:Connecticut-class battleship

The United States' victory in the Spanish–American War in 1898 had a dramatic impact on battleship design, as the question of the role of the fleet—namely, whether it should be focused on coastal defense or high seas operations—had been solved. The fleet's ability to conduct offensive operations overseas showed the necessity of a powerful fleet of battleships. As a result, the US Congress was willing to authorize much larger ships.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=42}} Design work on what would become the Connecticut class began in 1901. The Secretary of the Navy submitted a request for a new battleship design on 6 March to the Board on Construction. Among the issues considered was the composition and placement of the secondary battery. The preceding design, the {{sclass|Virginia|battleship|4}}, placed some of its secondary guns in fixed turrets atop the main battery turrets as a way to save weight. The Board disliked the arrangement, as some members argued that guns in casemates could be fired faster. Additionally, the Virginias had mounted a mixed secondary battery of {{convert|6|in|adj=on|0}} and {{convert|8|in|adj=on|0}} guns; the Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) had recently introduced a quick-firing {{convert|7|in|adj=on|0}} gun, which was more powerful than the 6-inch and fired faster than the 8-inch.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=43}}

File:Connecticut-class battleship line-drawing.png

The initial version of the Connecticut design, proposed by BuOrd, featured a secondary battery of twenty-four 7-inch guns with the same number of {{convert|3|in|0|adj=on}} guns for defense against torpedo boats. The armor layout was more comprehensive but thinner, and displacement rose to {{convert|15560|LT|lk=on}}. BuOrd determined that a longer and finer hull shape, coupled with a small increase in engine power, would maintain the standard speed of {{convert|19|kn|lk=in}}. The Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) proposed a ship more closely based on the Virginias, with the same two-story turrets and mixed 6- and 8-inch secondary battery, on a displacement of {{convert|15860|LT}}. This design featured only eight 3-inch guns, which was deemed wholly insufficient to defend the ship from small craft.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|pp=43–44}}

In November, the Board agreed to a compromise design that incorporated a secondary battery of eight 8-inch guns in four twin turrets amidships and twelve 7-inch guns in casemates.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=44}} The decision to retain the 8 in guns was in large part due to American experiences in the Spanish–American War three years before. US Navy officers had been impressed with the performance of the gun at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba; despite scoring only 13 hits out of 309 shells fired, the gun had a flat trajectory and good range for its size.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=41}} Armor protection was improved over the BuOrd design, with a thicker armored belt and casemate protection, albeit at the expense of thinner armor covering the barbettes that supported the gun turrets. The designers reasoned that since the barbettes were behind the belt and a transverse bulkhead, weight could be saved by reducing the level of direct protection.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=44}}

The last four ships, starting with {{USS|Vermont|BB-20|2}}, received slightly improved armor protection, with the last vessel—{{USS|New Hampshire|BB-25|2}}—having further improvements.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=44}} As a result, they are sometimes referred to as the Vermont class.{{sfn|Campbell|pp=143–144}} The six Connecticut-class ships were the most powerful pre-dreadnought type battleship built by the US Navy, and they compared well with contemporary foreign designs. They were nevertheless rendered obsolescent almost immediately by the advent of the "all-big-gun" battleship epitomized by the British {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}.{{sfn|Silverstone|p=6}} Two follow-on ships, the {{sclass|Mississippi|battleship|4}}, were built at the same time to a design based on the Connecticuts but significantly reduced in size.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=45}}

File:USS Kansas (BB-21) on trials.jpg

The Connecticut-class ships were {{convert|450|ft}} long at the waterline and {{convert|456|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}} long overall.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}} They had a beam of {{convert|76|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}} and a draft of {{convert|24|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}. Freeboard forward was {{convert|20|ft|6|in|abbr=on}}. They displaced {{convert|16000|LT|-1}} as designed and up to {{convert|17666|LT}} at full load. The ships had a flush deck, and they were better sea boats than preceding designs, many of which had poor stability. The Connecticut class had a metacentric height of {{convert|4.62|ft}}. As built, the ships were fitted with two heavy military masts, but these were quickly replaced by lattice masts in 1909. They had a crew of 42 officers and 785 men.{{sfn|Campbell|p=143}}{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}}

The ships were powered by two-shaft triple-expansion steam engines, with steam provided by twelve coal-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The engines were rated at {{convert|16500|ihp|lk=in}} and generated a top speed of {{convert|18|kn}}. The boilers were trunked into three closely spaced funnels amidships.{{sfn|Campbell|p=143}} The first five ships were equipped with eight {{convert|100|kW|adj=on|lk=on}} electricity generators, while New Hampshire had four of these generators and two {{convert|200|kW|abbr=on}} units.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}} All of the ships had a combined output of {{convert|800|kW|abbr=on}}; this was the highest output in any American warship then built.{{sfn|Campbell|pp=143–144}} Steering was controlled with a single rudder.{{sfn|Campbell|p=143}} The ships' turning radius was {{convert|620|yd}} at a speed of {{convert|12|kn}}.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}}

