:Chrysanthemum

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The genus Chrysanthemum are perennial herbaceous flowering plants, sometimes subshrubs. The leaves are alternate, divided into leaflets and may be pinnatisect, lobed, or serrate (toothed) but rarely entire; they are connected to stalks with hairy bases.{{sfn|Oberprieler et al|2007}}

The compound inflorescence is an array of several flower heads, or sometimes a solitary head. The head has a base covered in layers of phyllaries. The simple row of ray florets is white, yellow, or red. The disc florets are yellow. Pollen grains are approximately 34 microns.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The fruit is a ribbed achene.[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=106957 Chrysanthemum.] Flora of China. eFloras.{{sfn|Oberprieler et al|2007}}

The name "chrysanthemum" is derived from the {{langx|grc|χρυσός}} chrysos (gold) and {{langx|grc|ἄνθεμον|label=none}} anthemon (flower).{{cite web|url=http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htm|title=Chrysanthemums and Hardy Mums – Colorful Fall Flowers|author=David Beaulieu|work=About.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110035953/http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htm|archive-date=10 Jan 2012}}{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chrysanthemum}}

The genus Chrysanthemum was first formally described by Linnaeus in 1753, with 14 species, and hence bears his name (L.) as the botanical authority.{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753}} The genus once included more species, but was split several decades ago{{When|date=October 2019}} into several genera, putting the economically important florist's chrysanthemums in the genus Dendranthema. The naming of these genera has been contentious, but a ruling of the International Botanical Congress in 1999 changed the defining species of the genus to Chrysanthemum indicum, restoring the florist's chrysanthemums to the genus Chrysanthemum.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Genera now separated from Chrysanthemum include Argyranthemum, Glebionis, Leucanthemopsis, Leucanthemum, Rhodanthemum, and Tanacetum.

{{As of|2020|February}}, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:

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• Chrysanthemum aphrodite Kitam.
• Chrysanthemum arcticum L.
• Chrysanthemum argyrophyllum Ling
• Chrysanthemum arisanense Hayata
• Chrysanthemum chalchingolicum Grubov
• Chrysanthemum chanetii H.Lév.
• Chrysanthemum crassum (Kitam.) Kitam.
• Chrysanthemum cuneifolium Kitam.
• Chrysanthemum daucifolium Pers.
• Chrysanthemum dichrum (C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek.
• Chrysanthemum foliaceum (G.F.Peng, C.Shih & S.Q.Zhang) J.M.Wang & Y.T.Hou
• Chrysanthemum glabriusculum (W.W.Sm.) Hand.-Mazz.
• Chrysanthemum horaimontanum Masam.
• Chrysanthemum hypargyreum Diels
• Chrysanthemum indicum L.
• Chrysanthemum integrifolium Richardson
• Chrysanthemum japonense (Makino) Nakai
• Chrysanthemum × konoanum Makino
• Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium Makino
• Chrysanthemum leucanthum (Makino) Makino
• Chrysanthemum longibracteatum (C.Shih, G.F.Peng & S.Y.Jin) J.M.Wang & Y.T.Hou
• Chrysanthemum maximoviczii Kom.
• Chrysanthemum miyatojimense Kitam.
• Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.
• Chrysanthemum morii Hayata
• Chrysanthemum naktongense Nakai
• Chrysanthemum ogawae Kitam.
• Chrysanthemum okiense Kitam.
• Chrysanthemum oreastrum Hance
• Chrysanthemum ornatum Hemsl.
• Chrysanthemum parvifolium C.C.Chang
• Chrysanthemum potentilloides Hand.-Mazz.
• Chrysanthemum rhombifolium (Y.Ling & C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek.
• Chrysanthemum × rubellum Sealy
• Chrysanthemum × shimotomaii Makino
• Chrysanthemum sinuatum Ledeb.
• Chrysanthemum vestitum (Hemsl.) Kitam.
• Chrysanthemum yantaiense M.Sun & J.T.Chen
• Chrysanthemum yoshinaganthum Makino
• Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich
• Chrysanthemum zhuozishanense L.Q.Zhao & Jie Yang

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Former species include:

