:Charles Grandison Finney

{{Redirect|Charles Finney|people with similar names|Charles Finney (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| honorific_prefix = The Reverend

| name =

| image = Charles g finney.jpg

| caption =

| order = 2nd

| office = President of Oberlin College

| term_start = {{Start date |1851}}

| term_end = {{Start date |1866}}

| predecessor = Asa Mahan

| successor = James Fairchild

| birth_date = {{birth date |1792|08|29}}

| birth_place = Warren, Connecticut, U.S.

| death_date = {{death date and age |1875|08|16|1792|08|29}}

| death_place = Oberlin, Ohio, U.S.

| alma_mater =

| residence =

| profession = Presbyterian minister, evangelist, revivalist, author

| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Lydia Root Andrews|1824|1847|reason=d}}|{{marriage|Elizabeth Ford Atkinson|1848|1863|reason=d}}|{{marriage|Rebecca Allen Rayl|1865}}}}

| children =

| website =

| signature = Signature of Charles G. Finney.png

}}

Charles Grandison Finney (August 29, 1792 – August 16, 1875) was a controversial American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called the "Father of Old Revivalism".{{cite book | last = Hankins | first = Barry | title = The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists | place = Westport, Connecticut | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 2004 | page = 137 | isbn = 0-313-31848-4}}. Finney rejected much of traditional Reformed theology.

Finney was best known as a passionate revivalist preacher from 1825 to 1835 in the Burned-over District in Upstate New York and Manhattan, an opponent of Old School Presbyterian theology, an advocate of Christian perfectionism, and a religious writer.

His religious views led him, together with several other evangelical leaders, to promote social reforms, such as abolitionism and equal education for women and African Americans. From 1835 he taught at Oberlin College of Ohio, which accepted students without regard to race or sex. He served as its second president from 1851 to 1865, and its faculty and students were activists for abolitionism, the Underground Railroad, and universal education.

Early life

Born in Warren, Connecticut, on August 29, 1792,{{Citation | url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=142 | title = Charles Finney| publisher = Ohio History Central | access-date = July 31, 2019}}. Finney was the youngest of nine children. The son of farmers who moved to the upstate frontier of Jefferson County, New York, after the American Revolutionary War, Finney never attended college. His leadership abilities, musical skill, {{convert|6|ft|3|in|abbr=on}} height, and piercing eyes gained him recognition in his community.{{Citation | chapter-url = http://www.gospeltruth.net/1868Memoirs/mem01.htm | title=Memoirs of Charles G. Finney | chapter=I. Birth and Early Education| publisher = Gospel truth | year = 1868}}. He and his family attended the Baptist church in Henderson, New York, where the preacher led emotional, revival-style meetings. The Baptists and the Methodists displayed fervor in the early 19th century.{{Citation | last = Perciaccante | first = Marianne | title = Calling Down Fire: Charles Grandison Finney and Revivalism in Jefferson County, New York, 1800–1841 | year = 2005 | pages = 2–4}}. He "read the law", studying as an apprentice to become a lawyer under Benjamin Wright.Bourne, Russell. Floating West. W. W. Norton. 1992. p. 177 In Adams, New York, he entered the congregation of George Washington Gale and became the director of the church choir.{{cite book|title=History of Oberlin College from its foundation through the Civil War|last=Fletcher|first=Robert Samuel|date=1943|publisher=Oberlin College|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofoberlin01flet/page/8}}{{rp|8}} After a dramatic conversion experience and baptism into the Holy Spirit he gave up legal practice to preach the Gospel.{{Citation | publisher = Gospel truth | year = 1868 | chapter-url = http://www.gospeltruth.net/1868Memoirs/mem02.htm | title = Memoirs | chapter = III. Beginning of His Work}}.{{Citation | publisher = Gospel truth | year = 1868 | chapter-url = http://www.gospeltruth.net/1868Memoirs/mem03.htm | title = Memoirs | chapter = III. Beginning of His Work}}.

