:Certificate of analysis
{{Short description|Formal laboratory-prepared document}}
A certificate of analysis (COA) is a formal laboratory-prepared document that details the results of (and sometimes the specifications and analytical methods for) one or more laboratory analyses, signed—manually or electronically—by an authorized representative of the entity conducting the analyses. This document gives assurances to the recipient that the analyzed item is what it is designated to be, or has the features advertised by the producer. The design and content of a COA may be based upon a set of requirements identified by the lab, by regulatory-driven requirements, and/or by standards developed by standard developing organizations. The COA is used in a wide variety of industries, including but not limited to the agriculture, chemical, clinical research, food and beverage, and pharmaceutical industries.
Use in various industries
The COA is typically used in industries where the quality of a produced good is of significant importance and the COA recipient needs assurances of that quality.{{cite web |url=https://safetyculture.com/topics/certificate-of-analysis/ |title=A Short Guide on Certificate of Analysis |author=Manawis, R. |work=SafetyCulture |date=6 May 2022 |accessdate=26 September 2022}} By extension, this often means regulations, standards, and/or guidelines are in place to better ensure analyses are approved and reported correctly. For example, regulations, standards, and/or guidelines affect COA use in agriculture,{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/91.25 |title=7 CFR § 91.25 - Certificate requirements |work=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School |date=6 April 2010 |accessdate=26 September 2022}}{{cite web |url=https://www.aafco.org/Publications/QA-QC-Guidelines-for-Feed-Laboratories |title=2014 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Guidelines for Feed Laboratories, Section 2 |publisher=Association of American Feed Control Officials |date=2014 |accessdate=26 September 2022}} chemical,{{cite web |url=https://www.abft.org/files/ABFT_LAP_Standards_May_31_2013.pdf |title=ABFT Forensic Toxicology Laboratory Accreditation Manual |page=18 |publisher=American Board of Forensic Toxicology |date=1 November 2013 |accessdate=26 September 2022}}{{cite web |url=https://www.lawbc.com/regulatory-developments/entry/tsca-stakeholders-beware-enforcement-is-on-the-rise |title=TSCA Stakeholders Beware: Enforcement Is on the Rise |work=Regulatory Developments |publisher=Bergeson & Campbell PC |date=11 February 2020 |accessdate=26 September 2022}} clinical research,{{cite web |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-requirements-chemical-pharmaceutical-quality-documentation-concerning-investigational_en.pdf |title=Guidelines for Clinical Trials in Human Subjects |publisher=Ministry of Health, Pharmaceutical Administration |page=18 |date=January 2006 |accessdate=26 September 2022}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-requirements-chemical-pharmaceutical-quality-documentation-concerning-investigational_en.pdf |title=Guideline on the requirements for the chemical and pharmaceutical quality documentation concerning investigational medicinal products in clinical trials |author=Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use |publisher=European Medicines Agency |page=13 |date=20 September 2017 |accessdate=26 September 2022}} food and beverage,{{cite web |url=https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/LAPGeneralPoliciesandProcedures.pdf |title=Laboratory Approval Program – General Policies & Procedures |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |date=16 November 2018 |accessdate=26 September 2022}}{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/12/03/2021-25716/laboratory-accreditation-for-analyses-of-foods |title=86 FR 68728, Laboratory Accreditation for Analyses of Foods |author=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |work=Federal Register |date=3 December 2021 |accessdate=26 September 2022}} and pharmaceutical{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/guidance-industry-q7a-good-manufacturing-practice-guidance-active-pharmaceutical-ingredients |title=Guidance for Industry, Q7A Good Manufacturing Practice Guidance for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=9 August 2018 |accessdate=26 September 2022}}{{cite book |last=WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Meeting |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112733/WHO_TRS_986_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations : forty-eighth report. |date=2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |others=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-069254-1 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |pages=133 |chapter=Series #986, Annex 2: WHO good manufacturing practices for pharmaceutical products: main principles |oclc=897446262}} industries. The COA may be used as a certification of product quality, an identification document, or a comparison document, depending upon the context.