• Chrysanthemum carinatum = Ismelia carinata
• Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium = Tanacetum cinerariifolium
• Chrysanthemum coccineum = Tanacetum coccineum
• Chrysanthemum coronarium = Glebionis coronaria
• Chrysanthemum frutescens = Argyranthemum frutescens
• Chrysanthemum maximum = Leucanthemum maximum
• Chrysanthemum pacificum = Ajania pacifica
• Chrysanthemum segetum = Glebionis segetum

Chrysanthemums start blooming in early autumn. They are also known as a flower associated with the month of November.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityflowers.co.in/blogs/news/flower-of-the-month-chrysanthemums|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306130710/http://www.cityflowers.co.in/blog/flower-of-the-month-chrysanthemums/|url-status=dead|title=Flower of the Month: Chrysanthemums|archivedate=6 March 2016|website=CityFlowersIndia}}

File:Chrysanthemum Market (菊市場) in Japan, Taisho era (1914 by Elstner Hilton).jpg

Chrysanthemums ({{lang-zh|c=菊花|p=Júhuā}}) were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BCE.{{cite web|url=http://www.mums.org/history-of-the-chrysanthemum/|title=History of the Chrysanthemum |website=National Chrysanthemum Society, USA |url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510021842/http://www.mums.org/history-of-the-chrysanthemum/}} Over 500 cultivars had been recorded by 1630. By 2014, it was estimated that there were over 20,000 cultivars in the world and about 7,000 cultivars in China.The Scientific World Journal Volume 2014, [https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/625658/ Article ID 625658] The plant is renowned as one of the Four Gentlemen ({{lang|zh|四君子}}) in Chinese and East Asian Art. The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Chrysanthemum cultivation in Japan began during the Nara and Heian periods (early 8th to late 12th centuries) and gained popularity in the Edo period (early 17th to late 19th century). Many flower shapes, colours, and varieties were created. The way the flowers were grown and shaped also developed, and chrysanthemum culture flourished. Various cultivars of chrysanthemums created in the Edo period were characterized by a remarkable variety of flower shapes. They were exported to China from the end of the Edo period, changing the way Chinese chrysanthemum cultivars were grown and their popularity.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160804014132/http://www.city.odawara.kanagawa.jp/global-image/Press/20115257-2.pdf History of chrysanthemums.] Odawara City[https://web.archive.org/web/20201203225846/https://blog.hiroshima-bot.jp/2020/10/1024118.html Chrysanthemum exhibition] Hiroshima Botanical Garden In addition, from the Meiji period (late 19th to early 20th century), many cultivars with flowers over {{Convert|20|cm|frac=8}} in diameter, called the Ogiku (lit., great chrysanthemum) style, were created, which influenced the subsequent trend of chrysanthemums. The Imperial Seal of Japan is a chrysanthemum, and the institution of the monarchy is also called the Chrysanthemum Throne. A number of festivals and shows take place throughout Japan in autumn when the flowers bloom. {{Nihongo|Chrysanthemum Day|菊の節句|Kiku no Sekku}} is one of the five ancient sacred festivals. It is celebrated on the 9th day of the 9th month. It was started in 910, when the imperial court held its first chrysanthemum show.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Chrysanthemums entered American horticulture in 1798 when Colonel John Stevens imported a cultivated variety known as Dark Purple from England. The introduction was part of an effort to grow attractions within Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey.The New York Botanical Garden, Curtis' Botanical Magazine, Volume X Bronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden, 1797

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File:Nagoya Castle Chrysanthemum Competition 2017 11.jpg chrysanthemum]]

Modern cultivated chrysanthemums are usually brighter and more striking than their wild relatives. Many horticultural specimens have been bred to bear many rows of ray florets in a great variety of colors. The flower heads occur in various forms, and can be daisy-like or decorative, like pompons or buttons. This genus contains many hybrids and thousands of cultivars developed for horticultural purposes. In addition to the traditional yellow, other colors are available, such as white, purple, and red. The most important hybrid is Chrysanthemum × morifolium (syn. C. × grandiflorum), derived primarily from C. indicum, but also involving other species.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Over 140 cultivars of chrysanthemum have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 19 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 24 January 2018}}

In Japan, a form of bonsai chrysanthemum was developed over the centuries. The cultivated flower has a lifespan of about 5 years and can be kept in miniature size. Another method is to use pieces of dead wood and the flower grows over the back along the wood to give the illusion from the front that the miniature tree blooms.

Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers of the species C. morifolium are boiled to make a tea in some parts of East Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as chrysanthemum tea (菊 花 茶, pinyin: júhuā chá, in Chinese). In Korea, a rice wine flavored with chrysanthemum flowers is called gukhwaju ({{Korean|hangul=국화주|labels=no}}).

Chrysanthemum leaves are steamed or boiled and used as greens, especially in Chinese cuisine. The flowers may be added to dishes such as mixian in broth or thick snakemeat soup (蛇羹) to enhance the aroma. They are commonly used in hot pot and stir fries. In Japanese cuisine, small chrysanthemums are used as garnish for sashimi.

Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum [or Tanacetum] cinerariaefolium) is economically important as a natural source of insecticide. The flowers are pulverized, and the active components, called pyrethrins, which occur in the achenes, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. In sublethal doses, they have an insect repellent effect.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021|reason=Exposure of insects to pyrethrins results in paralysis; unclear that pyrethrins are detectable or avoided by insects}} They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides. They are not persistent, being biodegradable, and also decompose easily on exposure to light. Pyrethroids such as permethrin are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum. Despite this, chrysanthemum leaves are still a major host for destructive pests, such as leafminer flies including L. trifolii.{{Cite web|url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/a_serpentine_leafminer.htm|title=American serpentine leafminer - Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)|website=entnemdept.ufl.edu|access-date=2019-11-20}}

Persian powder is an example of industrial product of chrysanthemum insecticide.

Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce indoor air pollution by the NASA Clean Air Study.{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/download/nasa_techdoc_19860066312/19860066312.pdf|title=Foliage Plants for Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-efficient Homes|author1=B. C. Wolverton |author2=Rebecca C. McDonald |author3=E. A. Watkins, Jr |access-date=27 December 2013}}

In some European countries (e.g., France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Croatia), incurve chrysanthemums symbolize death and are used only for funerals or on graves, while other types carry no such symbolism;{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} similarly, in China, Japan, and Korea of East Asia, white chrysanthemums symbolize adversity, lamentation, and/or grief. In some other countries, they represent honesty.{{better source needed|date=November 2023}}[http://www.poemlover.com/flower.asp Flower Meaning]. Retrieved 22 September 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012210806/http://poemlover.com/flower.asp |date=12 October 2007 }} In the United States, the flower is usually regarded as positive and cheerful,{{cite web|url=http://www.teleflora.com/about-flowers/chrysanthemum.asp|title=Chrysanthemum (Mums) Flower Meaning & Symbolism |website=Teleflora}} with New Orleans as a notable exception.{{cite web|url=http://www.pbase.com/septembermorn/metairie_cemetery|title=Metairie Cemetery|work=PBase}}

In the Victorian language of flowers, the chrysanthemum had several meanings. The Chinese chrysanthemum meant cheerfulness, whereas the red chrysanthemum stood for "I Love", while the yellow chrysanthemum symbolized slighted love.{{Cite web|url=http://www.languageofflowers.com/flowermeaning.htm|website=Language of Flowers|title=Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments|access-date=2016-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124141728/http://languageofflowers.com/flowermeaning.htm|archive-date=24 November 2016|url-status=dead}} The chrysanthemum is also the flower of November.{{Cite web|url=http://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.html |title=Birth Month Flower of November – The Chrysanthemum – Flowers, Low Prices, Same Day Delivery |publisher=1st in Flowers! |date=27 October 2008 |access-date=27 March 2010}}

File:Red lacquerware dish, Ming Dynasty.jpg red lacquerware dish with carved chrysanthemums and dragons]]