As a young man, Finney was a Master Mason, but after his conversion, he left the group as antithetical to Christianity and was active in anti-Masonic movements.Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism (1996), p. 112

In 1821, Finney started studies at 29 under George Washington Gale, to become a licensed minister in the Presbyterian Church. Like his teacher Gale, he took a commission for six months of a Female Missionary Society, located in Oneida County. "I went into the northern part of Jefferson County and began my labors at Evans' Mills, in the town of Le Ray."{{cite book|url=https://www.gospeltruth.net/memoirsrestored/memrest05.htm|chapter=Chapter V. I Commence Preaching as a Missionary|title=The Original Memoirs of Charles Finney|first=Charles G.|last=Finney|orig-year=1868|year=1989|editor-first1=Garth M.|editor-last1=Rosell|editor-first2=A. G.|editor-last2=Dupuis|access-date=September 3, 2019}}

When Gale moved to a farm in Western, Oneida County, New York, Finney accompanied him and, along with Theodore Dwight Weld, worked on Gale's farm in exchange for instruction, a forerunner of Gale's Oneida Institute. He had many misgivings about the fundamental doctrines taught in Presbyterianism.{{Citation | publisher = Gospel truth | year = 1868 | chapter-url = http://www.gospeltruth.net/1868Memoirs/mem04.htm | title = Memoirs | chapter = IV. His Doctrinal Education and Other Experiences at Adams}}. He moved to New York City in 1832, where he was minister of the Chatham Street Chapel and took the breathtaking step of barring all slave owners and traders from Communion.{{cite journal|last=Essig|first=James David|title=The Lord's Free Man: Charles G. Finney and His Abolitionism|journal=Civil War History|date=March 1978|doi=10.1353/cwh.1978.0009|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/419510/summary|volume=24|number=1|pages=25–45|s2cid=143310450|url-access=subscription}}{{rp|29}} Since the Chatham Street Chapel was not a church but a theater "fitted up" to serve as a church, a new Broadway Tabernacle was built for him in 1836 that was "the largest Protestant house of worship in the country."{{cite book|title=The antislavery impulse, 1830–1844|last=Barnes|first=Gilbert Hobbs|year=1964|location=New York|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World|url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryimpul00barn/page/n1}}{{rp|22}} In 1835, he became the professor of systematic theology at the recently-created Oberlin Collegiate Institute in Oberlin, Ohio.{{Citation | last = Hyatt | first = Eddie | title = 2000 Years Of Charismatic Christianity | place = Lake Mary, FL | publisher = Charisma House | year = 2002 | page = 126 | isbn = 978-0-88419-872-7}}.

Revivals

Finney was active as a revivalist from 1825 to 1835 in Jefferson County and for a few years in Manhattan. In 1830–1831, he led a revival in Rochester, New York, which has been noted as inspiring other revivals of the Second Great Awakening.{{cite web|last1=William|first1=Cossen|title=Charle's Finney's Rochester Revival|url=http://www.thearda.com/timeline/events/event_246.asp|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420082816/https://www.thearda.com/timeline/events/event_246.asp|url-status=dead}} A leading pastor in New York who was converted in the Rochester meetings gave the following account of the effects of Finney's meetings in that city: "The whole community was stirred. Religion was the topic of conversation in the house, in the shop, in the office and on the street. The only theater in the city was converted into a livery stable; the only circus into a soap and candle factory. Grog shops were closed; the Sabbath was honored; the sanctuaries were thronged with happy worshippers; a new impulse was given to every philanthropic enterprise; the fountains of benevolence were opened, and men lived to good."Hyatt, 126

