:Courtaulds

The company was founded by George Courtauld [and later joined by his cousin Peter Taylor (1790–1850)] in 1794 as a silk, crepe, and textile business at Pebmarsh in north Essex, trading as George Courtauld & Co. By 1810, his American-born son Samuel Courtauld was managing his own silk mill in Braintree, Essex.

In 1818, George Courtauld returned to America, leaving his son, Samuel, and nephew, Peter, to expand the business, now known as Courtauld & Taylor, by building further mills in Halstead and Bocking. In 1825 Sam Courtauld installed a steam engine at the Bocking mill, and then installed power looms at Halstead. His mills, however, remained heavily dependent on young female workers – in 1838, over 92% of his workforce was female.

By 1850, the company employed over 2,000 people at three silk mills, and Sam had recruited partners including (in 1828) his brother, George Courtauld II (1802–1861) and (in 1849) fellow Unitarian and Social Reformer Peter Alfred Taylor (1819-1891 – son of Peter Taylor who died the following year). By this time, Courtauld was a wealthy man but was also suffering from deafness. He had planned to spend more time on his country estate Gosfield Hall near Halstead, but continued to play an active role in the company until just before he died in March 1881.

His great-nephew Samuel Courtauld (1876–1947) became chairman of the Courtauld company in 1921 but is chiefly remembered today as the founder of the Courtauld Institute of Art in London. William Julien Courtauld was also a benefactor of the arts: he gave artworks to the Essex County Council chamber at Chelmsford and the town hall at Braintree in the 1930s.

Wishing to reduce their dependence on natural silk, in 1904 Courtaulds acquired the Cross and Bevan's patents to the viscose process for manufacturing artificial silk or rayon from dissolving pulp. They set up the first factory to produce it in Coventry UK in 1905. The early yarns were first woven into fabrics at the Halstead Mill in Essex in March 1906, but the process remained troublesome until further inventions improved yarn strength. However, in a few years the process became highly successful and was responsible for transforming the silk weaver into the world's leading man-made fibre production company.{{cite web |url=http://www.nonwoven.co.uk/2012/09/a-brief-history-of-regenerated.html |title=A Brief History of Regenerated Cellulosic Fibres |website=NonWoven.co.uk |date=4 October 2010 |publisher=CWC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722145210/http://www.nonwoven.co.uk/2012/09/a-brief-history-of-regenerated.html |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 }}

Courtaulds also entered the market of cellulosics (viscose and acetate) in North America with the setting up of the American Viscose Corporation (AVC) in 1909. The investment in the US was highly successful, but its sale at a knock-down price was enforced in 1941 as part of the negotiations which preceded Lend-Lease.{{cite book |last=Olson |first=Lynne |title=Those Angry Days |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2013 |isbn=978-0679604716 |page=284 }} Courtaulds was Canada's only rayon manufacturer in the 1980s,{{cite news |last=Spears |first=Tom |date=11 March 1989 |newspaper=The Toronto Star |pages=D1 and D5 |title=The Dirty Dozen }} and was criticised for polluting Cornwall, Ontario. By 1989 the company was dumping "an average of 12 million litres of water a day, loaded with acids, zinc, murky solid materials and other contaminants.... Tests in 1986 showed the company's waste killed healthy trout within five minutes."

In the interwar era, Courtaulds, along with its domestic rival, British Celanese, both benefitted from tariff protection extended to the rayon industry by the Finance Act of 1925.{{Cite journal |last=Varian |first=Brian D. |date=18 August 2022 |title=Protection and the British Rayon Industry During the 1920s |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00076791.2020.1753699 |journal=Business History |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=1131–1148 |doi=10.1080/00076791.2020.1753699 |issn=0007-6791 }} In 1927–28 Courtaulds and Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken (VGF) gained control of the Italian rayon manufacturer SNIA Viscosa from Riccardo Gualino. A German director of VGF, Karl Scherer, replaced Gualino as head of the firm and cut output drastically. The foreign intervention was seen as humiliating by the fascists.{{cite book |last=Cerretano |first=Valerio |editor-last1=Donzé |editor-first1=Pierre-Yves |editor-last2=Nishimura |editor-first2=Shigehiro |date=2013 |title=Organizing Global Technology Flows: Institutions, Actors, and Processes |chapter=European Cartels and Technology Transfer: The Experience of the Rayon Industry, 1920–1940 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT4VAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135013578 |access-date=26 July 2015 |page=100 }} In Europe Courtaulds expanded its cellulosics business both directly and in joint ventures, including British Cellophane.