• The chrysanthemum is the city flower of Beijing and Kaifeng. The tradition of cultivating different varieties of chrysanthemums stretches back 1600 years, and the scale reached a phenomenal level during the Song dynasty until its loss to the Jürchens in 1126. The city has held the Kaifeng Chrysanthemum Cultural Festival since 1983 (renamed China Kaifeng Chrysanthemum Cultural Festival in 1994). The event is the largest chrysanthemum festival in China; it has been a yearly feature since, taking place between 18 October and 18 November every year.{{Cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2012-07-04/023424707272.shtml|title=中国开封菊花花会更名为中国开封菊花文化节_新浪新闻|website=news.sina.com.cn|access-date=2017-11-29}}
• The chrysanthemum is one of the "Four Gentlemen" ({{lang|zh|四君子}}) of China (the others being the plum blossom, the orchid, and bamboo). The chrysanthemum is said to have been favored by Tao Qian, an influential Chinese poet, and is symbolic of nobility. It is also one of the four symbolic seasonal flowers.
• A chrysanthemum festival is held each year in Tongxiang, near Hangzhou, China.{{Cite web|url=http://www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031216082741/http://www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561 |archive-date=16 December 2003 |title=Remarkable Investment Attraction Result of Tongxiang City |publisher=Zhejiang Foreign Frade and Economic Cooperation Bureau |access-date=17 July 2009}}
• Chrysanthemums are the topic in hundreds of poems of China.{{Cite web|author=2010年03月27日星期六 二月十二庚寅(虎)年 |url=http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006 |title=国学365-中国历代菊花诗365首 |publisher=Guoxue.com |access-date=27 March 2010}}
• The "golden flower" referred to in the 2006 movie Curse of the Golden Flower is a chrysanthemum.
• "Chrysanthemum Gate" (jú huā mén {{lang|zh|菊花门}}), often abbreviated as Chrysanthemum (菊花), is taboo slang meaning "anus" (with sexual connotations).{{Cite book | title=Niubi: the real Chinese you were never taught in school |author=Chao, E. |publisher=Plume |year=2009}}
• An ancient Chinese city (Xiaolan Town of Zhongshan City) was named Ju-Xian, meaning "chrysanthemum city".
• The plant is particularly significant during the Chinese Double Ninth Festival.
• In Chinese culture, the chrysanthemum is a symbol of autumn and the flower of the ninth moon. People even drank chrysanthemum wine on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month to prolong their lives during the Han dynasty. It is a symbol of longevity because of its health-giving properties."Chinese Symbols." The British Museum, 2008. Accessed 4 October 2017.

Because of all of this, the flower was often worn on funeral attire.

• Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China listed two kinds of chrysanthemum for medical use, Yejuhua and Juhua. Historically Yejuhua is said to treat carbuncle, furuncle, conjunctivitis, headache, and vertigo. Juhua is said to treat cold, headache, vertigo, and conjunctivitis.{{Cite book|last1=Tang|first1=Weici|title=Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin : Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Use in Traditional and Modern Medicine|last2=Eisenbrand|first2=Gerhard|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|year=1992|isbn=9783642737398|pages=302}}

File:Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg]]

File:Blade and Mounting for a Short Sword (Wakizashi).jpg of a wakizashi with chrysanthemums painted using maki-e, a decoration technique of Japanese lacquerware. 18th century, Edo period.]]

File:Khalili Collection Kimono 03.jpg for a Young Woman (Uchikake). Motif: Chrysanthemums and fences.]]

Chrysanthemums first arrived in Japan by way of China in the 5th century. The chrysanthemum has been used as a theme of waka (Japanese traditional poetry) since around the 10th century in the Heian period, and Kokin Wakashū is the most famous of them. In the 12th century, during the Kamakura period, when the retired Emperor Go-Toba adopted it as the mon (family crest) of the Imperial family, it became a flower that symbolized autumn in Japan. During the Edo period from the 17th century to the 19th century, due to the development of economy and culture, the cultivation of chrysanthemums, cherry blossoms, Japanese iris, morning glory, etc. became popular, many cultivars were created and many chrysanthemum exhibitions were held. From the Meiji period in the latter half of the 19th century, due to the growing importance of the chrysanthemum, which symbolized the Imperial family, the creation of ogiku style cultivars with a diameter of 20 cm or more became popular.{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture|last=Buckley|first=Sandra|date=2002|publisher=Routledge}}[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13051/13051-h/13051-h.htm#page49 LOVE OF FLOWERS.] "Sketches of Japanese manners and customs" Jacob Mortimer Wier Silver, 1867