Finney was known for his innovations in preaching and the conduct of religious meetings, which often impacted entire communities. Innovations included having women pray out loud in public meetings of mixed sexes, the introduction of the "anxious seat" in which those considering becoming Christians could sit to receive prayer, and public censure of individuals by name in sermons and prayers.The various types of new measures are identified mostly by sources critical of Finney, such as {{Citation | first = Tyler | last = Bennet | title = Asahel Nettleton: Life and Labors | editor-last = Bonar | editor-first = Andrew | place = Edinburgh | publisher = Banner of Truth Trust | year = 1996 | pages = 342–55}}; {{Citation | title = Letters of Rev. Dr. [Lyman] Beecher and the Rev. Mr. Nettleton on the New Measures in Conducting Revivals of Religion with a Review of a Sermon by Novanglus | place = New York | publisher = G&C Carvill | year = 1828 | pages = 83–96}}; and {{Citation | last = Hodge | first = Charles | chapter = Dangerous Innovations | title = Biblical Repertory and Theological Review | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | date = July 1833 | pages = 328–33 | publisher = University of Michigan | chapter-url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moajrnl&idno=acf4325.1-05.003 | access-date = March 31, 2008}}. He was also known for his extemporaneous preaching.

Finney "had a deep insight into the almost interminable intricacies of human depravity.... He poured the floods of gospel love upon the audience. He took short-cuts to men's hearts, and his trip-hammer blows demolished the subterfuges of unbelief."{{cite book|chapter=Historical Sketch of Lane Seminary from 1853 to 1856|first=S. E.|last=Wishard|title=Pamphlet souvenir of the sixtieth anniversary in the history of Lane Theological Seminary, containing papers read before the Lane Club|location=Cincinnati|publisher=Lane Theological Seminary|year=1890|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn5926;view=2up;seq=4|pages=30–40}}{{rp|39}}

Disciples of Finney included Theodore Weld, John Humphrey Noyes, and Andrew Leete Stone.

Abolitionism

In addition to becoming a widely popular Christian evangelist, Finney was involved with social reforms, particularly the abolitionist movement. Finney frequently denounced slavery from the pulpit, called it a "great national sin," and refused Holy Communion to slaveholders.{{Sfn|FitzGerald|2017|p=40}}

President of Oberlin College

In 1835, the wealthy silk merchant and benefactor Arthur Tappan (1786–1865) offered financial backing to the new Oberlin Collegiate Institute (as Oberlin College had been known until 1850), and he invited Finney, on the recommendation of abolitionist Theodore Dwight Weld (1803–1895), to establish its theological department. After much wrangling, Finney accepted on the conditions that he be allowed to continue to preach in New York, the school admit black people, and free speech be guaranteed at Oberlin. After more than a decade, he was selected as its second president, serving from 1851 to 1866. (He had already served as acting president in 1849.){{cite web|title=Charles Grandison Finney Papers | url=http://oberlinarchives.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=85/|work=Oberlin College Archives|publisher=Oberlin College|access-date=30 April 2020}} Oberlin was the first American college to accept women and black people as students in addition to white men. From its early years, its faculty and students were active in the abolitionist movement. They participated together with people of the town in biracial efforts to help fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad and to resist the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism (1996) p 199 Many slaves escaped to Ohio across the Ohio River from Kentucky, which made Ohio a critical area for their passage to freedom.

Personal life

Finney was twice widowed and married three times. In 1824, he married Lydia Root Andrews (1804–1847) while he lived in Jefferson County. They had six children together. In 1848, a year after Lydia's death, he married Elizabeth Ford Atkinson (1799–1863) in Ohio. In 1865, he married Rebecca Allen Rayl (1824–1907), also in Ohio. Each of Finney's three wives accompanied him on his revival tours and joined him in his evangelistic efforts. He died in 1875 age 82.

Finney's great-grandson, also named Charles Grandison Finney, became a famous author.

