:Carbolic soap
{{Short description|Type of soap with mild antiseptic effect}}
Carbolic soap, sometimes referred to as red soap, is a mildly antiseptic soap containing carbolic acid (phenol) and/or cresylic acid (cresol), both of which are phenols derived from either coal tar or petroleum sources.W. H. Simmons and H. A. Appleton, The Handbook of Soap Manufacture, Echo Library, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cugdqp4_KL4C&pg=PA104 p. 104].
{{cite web|url=http://www.allwords.com/word-carbolic+soap.html |title=Definition of carbolic soap |publisher=Allwords.com |date=2007-03-29 |accessdate=2010-08-19}}{{Cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142724/cresylic-acid |title = Cresylic acid | chemical compound}}
History
In 1834, German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered a phenol, also known as carbolic acid, which he derived in an impure form from coal tar. In August 1865, Joseph Lister applied a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution to the wound of an eleven-year-old boy at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, who had sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel had passed over his leg. After four days, he renewed the pad and discovered that no infection had developed, and after a total of six weeks he was amazed to discover that the boy's bones had fused back together, without the danger of suppuration.{{cite journal|last1=Lister|first1=Joseph|title=On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery|journal=The Lancet|date=21 September 1867|volume=90|issue=2299|pages=353–356|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)51827-4|pmid=20744875|pmc=2310614}}{{cite journal|last1=Lister|first1=Joseph|title=On the Effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment Upon the Salubrity of a Surgical Hospital|url=https://www.jameslindlibrary.org/wp-data/uploads/2014/08/Lister_J_1870-pt1.pdf|journal=The Lancet|date=1 January 1870|volume=95|issue=2418|pages=4–6|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)31273-X}} [https://archive.org/details/b30570529/mode/2up Also Here]
One of the earliest manufacturers of carbolic soap was F. C. Calvert and Company of Manchester, England, established in 1859 and taken over by Unilever in 1965.{{cite web |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp60291/f-c-calvert-and-company |title=F C Calvert and Company, 1859–1965 |author= |website=Science Museum Group collection |publisher=Science Museum Group |access-date=10 June 2021}}{{cite book |author= |date=1893 |title=Royal Commission for the Chicago Exhibition, 1893: Official Catalogue of the British Section |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBdFKdmrNTEC&q=Calvert |location=London |publisher=William Clowes and Sons |pages=lxxiv, 216, 486}}
In the United States, the licence for manufacturing carbolic soap was held by James Buchan and Company.{{cite book |last=Bowman & Blewett |title=Carbolic Acid Soaps |url=http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101216221 |location=New York |publisher=C. C. Shelley, steam book and job printer |date=1870 |page=9 |quote=License for manufacturing these compounds has been granted to JAMES BUCHAN & CO., of New York, who have the exclusive right to manufacture Carbolic and Cresylic Soaps in the United States.}}
In 1894, William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme, introduced the Lifebuoy brand of carbolic soap to the market.{{cite web |url=https://www.lifebuoy.co.uk/about-us/lifebuoy-history.html |title=Lifebuoy through the Years |accessdate=2021-06-10 }} Lifebuoy through the Years, lifebuoy.co.uk{{cite web |url=http://www.lifebuoy.com/about-us/history-of-health/ |title=Lifebuoy - A History of Health |accessdate=2014-10-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006155150/http://www.lifebuoy.com/about-us/history-of-health/ |archivedate=2014-10-06 }}
Features
One of the distinctive features of this soap is its deep pink to red colour, which was and still is added to the soap to designate it as carbolic soap. The addition of the red colour was deemed important as when carbolic soap was first introduced to the general public it was the only germicidal soap available. Carbolic acid is used in a wide range of industrial and consumer product applications and can be a skin irritant.{{cite web |title=ATSDR - Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs): Phenol |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=144&tid=27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304132048/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mhmi/mmg115.html |archive-date=4 March 2010 |website=www.atsdr.cdc.gov |accessdate=2018-09-02}} [https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/substances/ToxSubstance.aspx?toxid=27 Also Here]
Uses
It is still distributed to disaster victims for routine hygiene by the Red Cross and other relief organisations.{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/OCHA-64CGLW?OpenDocument |title=ReliefWeb ť Document ť West Africa Appeal No. 01.02/2001 Programme Update No. 2 |publisher=Reliefweb.int |date= |accessdate=2010-08-19}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.verc.org/image1.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130142/http://www.verc.org/image1.jsp |archive-date= 20 November 2008 |title=Village Education Resource Center |publisher=VERC |date= |accessdate=2010-08-19}}