In the present day, each autumn there are chrysanthemum exhibitions at the Shinjuku Gyo-en, Meiji Shrine and Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo. The Yasukuni Shrine, formerly a state-endowed shrine (官国弊社, kankokuheisha) has adopted the chrysanthemum crest.{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=271|title=Shinmon|last=Inoue|first=Nobutaka|date=2 June 2005|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Shinto|access-date=17 November 2008}} Culinary-grade chrysanthemums are used to decorate food, and they remain a common motif for traditional Japanese arts like porcelain, lacquerware and kimono.

Chrysanthemum growing is still practised actively as a hobby by many Japanese people who enter prize plants in contests. Chrysanthemum "dolls", often depicting fictional characters from both traditional sources like kabuki and contemporary sources like Disney, are displayed throughout the fall months, and the city of Nihonmatsu hosts the "Nihonmatsu Chrysanthemum Dolls Exhibition" every autumn in historical ruin of Nihonmatsu Castle.{{Cite web|url=http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.html|title=二本松の菊人形|publisher=City.nihonmatsu.lg.jp|access-date=27 March 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723064541/http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.html|archive-date=23 July 2011}} They are also grown into chrysanthemum bonsai forms.

• In Japan, the chrysanthemum is a symbol of the Emperor and the Imperial family. In particular, a "chrysanthemum crest" (菊花紋章, kikukamonshō or kikkamonshō), i.e. a mon of chrysanthemum blossom design, indicates a link to the Emperor; there are more than 150 patterns of this design. Notable uses of and reference to the Imperial chrysanthemum include:
• The Imperial Seal of Japan is used by members of the Japanese imperial family. In 1869, a two-layered, 16-petal design was designated as the symbol of the emperor. Princes used a simpler, single-layer pattern.{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Colin|title=Badges of honor: what Japan's legal lapel pins really mean|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/02/23/issues/badges-honor-japans-legal-lapel-pins-really-mean/|access-date=26 February 2015|work=The Japan Times}}
• The Chrysanthemum Throne is the name given to the position of Japanese Emperor and the throne.
• The Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum is a Japanese honor awarded by the emperor on the advice of the Japanese government.
• In Imperial Japan, small arms were required to be stamped with the imperial chrysanthemum, as they were considered the personal property of the emperor.{{Cite web|url=http://oldmilitarymarkings.com/japanese_markings.html|title=Markings on Japanese Arisaka Rifles and Bayonets of World War II|website=oldmilitarymarkings.com}}
• The Nagoya Castle Chrysanthemum Competition started after the end of the Pacific War. The event at the castle has become a tradition for the city. With three categories, it is one of the largest events of its kind in the region by both scale and content. The first category is the exhibition of cultivated flowers. The second category is for bonsai flowers, which are combined with dead pieces of wood to give the illusion of miniature trees. The third category is the creation of miniature landscapes.

File:Imperial Seal of Japan.jpg|Chrysanthemum crest on the battleship Mikasa

File:高台寺蒔絵-Sake Ewer (Hisage) with Chrysanthemums and Paulownia Crests in Alternating Fields.jpg|Maki-e Sake Ewer with Chrysanthemums and Paulownia Crests in Alternating Fields. early 17th century, Azuchi–Momoyama period.

File:Flower show-J. M. W. Silver.jpg|Chrysanthemum shows have been traditionally held in many Japanese towns.

File:Hirakata-kikuningyo3231.JPG|"Hirakata Chrysanthemum Dolls Exhibition" (2005)

File:Chrysanthemum,kiku,katori-city,japan.JPG|Chrysanthemums in the Japanese Ogiku (lit., great chrysanthemum) style.