Theology

Finney was a New School Presbyterian, and his theology was similar to that of Nathaniel William Taylor. Finney departed strongly from traditional Reformed theology. In the field of soteriology, he denied the doctrine of total depravity, implying humans can please God without the intervention of his grace.{{sfn|Bounds|2011|p=47|ps=. "Finney argued that all humanity sins, but not because of a sinful nature, and that all humanity has the capacity to do what God requires for salvation."}} Some consider his stance as Pelagianism.{{sfn|Todd|2020|p=331|ps=. "According to Horton, "Finney is not merely an Arminian, but a Pelagian"."}} Finney affirmed both the external and internal work of the Holy Spirit within the context of salvation, though with the sole purpose of motivation.{{sfn|Smith|1992|p=77|ps=. "Since Finney does not permit the Spirit to go beyond persuasion and motivation in securing a Person's salvation, the real agent behind regeneration is the individual."}} This is why some others call his stance "soft semi-Pelagianism", although recognizing its mere Pelagian nature.{{sfn|Bounds|2011|p=47|loc={{zwnj}}|ps=. "Soft Semi-Pelagianism has influenced the Wesleyan tradition, [...] through the preaching and later teaching of nineteenth-century revivalist Charles Finney."}}

Finney's theory of atonement combines principles from different historical theories, notably the moral influence theory, but can't be associated exclusively with either of them.{{sfn|Todd|2020|p=332 |ps=. "On one hand, the Finneyite atonement combined the dramatic presence of Christus Victor, the satisfaction theme of Anselm, the substitutionary elements of penal substitution, the rectoral framework of moral government, and the ethical focus of moral influence, all into one. On the other hand, Finney’s version resembled none of these historical theories of the atonement."}}

Finney was an advocate of perfectionism, the doctrine that through complete faith in Christ believers could receive a "second blessing of the Holy Spirit" and reach Christian perfection, a higher level of sanctification. For Finney, that meant living in obedience to God's law and loving God and one's neighbors but was not a sinless perfection. For Finney, even sanctified Christians are susceptible to temptation and capable of sin. Finney believed that it is possible for Christians to backslide, even to the point of losing their salvation.{{Sfn|FitzGerald|2017|p=44}}

A major theme of his preaching was the need for what he called conversion. He also focused on the responsibilities that converts had to dedicate themselves to disinterested benevolence and to work to build the kingdom of God on earth. He taught that preachers had vital roles in producing revival, and wrote in 1835, "A revival is not a miracle, or dependent on a miracle, in any sense. It is a purely philosophical result of the right use of the constituted means."{{Sfn|FitzGerald|2017|p=36}}

Finney's eschatology was postmillennial, meaning he believed the Millennium (a thousand-year reign of Christ on Earth) would begin before Christ's Second Coming. Finney believed Christians could bring in the Millennium by ridding the world of "great and sore evils". Frances FitzGerald wrote, "In his preaching the emphasis was always on the ability of men to choose their own salvation, to work for the general welfare, and to build a new society."{{Sfn|FitzGerald|2017|p=37}}

Criticisms

Benjamin Warfield, a professor of theology at Princeton Theological Seminary, wrote, "God might be eliminated from it [Finney's theology] entirely without essentially changing its character."B. B. Warfield, Perfectionism (2 vols.; New York: Oxford, 1931) 2. 193. Albert Baldwin Dod, another Old School Presbyterian, reviewed Finney's 1835 book Lectures on Revivals of Religion.[http://scdc.library.ptsem.edu/mets/mets.aspx?src=BR183574&div=6 "On Revivals of Religion"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720040259/http://scdc.library.ptsem.edu/mets/mets.aspx?src=BR183574&div=6 |date=July 20, 2011 }}. Biblical Repertory and Theological Review Vol. 7 No. 4 (1835) p.626-674 He rejected it as theologically unsound.[https://books.google.com/books?id=oRNQamJnDuUC&pg=PA159&dq=Albert+Baldwin+Dod+ Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism], William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1996. {{ISBN|0-8028-0129-3}}, p.159 Dod was a defender of Reformed orthodoxy and was especially critical of Finney's view of the doctrine of total depravity.[https://archive.org/details/essaystheologica00doda Rev. Albert B. Dod, D.D., "On Revivals of Religion"], in Essays, Theological and Miscellaneous, Reprinted from the Princeton Review, Wiley and Putnam (1847) pp. 76-151

In popular culture

In Charles W. Chesnutt's short story "The Passing of Grandison" (1899), published in the collection The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line, the enslaved hero is named "Grandison", likely an allusion to the well-known abolitionist.Cutter, Martha J. "Passing as Narrative and Textual Strategy in Charles Chesnutt's 'The Passing of Grandison'", Passing in the Works of Charles W. Chesnutt, Eds. Wright, Susan Prothro, and Ernestine Pickens Glass. Jackson, MS: Mississippi UP, 2010, p. 43. {{ISBN|978-1-60473-416-4}}.