On trials, the ships exceeded their design speed slightly, with {{USS|Minnesota|BB-22|2}} being the fastest, at {{convert|18.85|kn}}. The ships carried {{convert|900|LT}} of coal normally, but additional spaces could be used for coal bunkers, with storage capacity ranging between {{convert|2249|to|2405|LT}} for each ship.{{sfn|Campbell|pp=143–144}} At a cruising speed of {{convert|10|kn}}, the ships could steam for {{convert|6620|nmi|lk=in}}, though New Hampshire{{'}}s engines were more efficient, allowing her to steam for {{convert|7590|nmi}} at the same speed.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}}

File:12-45 mk5 Connecticut gun pic.jpg

The ship was armed with a main battery of four 12"/45 caliber Mark 5 gun{{efn|/45 refers to the length of the gun in terms of calibers. A /45 gun is 45 times long as it is in bore diameter.}} guns in two twin gun turrets on the centerline, one forward and aft, as was typical for battleships of the period.{{sfn|Campbell|p=143}} The guns fired a {{convert|870|lb|adj=on}} shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2700|ft/s}}. The turrets were Mark VI mounts, which allowed for reloading at all angles of elevation. These mounts could elevate to 20 degrees and depress to -5 degrees. Each gun was supplied with sixty shells.{{sfn|Friedman 2011|pp=170–171}} New Hampshire{{'}}s magazines were rearranged compared to her sisters, which allowed for her to carry 20 percent more 12- and 7-inch shells, though under normal conditions she carried the same load.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=44}}

The secondary battery consisted of eight 8"/45 caliber gun and twelve 7"/44 caliber gun; this mixed battery proved to be problematic, as shell splashes from the two types could not be distinguished. The 8-inch guns were mounted in four twin Mark XII turrets amidships and the 7-inch guns were placed in casemates in the hull. The 8-inch guns were the Mark VI type, and they fired {{convert|260|lb|abbr=on}} shells at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2750|ft/s|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Campbell|p=143}}{{sfn|Friedman 2011|pp=177–178}} The 7-inch Mark I guns fired a {{convert|165|lb|abbr=on}} shell at 2,700 ft/s. These guns were later removed during World War I and converted for use on tracked gun carriages in France.{{sfn|Friedman 2011|p=179}} The outfit per gun was 100 shells for both types.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}}

For close-range defense against torpedo boats, they carried twenty 3"/50 caliber gun mounted in casemates along the side of the hull and twelve {{convert|47|mm|abbr=on}} 3-pounder guns. They also carried four {{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}} 1-pounder guns. As was standard for capital ships of the period, the Connecticut class carried four American 21 inch torpedo torpedo tubes, submerged in their hulls on the broadside.{{sfn|Campbell|p=143}} Each ship carried a total of 16 torpedoes.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}} They were initially equipped with the Mark I Bliss-Leavitt design, but these were quickly replaced with Mark II, designed in 1905. The Mark II carried a {{convert|207|lb|adj=on}} warhead and had a range of {{convert|3500|yd}} at a speed of {{convert|26|kn}}.{{sfn|Friedman 2011|p=342}}

The first two ships' main armored belt was {{convert|11|in|abbr=on|0}} thick over the machinery spaces and reduced to {{convert|9|in|abbr=on|0}} abreast of the main battery turrets. This portion of the belt was {{convert|200|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|9|ft|3|in|0}} wide. On either end of the ship, the belt then thinned, first to {{convert|7|in|abbr=on|0}}, then to {{convert|5|in|abbr=on|0}} and finally to {{convert|4|in|abbr=on|0}} at the bow and stern.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}} The last four ships' belts were reduced to a uniform 9 in between the main battery, with no change to the ends.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=44}} The armored deck was {{convert|1.5|in|abbr=on|0}} thick amidships, where it was partially protected by the belt and casemate armor. It had 3 in thick sloped sides, which connected to the bottom edge of the belt. The deck was increased to 3 in forward and aft, where it was directly exposed to shellfire, also with 3 in thick sloped sides.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}} New Hampshire{{'}}s belt was slightly shortened to permit a thicker deck over the magazines.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=44}} Each ship's conning tower had 9 in thick sides and a {{convert|2|in|abbr=on|0}} thick roof.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}}

The main battery gun turrets had 11 in thick faces, with 9 in thick sides and {{convert|2.5|in|abbr=on|0}} thick roofs. The supporting barbettes had the {{convert|10|in|abbr=on|0}} of armor plating, reduced to {{convert|6|in|abbr=on|0}}. The secondary turrets had {{convert|6.5|in|abbr=on|0}} of frontal armor, with 6 in on the sides and 2 in on the roofs. Their barbettes were given 6 in of armor plating on the outboard sides and 4 in inboard. The casemates for the 7-inch guns were 7 in thick and below the gun ports, the casemates reduced slightly to 6 in.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}} For the last four ships, the savings in weight gained by reducing the thickness of the belt were used to increase the lower casement armor to 7 in.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=44}} Those for the 3-inch guns were 2 in thick. The 7-inch guns were divided by splinter bulkheads that were {{convert|1.5|to|2.5|in}} thick to prevent one shell hit from disabling multiple guns.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|p=430}}