File:Brooklyn Museum - Chrysanthemums Rock and Bird.jpgThe flower is found extensively in inlaid Goreyo ware and were reproduced in stamp form in Buncheong wares. Several twentieth century potters, especially Kim Se-yong, created double-wall wares featuring each individual petal painted in white clay against a celadon background. A vase produced using this technique and presented in 1999 to Queen Elizabeth II can be found in the Royal Collection.{{Cite web |title=Kim Se-Yong (b.1946) - Vase |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/74658 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en}}

Laying a wreath of white chrysanthemums to mourn at funerals has been common since the early 20th century. Before the 20th century, white clothing was traditionally worn in funeral settings. However, the introduction of Western culture made black the prevalent color. White chrysanthemums were instead used to preserve the tradition of using white to mourn at funerals.{{Cite web |date=2009-02-15 |script-title=ko:[이건 왜?] 장례식에 흰 국화를 쓰는 까닭은 |url=https://www.hankyung.com/article/2009021530161 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=The Korea Economic Daily |language=ko}}

Korea has a number of flower shows that exhibit the chrysanthemum, such as the Masan Gagopa Chrysanthemum Festival.

File:Funeral parlor for the Park Won-soon, Mayor of Seoul.jpg|White chrysanthemums at a Korean funeral parlor.

File:Double-openwork celadon moon jar with chrysanthemums.jpg|celadon moon jar with chrysanthemums, Kim Se-yong

File:청자 상감 국화 넝쿨 무늬 완.jpg|Goryeo ware bowl with chrysanthemum inscription. early 11th century, Goryeo dynasty.

File:Celadon inlaid peony and chrysanthemum pattern melon-shaped bottle.jpg|Celadon inlaid peony and chrysanthemum pattern melon-shaped bottle, Goryeo dynasty

File:Chrysanthemums in Masan port during gagopa chrysanthemum festival.jpg|Masan Gagopa Chrysanthemum Festival

In Iran, chrysanthemums are associated with the Zoroastrian spiritual being Ashi Vanghuhi (lit. 'good blessings, rewards'), a female Yazad (angel) presiding over blessings.{{cite book |first1=Jivanji J. |last1=Modi |title=Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Parsees |location=Bombay |publisher=M.J.Karani |date=1937 |page=375 |oclc=3009874 }}

In Australia, on Mother's Day, which falls in May when the flower is in season, people traditionally wear a white chrysanthemum, or a similar white flower to honour their mothers. Chrysanthemums are often given as Mother's Day presents.{{cite web|url=http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2000/archives/2000/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs?p=1456|title=Flowering Plants and Shrubs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927065830/http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2000/archives/2000/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs?p=1456|archive-date=27 September 2011}}

• On 5 and 6 November 1883, in Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society (PHS), at the request of the Florists and Growers Society, held its first Chrysanthemum Show in Horticultural Hall. This would be the first of several chrysanthemum events presented by PHS to the public.
• The founding of the chrysanthemum industry dates back to 1884, when the Enomoto brothers of Redwood City, California, grew the first chrysanthemums cultivated in America.La Peninsula, xlii (1)
• In 1913, Sadakasu Enomoto (of San Mateo County) astounded the flower world by successfully shipping a carload of Turner chrysanthemums to New Orleans for the All Saints Day Celebration.
• The chrysanthemum was recognized as the official flower of the city of Chicago by Mayor Richard J. Daley in 1966.[http://www.chipublib.org/cplbooksmovies/cplarchive/symbols/flower.php Chrysanthemum: The Official Flower of Chicago.] Chicago Public Library.
• The chrysanthemum is the official flower of the city of Salinas, California.[http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/services/engineering/pdf/handouts/BMP%20brochures/NPDES-Available%20Resources.pdf City of Salinas Permit Center.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005233741/http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/services/engineering/pdf/handouts/BMP%20brochures/NPDES-Available%20Resources.pdf |date=5 October 2013 }} City of Salinas Community Development Department.
• The chrysanthemum is the official flower of several fraternities and sororities, including Chi Phi, Phi Kappa Sigma, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia,{{Cite web|url=http://www.ou.edu/studentlife/fsps/igc/chapters/phi-mu-alpha.html|title=Phi Mu Alpha|website=www.ou.edu}} Lambda Kappa Sigma,{{Cite web|url=http://sigmaalphaucd.org/#/about-us/4551333663|title=Sigma Alpha, University of California, Davis chapter}} Sigma Alpha, and Triangle Fraternity.