The Charles Finney School was established in Rochester, New York, in 1992.

Finney is included as a political figure in the video game Victoria 3.

Notes and references

=Citations=

= Sources =

{{cite journal |language=en |last=Bounds |first=Christopher. T. |title=How are People Saved? The Major Views of Salvation with a Focus on Wesleyan Perspectives and their Implications |journal=Wesley and Methodist Studies |year=2011 |volume=3 |pages=31–54 |doi=10.5325/weslmethstud.3.2011.0031 |jstor=42909800 |s2cid=171804441 |doi-access=free }}
{{cite book | last = FitzGerald | first = Frances | author-link = Frances FitzGerald (journalist) | title = The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America | publisher = Simon and Schuster | date = 2017 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WxmLDgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1439131336 }}
{{cite journal |language=en |last=Smith |first=Jay E. |title=The Theology Of Charles Finney: A System Of Self-Reformation |journal=TRINJ |year=1992 |volume=13 |pages=61–93 |url=http://www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books/Theology%20of%20Charles%20Finney%20-%20Smith.pdf }}
{{cite journal |language=en |last1=Todd |first1=Obbie Tyler |title=Rethinking Finney: The Two Sides of Charles Grandison Finney's Doctrine of Atonement |journal=JETS |date=2020 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=332–43 |url=https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/63/63-2/JETS_63.2_332-43_Todd.pdf}}

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102519/http://www.libraryoftheology.com/moralgovernmentwritings.html The Theology of C. G. Finney explained and defended]
[http://www.gospeltruth.net/cgfworks.htm "The COMPLETE WORKS of CHARLES G. FINNEY"], collected by Gospel Truth Ministries
[http://truthinheart.com/EarlyOberlinCD/CD/Finney/Biography/finneybi.htm A biography of Charles Finney by G. Frederick Wright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413141016/http://truthinheart.com/EarlyOberlinCD/CD/Finney/Biography/finneybi.htm |date=April 13, 2012 }} (Holiness perspective; supportive)
[http://www.gospeltruth.net/nouncertain.htm A Vindication of the Methods and Results of Charles Finney's Ministry] (Revivalist perspective; supportive; answers many traditional Old School Calvinist critiques)
[http://www.crookedlakereview.com/books/saints_sinners/martin7.html Charles Grandison Finney: New York Revivalism in the 1820-1830s] by John H. Martin, Crooked Lake Review
[https://web.archive.org/web/20040402104206/http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/topic/bad_theology.html Articles on Finney] (conservative Calvinist perspective; critical)
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050306094357/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/articles/finney.htm How Charles Finney's Theology Ravaged the Evangelical Movement] (conservative Calvinist perspective; critical)
[http://www.modernreformation.org/default.php?page=articledisplay&var1=ArtRead&var2=625&var3=main&var4=Home "The Legacy of Charles Finney"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522033542/http://www.modernreformation.org/default.php?page=articledisplay&var1=ArtRead&var2=625&var3=main&var4=Home |date=May 22, 2008 }} by Dr. Michael S. Horton (conservative perspective; critical)
[http://www.oberlinheritage.org/ The Oberlin Heritage Center]-Local history museum and historical society of Oberlin, OH, where Finney lived and worked for decades.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070205132800/http://homepage.mac.com/shanerosenthal/reformationink/chfinney.htm Finney's Lectures on Theology by Charles Hodge] (conservative Calvinist perspective; critical)
[https://web.archive.org/web/20151125045847/https://www.createspace.com/3359745 The Church in Crisis] A critical look at Finney's revivalist methods and their impact on the modern church in America
{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Oberlin Theology |short=x}}