|title=Canadian Jewish Congress|website=Juifs d'ici|url=http://www.juifsdici.ca/en/canadian-jewish-congress/|year=2017|access-date=14 November 2018}}{{cite book|title=Social Discredit: Anti-Semitism, Social Credit, and the Jewish Response|first=Janine|last=Stingel|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2000|jstor=j.ctt809xh|isbn=9780773520103}}

In 1919, over 25,000 Jews from across Canada voted for delegates to the first convention of the CJC held in Montreal that March.{{cite EJ|title=Canadian Jewish Congress|first=Irving|last=Abella|author-link=Irving Abella|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/canadian-jewish-congress}} Groups including the Canadian Federation of Zionist Societies, Poalei Zion, Mizrachi, and the Arbeiter Ring were present at the convention. While there, they were addressed by the Solicitor General of Canada, and were entertained at Montreal City Hall, where a large Zionist flag was draped over the Mayor's chair. The main decision at that meeting was the founding of the Jewish Immigrant Aid Society to assist Jewish settlers and refugees in Canada. They also passed motions expressing the Jewish community's loyalty to Canada and others declaring their support for the Balfour Declaration. The convention elected Lyon Cohen, former President of the Montreal Clothing Manufacturers Union, as their President.

Despite this auspicious start, the CJC fell into abeyance and was inactive until 1934, due to lack of leadership and funding.{{r|discredit}} With the rise in antisemitism and restricted immigration policies in the 1930s, the CJC re-convened in 1934 and held the Congress' second plenum in Toronto in January. Cohen's friend and close colleague, Samuel William Jacobs, a prominent Jewish leader and Member of Parliament, became the revived Congress' first president.{{cite book|last=Shuchat|first=Wilfred|author-link=Wilfred Shuchat|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/gateofheavenstor0000shuc|url-access=registration|quote=Jacobs Congress.|title=The Gate of Heaven: The Story of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim of Montreal|page=[https://archive.org/details/gateofheavenstor0000shuc/page/114 114]|publisher=McGill-Queens University Press|isbn=978-0773520899}}

In 1938, the Canadian Jewish Congress partnered with B'nai Brith Canada to create the Joint Public Relations Committee, with the goal of developing a strategy to combat discrimination and find allies within other minority groups.{{cite journal|last=Walker|first=James W. S. G.|title=The 'Jewish Phase' in the Movement for Racial Equality in Canada|journal=Canadian Ethnic Studies|volume=34|number=1|year=2002|pages=1–29|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9002218}}

=Post–World War II=

File:News. Canadian Jewish Congress - Meeting at His Majesty's Theatre BAnQ P48S1P13832.jpg

The CJC was active before and during World War II in lobbying the government (with limited success) to open the borders to Jewish refugees fleeing Europe.{{cite encyclopedia|last=Goldberg|first=Adara|title=Canada and the Holocaust| encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|publisher=Historica Canada|date=6 May 2016|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/holocaust|access-date=16 November 2018}} After the war, over 1,100 child Holocaust survivors immigrated to Canada in the War Orphans Project, a refugee resettlement program administered by the CJC.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Fraiman|date=28 March 2018|url=http://www.cjnews.com/perspectives/features/the-story-of-1123-orphans-who-came-to-canada-after-the-holocaust|title=A fresh start: The story of Canada's postwar Jewish orphans|newspaper=The Canadian Jewish News}} The CJC also organized relief aid for Holocaust survivors who were being detained in Displaced Persons camps. Along with the efforts of Senator Arthur Roebuck and Rabbi Avraham Aharon Price, the CJC helped obtain the release of young, Jewish refugees from internment camps, bringing them to study in Toronto.

The Congress' dominant figure from 1939 to 1962 was its president, Samuel Bronfman who was elected president following Jacobs' death in 1938. During the Cold War at Bronfman's urging, the CJC expelled the United Jewish People's Order and other communist Jewish organizations in 1951. At the time, the UJPO was one of the largest Jewish fraternal organizations in Canada. It would not be readmitted to the CJC until 1995.{{cite conference |first1=Ester|last1=Reiter|first2=Roz|last2=Usiskin|url=http://www.vcn.bc.ca/outlook/library/articles/jewsontheleft/p05Forum1.htm|title=Jewish Dissent in Canada: The United Jewish People's Order|conference=Forum on Jewish Dissent|publisher=Association of Canadian Jewish Studies|location=Winnipeg|date=30 May 2004}}

In 1967, the CJC gifted approximately 7,000 volumes of rare Judaica to the National Library on behalf of the Canadian Jewish community in honour of the Canadian Centennial.{{cite web|url=https://thediscoverblog.com/tag/canadian-jewish-congress/|website=Library and Archives Canada Blog|title=From the Lowy Room: commemorating a centennial gift|date=19 September 2017|first=Michael|last=Kent|publisher=Library and Archives Canada}}

One of the initiatives sponsored by the CJC was the International Jewish Correspondence, founded in 1978, whose goal was to link Jews around the world as pen-pals.{{cite news|last=Struthers|first=Gord|date=13 September 1986|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O0VgAAAAIBAJ&pg=1087,3384572&dq=barry+simon+pen+pals&hl=en|title=Pen-pal service connects thousands around world|newspaper=Star-Phoenix|access-date=14 May 2012}} With the rise of the internet in the 1990s, IJC became less active and had folded by 2002. The organization also provided addresses for Jews living in Arab and Soviet Bloc countries as well as Jewish prisoners who were put in contact with others in the same situation. Jewish people from nearly 20 countries participated in the initiative, including those with declining Jewish populations such as Estonia, Morocco and Zimbabwe.{{cite news|last=Davis|first=James|date=9 January 1987|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-01-09/features/8701020647_1_pen-pals-american-jewish-congress-simon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002045844/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-01-09/features/8701020647_1_pen-pals-american-jewish-congress-simon|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 2, 2013|title=Canadian Teacher Brings Jewish Pen Pals Together|newspaper=South Florida Sun-Sentinel}}{{cite archive|publisher=The Canadian Jewish Heritage Network|collection-url=http://www.cjhn.ca/permalink/86|collection=International Jewish Correspondence|institution=Canadian Jewish Congress Charities Committee National Archives|fonds=I0084|access-date=14 May 2012}}