Italian composer Giacomo Puccini wrote Crisantemi (1890), a movement for string quartet, in memory of his friend Amedeo di Savoia Duca d'Aosta. In Italy (and other European countries) the chrysanthemum is the flower that people traditionally bring to their deceased loved ones at the cemetery and is generally associated with mourning. A probable reason for this is the fact that the plant flowers between the end of October and the beginning of November, coinciding with the Day of the Dead (2 November).

Chrysanthemums are placed on graves to honor the dead during All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day in Poland.{{cite web |title=All Saints' Day |url=https://polska.pl/experience-poland/traditions-and-holidays/all-saints-day/ |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs }}

The UK National Collection of hardy chrysanthemums is at Hill Close Gardens near Warwick.{{cite web |url=http://www.floraldaily.com/article/4325/UK-National-Plant-Collection-to-preserve-chrysanthemums |title=UK: National Plant Collection to preserve chrysanthemums |website=Floral Daily |date=10 March 2016 |access-date=13 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014083436/http://www.floraldaily.com/article/4325/UK-National-Plant-Collection-to-preserve-chrysanthemums |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}

File:Chrysanthemum February 2008-2.jpg|Bud of a garden chrysanthemum

File:Chrysanthème tokyo.jpg|Chrysanthemum × morifolium 'Tokyo'

File:Chrysanthemum 094557.jpg|Purple Chrysanthemum

File:Chrysanthemum morifolium 08NOV.jpg|pink Chrysanthemum × morifolium

File:Red chrysanthemum.jpg|Red chrysanthemum

File:Chrysanthemum Plant (1) 06.jpg|Closeup view of White Chrysanthemum

File:Chrysanthemum 'Vesuvius'.jpg|Chrysanthemum × morifolium 'Vesuvius'

File:Złocień Zawadzkiego P39.jpg|Chrysanthemum zawadskii

File:Chrysanthemum indicum2.jpg|Chrysanthemum indicum

File:Chrysanthemum japonense var ashizuriense1.jpg|Chrysanthemum japonense var. ashizuriense

File:Beautiful Chrysanthemum.JPG|A peach coloured chrysanthemum

File:Tiger tail mum 0004.JPG|Tiger Tail chrysanthemum

File:Chrysanthemum leaves.JPG|Leaves of chrysanthemum plant

File:Chrysanthemum × morifolium Dompierre 1.jpg|A chrysanthemum show

File:Chrysanthemum 02.jpg|Yellow Chrysanthemum.

File:Chrysanthemum 01.jpg|Purple Chrysanthemum

File:CHRYSANTHS MIXEDweb.jpg|Chrysanthamums, mixed, part of a display at Hampton Court Flower Show.

File:Chrysanthemum_2020.jpg|Garden in Kalimpong, India

• Photoperiodism

{{Reflist|refs=

{{Cite web|url=http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=7d8ff3fe-021f-48b9-93a5-7c97067e94dc|title=Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141114104402/http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=7d8ff3fe-021f-48b9-93a5-7c97067e94dc|url-status=dead }}