File:USS Vermont in heavy seas.tiff

All six ships of the class served with the Atlantic Fleet for the duration of their careers. The first five ships took part in the cruise of the Great White Fleet in 1907–1909. The fleet left Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907 and steamed south, around South America and back north to the US west coast. The ships then crossed the Pacific and stopped in Australia, the Philippines, and Japan before continuing on through the Indian Ocean. They transited the Suez Canal and toured the Mediterranean before crossing the Atlantic, arriving bank in Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909.{{sfn|Albertson|pp=41–66}} New Hampshire, which had not been completed in time to take part in the journey, met the fleet there during a naval review with President Theodore Roosevelt.{{sfn|DANFS New Hampshire}}

The ships then began a peacetime training routine off the east coast of the United States and the Caribbean, including gunnery training off the Virginia Capes, training cruises in the Atlantic, and winter exercises in Cuban waters. In late 1909, all six ships crossed the Atlantic to visit British and French ports. Louisiana and Kansas made another trip to Europe in early 1911. As political unrest began to erupt in several Central American countries in the 1910s, the ships became increasingly active in the region. All six ships became involved in the Mexican Revolution, including the occupation of Veracruz in April 1914; Vermont and New Hampshire were among the ships that contributed landing parties to the initial occupation of the city. Several men from the two ships were awarded the Medal of Honor during the action.{{efn|name=bundle|See the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships entries for New Hampshire,{{sfn|DANFS New Hampshire}} Vermont,{{sfn|DANFS Vermont}} Kansas,{{sfn|DANFS Kansas}} Minnesota,{{sfn|DANFS Minnesota}} Louisiana,{{sfn|DANFS Louisiana}} and Connecticut.{{sfn|DANFS Connecticut}}}}

File:USS Kansas in Brest, France.tif in 1919; New Hampshire (left) and Connecticut (right) are visible in the distance]]

In July 1914, World War I broke out in Europe; the United States remained neutral for the first three years of the war. Tensions with Germany came to a head in early 1917 following the German unrestricted submarine warfare campaign, which sank several American merchant ships in European waters. On 6 April 1917, the United States declared war on Germany. The Connecticut-class ships initially were used for training gunners and engine room personnel that would be necessary for the rapidly expanding wartime fleet.{{efn|name=bundle}} In June 1918, New Hampshire and Louisiana were involved in a serious gunnery accident, where gunners aboard the former accidentally hit the latter, killing one and injuring several other men.{{sfn|Jones|p=114}} The following month, Louisiana was used to test Arthur Pollen's Argo Clock, the first fire control system to use an analog computer to calculate firing solutions.{{sfn|Friedman 2008|p=303}}

From late 1918, the ships were used to escort convoys part-way across the Atlantic. In late September, Minnesota struck a naval mine laid by the German U-boat U-117, causing serious damage that kept her out of service for five months.{{Sfn|Jones|pp=115–116}} Convoy duty was cut short by the German surrender in November; thereafter, the Connecticuts were used to ferry American soldiers back from the battlefields of France.{{sfn|Jones|p=122}} This work was completed by mid-1919. The ships briefly operated as training ships in the early 1920s, though under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, they were all sold for scrap by 1924 and broken up.{{efn|name=bundle}}

{{Commons category}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|20em}}

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| location = Mustang

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}}

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|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/k/kansas-ii.html

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|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/l/louisiana-iii.html

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|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/minnesota-ii.html

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|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/new-hampshire-ii.html

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}}

• {{cite web

|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/v/vermont-ii.html

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|publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command

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|archive-date=October 25, 2016

|title=Connecticut (BB 18)

|work=Naval Vessel Register

|publisher=United States Navy

|date=23 July 2002

|access-date=25 September 2023

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}}

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|archive-date=November 5, 2016

|title=Louisiana (BB 19)

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|url-status=dead

|archive-date=November 7, 2016

|title=Vermont (BB 20)

|work=Naval Vessel Register

|publisher=United States Navy

|date=23 July 2002

|access-date=25 September 2023

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}}

• {{cite web

|url=https://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_BB_21.HTML

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|archive-date=October 26, 2016

|title=Kansas (BB 21)

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|publisher=United States Navy

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|archive-date=November 5, 2016

|title=Minnesota (BB 22)

|work=Naval Vessel Register

|publisher=United States Navy

|date=23 July 2002

|access-date=25 September 2023

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}}

• {{cite web

|url=https://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_BB_25.HTML

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|archive-date=November 6, 2016

|title=New Hampshire (BB 25)

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|publisher=United States Navy

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}}

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• {{cite book

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| isbn = 978-0-87021-524-7

}}

{{Connecticut class battleship}}

{{WWI US ships}}

Category:Battleship classes

Connecticut class battleship