=Cannabis industry=
A certificate of analysis can be associated with cannabis and cannabis-derived products, attesting to their laboratory analysis for cannabinoids, adulterants, heavy metals, pesticides, mold, etc. This gives consumers "an easy way to review test results from responsible companies selling cannabis and cannabis-infused products".{{cite book|title=Cannabis: A Clinician's Guide |author-first=Ashley |author-last=Vogel |contribution=Commercial cultivation of cannabis |editor-first=Betty |editor-last=Wedman-St.Louis |publisher=CRC Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1351398039 |oclc=1031313425}}
In the United States, {{as of|September 2022|lc=yes}}, the regulatory mandate for requiring a COA is driven by state law, which can vary significantly. States like California and Maine lay out clear regulations concerning how cannabis and cannabis products are reported on a COA.{{cite web |url=https://casetext.com/regulation/california-code-of-regulations/title-4-business-regulations/division-19-department-of-cannabis-control/chapter-6-testing-laboratories/article-5-laboratory-testing-and-reporting/section-15726-certificate-of-analysis-coa |title=Cal. Code Regs. tit. 4 § 15726 - Certificate of Analysis (COA) |work=Casetext |date=16 September 2022 |accessdate=26 September 2022}}{{cite web |url=https://www.maine.gov/dafs/ocp/sites/maine.gov.dafs.ocp/files/inline-files/18-691-CMR-Ch5%2009-08-22_0.pdf |title=Rules for the Certification of Cannabis Testing Facilities |work=Code of Maine Rules |author=Maine Department of Administrative and Financial Services |date=8 September 2022 |accessdate=27 September 2022}} Other states may not regulate COAs. Additionally, products containing cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive constituent of cannabis that is capable of being extracted from hemp, are not mandated to have a corresponding COA by the U.S. government,{{cite AV media |title=Podcast: Understanding CBD |publisher=Consumer Reports |time=23:15 |date=5 February 2020 |author1=Gill, L. |author2=Wheeler, E. |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/cbd/cannabis-and-cbd-guide/ |accessdate=27 September 2022}}{{cite web |url=https://cbdchoice.com/what-is-a-cbd-certificate-of-analysis-and-why-should-you-care/ |title=What is a CBD Certificate of Analysis (and Why Should You Care)? |author=Kent, M. |work=CBD Choice |date=20 November 2020 |accessdate=27 September 2022}} though some states like Indiana require a COA for CBD, along with a scannable QR code.{{cite web |url=https://harrisbricken.com/cannalawblog/labeling-cbd-products-the-unique-case-of-indiana/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429185238/https://harrisbricken.com/cannalawblog/labeling-cbd-products-the-unique-case-of-indiana/ |title=Labeling CBD Products: The Unique Case of Indiana |author=Shortt, D. |work=Canna Law Blog |publisher=Harris Bricken Law Group |date=14 July 2018 |archivedate=29 April 2020 |accessdate=27 September 2022}}
Contents and delivery of a COA
As regulations across counties, states, territories, countries, and supranational unions can vary, the contents and delivery/inclusion mechanisms for COAs will vary. Broadly speaking, however, the following represent elements that may be common to a COA:
- the demographics and other identifiers for the supplier of the product/material/sample
- the demographics and license information for the laboratory conducting the analyses
- the demographics or details of any ancillary entities associated with the tested product (e.g., distributor or cultivator, as with cannabis products)
- a clear description of the identity of the product/material/sample
- a clear identifier of what type of testing was performed (e.g., "regulatory compliance testing")
- any associated batch numbers, sample numbers, etc.
- a chain of custody of the product/sample being tested, including dates, times, and relevant photos
- the weight or unit count of the product/material/sample
- the quality and concentration of the product/material/sample
- the analytical methods (standard and non-standard), analytical instrumentation, and specifications (e.g., limits of detection and quantitation)
- the analytical results, dated and presented in "a uniform, accurate, and concise manner", with a clear indication of passing or failing, when applicable
- a key for abbreviations/initialisms and what they mean
- the signature of the authorized person who performed or approved the analysis, as well as contact information and qualifications
- the initials or signature of the authorized person who corrected the COA (if permitted), plus a clear identifier indicating the COA is corrected
In the case of a produced chemical, drug, ingredient, or standard, the manufacturer will likely include a COA for the end user. In the case of a tested product/material/sample, the recipient of the COA will be the entity that ordered the analysis or mandated the test via regulation, as with cannabis testing. If a regulatory body mandated the test, they will designate how the results should be delivered, whether physically or electronically. In the case of cannabis testing, electronic upload to a track and trace system may be mandated.