=Later history and disbandment=

In its later decades, the CJC launched campaigns to pressure the Soviet Union to allow Jewish emigration,{{cite web|url=https://jewishtoronto.com/wendyspeech|date=May 2015|first=Wendy R.|last=Eisen|title=Canadian Soviet Jewry Movement|website=UJA Federation of Greater Toronto|access-date=16 November 2018}} to pressure the Canadian government to prosecute Nazi war criminals who had settled in Canada, and to enact and use hate crimes legislation against antisemites and Holocaust deniers such as Ernst Zündel. The CJC actively opposed Quebec separatism in the 1990s and formed a national coalition of Canada's Italian, Greek and Jewish communities during the debate on the Charlottetown Accord.{{cite news|last=Sallot|first=Jeff|title=New president wants CJC to be more active: Winner of bitter leadership race is convinced fences will be mended soon|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=17 May 1995|issn=0319-0714|page=A4|id={{ProQuest|1143983045}}}}{{cite news|title=CJC to maintain role in boosting Canadian unity|date=15 February 1996|newspaper=The Canadian Jewish News|page=22|issn=0008-3941|language=en|volume=36|issue=41|location=Victoria|id={{ProQuest|351423336}}}} The CJC also worked to promote tolerance and understanding between religious and ethnic groups, promote anti-racist work and other campaigns.

The CJC introduced significant changes to its internal organization in June 2007.{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishindependent.ca/archives/June07/archives07June22-01.html|first=Freeman|last=Poritz|title=Plenary brings change|newspaper=Jewish Independent|date=22 June 2007|access-date=4 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928162054/http://www.jewishindependent.ca/archives/June07/archives07June22-01.html|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=dead}} The previous system of electing representatives to the Board of Directors was discarded, and a new system was introduced wherein Board members were chosen by indirect elections from "regional Congress representatives" and "delegates from Jewish federations." Congress CEO Bernie Farber supported the change, arguing it would streamline a complicated process.{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Lungen|title=Congress prepares to elect new president|newspaper=The Canadian Jewish News|date=16 April 2007}} Others argued that the new system would give disproportionate power to the Canadian Council for Israel and Jewish Advocacy. One individual, described by The Canadian Jewish News as a "close observer of Congress", argued that CIJA was "stacking the deck" in a bid to take over the CJC.{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Lungen|title=Congress headed for joint presidency|newspaper=The Canadian Jewish News|date=21 June 2007}}

In 2011, the renamed Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs (CIJA) assumed the functions of the CJC after an 18-month restructuring process in which the functions of the Canadian Jewish Congress, the Canada-Israel Committee, the Quebec-Israel Committee, National Jewish Campus Life and the University Outreach Committee were consolidated, a move that left the Jewish community divided.{{cite news|title=Canada's restructured Jewish advocacy agency gets name|url=http://www.jta.org/news/article/2011/08/23/3089089/canadas-restructured-jewish-advocacy-agency-gets-name|access-date=23 August 2011|newspaper=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=23 August 2011|archive-date=29 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929094229/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2011/08/23/3089089/canadas-restructured-jewish-advocacy-agency-gets-name|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|title=The Canadian Jewish Congress has been replaced by the Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs|first=Kenneth|last=Kidd|date=30 August 2011|newspaper=The Toronto Star|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2011/08/30/the_canadian_jewish_congress_has_been_replaced_by_the_centre_for_israel_and_jewish_affairs.html}} On 1 July 2011 the CJC posted a message on its website declaring that it had halted its activities and that its functions would be assumed by CIJA.{{cite news|last=Levy-Ajzenkopf|first=Andy|title=Congress era over as CIJA reboot start|url=http://www.cjnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21927&Itemid=86|access-date=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Canadian Jewish News|date=25 August 2011}}

Presidents

Lyon Cohen: 1919–1934
Samuel William Jacobs: 1934–1938
Samuel Bronfman: 1939–1962
Michael Garber: 1962–1968
Monroe Abbey: 1968–1971
Sol Kanee: 1971–1974
Sydney Harris: 1974–1977
Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut: 1977–1980
Irwin Cotler: 1980–1983
Milton E. Harris: 1983–1986
Dorothy Reitman: 1986–1989
Les Scheininger: 1989–1992
Irving Abella: 1992–1995
Goldie Hershon: 1995–1998
Moshe Ronen: 1998–2001
Keith M. Landy: 2001–2004
Ed Morgan: 2004–2007
Reuven Bulka and Sylvain Abitbol: 2007–2009
Mark Freiman: 2009–2011

References

{{cite book|last=Tulchinsky|first=Gerald|url=https://archive.org/details/takingrootorigin0000tulc|url-access=registration|title=Taking Root: The Origins of the Canadian Jewish Community|location=Toronto|publisher=Lester Publishing|year=1992|isbn=9780874516098}}
{{cite book|last=Abella|first=Irving|author-link=Irving Abella|title=A Coat of Many Colours: Two Centuries of Jewish Life in Canada|location=Toronto|publisher=Lester Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBF6AAAAMAAJ|year=1990|isbn=9780886192631}}