}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

;Books

• {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Bailey|editor1-first=L.H.|editor1-link=L.H.Bailey|title=The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States and Canada for ornament, for fancy, for fruit and for vegetables; with keys to the natural families and genera, descriptions of the horticultural capabilities of the states and provinces and dependent islands, and sketches of eminent horticulturists|format=6 vols.|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|date=1919|orig-year=1914|edition=3rd.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/23351#/summary|chapter=Chrysanthemum|volume=2|pages=753–766|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/64399#page/177/mode/1up}}
• {{cite book |last1=Burbidge |first1=Frederick William |title=The Chrysanthemum: Its History, Culture, Classification, and Nomenclature |date=1884 |publisher="The Garden" Office |location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfICAAAAYAAJ }}
• {{cite book |last1=Herrington |first1=Arthur |title=The Chrysanthemum |date=November 2008 |origyear=1905 Orange Judd, New York|publisher=Applewood Books |location=Bedford MA|isbn=978-1-4290-1286-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GXUrlxV5FYC }}
• {{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Harshita |title=Chrysanthemum and Marigold |date= 2019 |publisher=Agrihortico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CCPDwAAQBAJ }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Kadereit |editor-first=Joachim W. |editor2-last=Jeffrey |editor2-first=Charles |title= Asterales |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Klaus Kubitzki (ed.)|volume=VIII: Eudicots|year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhUZnM8S47IC|isbn=978-3-540-31051-8|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin|last1=Oberprieler|first1=C|last2=Vogt|first2=R|last3=Watson|first3=LE|page=357|chapter=Chrysanthemum|ref={{harvid|Oberprieler et al|2007}}}}{{link note|note=see [https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-3-540-31050-1 publisher information]}}
• {{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |authorlink=Linnaeus|title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary|year=1753|volume=2|chapter=Chrysanthemum|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/329/mode/1up|pages=887–890|publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm}}, see also Species Plantarum{{Sfn|Linnaeus|1753}}

;Articles

• {{cite journal |last1=Carvalho |first1=S. M. P. |last2=Abi-Tarabay |first2=H. |last3=Heuvelink |first3=E. |title=Temperature affects Chrysanthemum flower characteristics differently during three phases of the cultivation period |journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology |date=January 2005 |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=209–216 |doi=10.1080/14620316.2005.11511919 |bibcode=2005JHSB...80..209C |s2cid=86353882 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hao |first1=Da-Cheng |last2=Song |first2=Yanjun |last3=Xiao |first3=Peigen |last4=Zhong |first4=Yi |last5=Wu |first5=Peiling |last6=Xu |first6=Lijia |title=The genus Chrysanthemum: Phylogeny, biodiversity, phytometabolites, and chemodiversity |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=11 August 2022 |volume=13 |pages=973197 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.973197 |pmid=36035721 |pmc=9403765 |ref={{harvid|Hao et al|2022}} |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Ping-Li |last2=Wan |first2=Qian |last3=Guo |first3=Yan-Ping |last4=Yang |first4=Ji |last5=Rao |first5=Guang-Yuan |title=Phylogeny of the Genus Chrysanthemum L.: Evidence from Single-Copy Nuclear Gene and Chloroplast DNA Sequences |journal=PLOS One |date=1 November 2012 |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=e48970 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048970 |pmid=23133665 |pmc=3486802 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...748970L |ref={{harvid|Liu et al| 2012}} |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Van Der Ploeg |first1=A. |last2=Heuvelink |first2=E. |title=The influence of temperature on growth and development of chrysanthemum cultivars |journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology |date=January 2006 |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=174–182 |doi=10.1080/14620316.2006.11512047 |bibcode=2006JHSB...81..174V |s2cid=86403236 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Chu-Ze |last2=Zhang |first2=Chu-Jie |last3=Chen |first3=Jie |last4=Guo |first4=Yan-Ping |title=Clarifying Recent Adaptive Diversification of the Chrysanthemum-Group on the Basis of an Updated Multilocus Phylogeny of Subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=26 May 2021 |volume=12 |pages=648026 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2021.648026 |pmid=34122473 |pmc=8187803 |ref={{harvid|Shen et al|2021}} |doi-access=free }}

{{refend}}

• {{Commons-inline}}
• {{Wikispecies-inline|Chrysanthemum}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090120151515/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2563 Germplasm Resources Information Network: Chrysanthemum]
• [http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htm About.com page on Chrysanthemums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110035953/http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htm |date=10 January 2012 }}
• [http://www.mums.org/ United States National Chrysanthemum Society website]
• [http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0102AppendixIIIANGEs000.htm ICBN: List of conserved genera] (scroll down for Chrysanthemum)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20151219221939/http://www.ag.auburn.edu/hort/landscape/Potmum.htm Auburn University (College of Agriculture) web page on Chrysanthemums]
• [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7404.html University of California web page on aphid management]

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Category:Asteraceae genera

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Category:Medicinal plants

Category:National symbols of Japan

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