:Colorimetric analysis

The equipment required is a colorimeter, some cuvettes and a suitable color reagent. The process may be automated, e.g. by the use of an AutoAnalyzer or by flow injection analysis. Recently, colorimetric analyses developed for colorimeters have been adapted for use with plate readers to speed up analysis and reduce the waste stream.Greenan, N. S., R.L. Mulvaney, and G.K. Sims. 1995. "A microscale method for colorimetric determination of urea in soil extracts". Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26:2519-2529.

:Calcium + o-cresolphthalein complexone → colored complexRay Sarkar and Chauhan (1967) Anal. Biochem. 20:155

:Copper + bathocuproin disulfonate → colored complexZak, B. (1958) Clin. Chim. Acta. 3:328

:Creatinine + picrate → colored complexHawk, Oser and Summerson, Practical Physiological Chemistry, Churchill, London, 1947, pp 839-844

:Iron + bathophenanthroline disulfonate → colored complexReference to follow

:Phosphate + ammonium molybdate + ascorbic acid → blue colored complex{{Cite journal|last1=Heidari-Bafroui|first1=Hojat|last2=Ribeiro|first2=Brenno|last3=Charbaji|first3=Amer|last4=Anagnostopoulos|first4=Constantine|last5=Faghri|first5=Mohammad|date=2020-10-16|title=Portable infrared lightbox for improving the detection limits of paper-based phosphate devices|journal=Measurement|volume=173 |language=en|pages=108607|doi=10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108607|s2cid=225140011 |issn=0263-2241|doi-access=free}}

In enzymatic analysis (which is widely used in medical laboratories) the color reaction is preceded by a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. As the enzyme is specific to a particular substrate, more accurate results can be obtained. Enzymatic analysis is always carried out in a buffer solution at a specified temperature (usually 37°C) to provide the optimum conditions for the enzymes to act. Examples follow.

1. Cholesterol + oxygen --(enzyme cholesterol oxidase)--> cholestenone + hydrogen peroxide
2. Hydrogen peroxide + 4-aminophenazone + phenol --(enzyme peroxidase)--> colored complex + waterReference to follow

1. Glucose + oxygen + water --(enzyme glucose oxidase)--> gluconate + hydrogen peroxide
2. Hydrogen peroxide + ABTS --(enzyme peroxidase)--> colored complexRey and Wielinger (1970) Z. analyt. chem. 252:224

In this case, both stages of the reaction are catalyzed by enzymes.

1. Triglycerides + water --(enzyme esterase)--> glycerol + carboxylic acid
2. Glycerol + ATP --(enzyme glycerol kinase)--> glycerol-3-phosphate + ADP
3. Glycerol-3-phosphate + oxygen --(enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase) --> dihydroxyacetone phosphate + hydrogen peroxide
4. Hydrogen peroxide + 4-aminophenazone + 4-chlorophenol --(enzyme peroxidase)--> colored complexReference to follow

1. Urea + water --(enzyme urease)--> ammonium carbonate
2. Ammonium carbonate + phenol + hypochlorite ----> colored complexFawcett and Scott (1960) J. Clin. Pathol. 13:156

In this case, only the first stage of the reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme. The second stage is non-enzymatic.

• CHOD = cholesterol oxidase
• GOD = glucose oxidase
• GPO = glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase
• PAP = phenol + aminophenazone (in some methods the phenol is replaced by 4-chlorophenol, which is less toxic)
• POD = peroxidase

In ultraviolet (UV) methods there is no visible color change but the principle is exactly the same, i.e. the measurement of a change in the absorbance of the solution. UV methods usually measure the difference in absorbance at 340 nm wavelength between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its reduced form (NADH).

:Pyruvate + NADH --(enzyme lactate dehydrogenase)--> L-lactate + NADReference to follow

• Blood sugar
• MBAS assay, an assay that indicates anionic surfactants in water with a bluing reaction.
• Nessler cylinder

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Category:Analytical chemistry

Category:Chemical reactions

Category:Absorption spectroscopy