In 1945 Courtaulds remained one of the four groups which dominated the man-made fibre industry in Europe (counting the German VGF and the Dutch AKU as one group, and including also the CTA—later merged into Rhone Poulenc in France, and Snia Viscose in Italy). Courtaulds' activities in continental Europe consisted in a wholly owned, one-factory viscose fibre business employing some 3,000 people in France, a 50% share in a similar business in Germany (of which the other 50% was owned by VGF, the major competitor), and a minority shareholding which controlled 20% of the voting capital in the Italian firm Snia Viscosa, also primarily a viscose fibre producer. This activity expanded until the 1960s, when these products were replaced by newer developments.

In 1964 Courtaulds acquired Fine Spinners and Doublers for £14 million and the Lancashire Cotton Corporation for £22 million.{{cite news |date=24 July 1964 |title=Courtaulds' Bids for Two Firms Total £36 Million |work=Coventry Evening Telegraph }}

Carbon disulfide, used in rayon production, increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes in rayon workers (among other health risks, some of them known since the 1800s).{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Air Quality Guidelines |publisher=WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark |edition=2 |url=https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/123058/AQG2ndEd_5_4carbodisulfide.PDF |access-date=31 July 2021 |chapter=Chapter 5.4 : Carbon disulfide }}{{cite web |url=http://www.sbu.se/en/publications/sbu-assesses/occupational-health-and-safety--chemical-exposure/ |title=Occupational Health and Safety – Chemical Exposure |publisher=Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU) |website=SBU.se |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606093333/http://www.sbu.se/en/publications/sbu-assesses/occupational-health-and-safety--chemical-exposure/ |archive-date=6 June 2017 }} Data on these additional risks came out in the 1960s. Courtaulds worked hard to prevent publication of this data in the UK.{{cite news |last1=Swan |first1=Norman |last2=Blanc |first2=Paul |title=The Health Burden of Viscose Rayon |url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/the-health-burden-of-viscose-rayon/8286870 |work=ABC Radio National |date=20 February 2017 }}{{cite book |last=Blanc |first=Paul David |title=Fake Silk / The Lethal History of Viscose Rayon |date=15 November 2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300204667 |page=79 |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300204667/fake-silk |access-date=17 December 2020 |quote=in 1915,...[of 16] carbon disulfide poisoning cases....one worker had been briefly committed to an asylum and several others had experienced nervous system complaints... }}

Courtaulds was one of the earliest companies in the UK to establish an economics department. In the three decades following World War II that department made notable contributions to the understanding of investment appraisal and the formulation of British, and later European, trade policy. The function also played a significant role in the development of Courtaulds from a rather sedate, man-made fibres producer to the world's largest textile manufacturer, a position the company attained in the mid-1970s. The economics department then influenced the early stages of the subsequent extensive restructuring of the company, a process that culminated in the demerging of its textile activities as a separately quoted company in March 1990.{{cite web |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/periodicals/article/119291-1.html |title=Periodical Titles by Alphabet |website=AllBusiness.com |access-date=29 May 2006 }}

In 1962 a hostile takeover attempt by Imperial Chemical Industries was defeated.{{cite news |title=God Thanked by Courtaulds for ICI Flop |date=17 March 1962 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |page=29 }}

Throughout the 1980s, Courtaulds conducted research on solvent-spun cellulose fibres, using amine oxides. This process had previously been suggested by Eastman-Kodak, but their patent was nearing expiration. By the 1990s, this research led to pilot scale facilities and a subsequent patent battle with Lenzing. These companies initially cross-licensed, but the Lyocell process became Lenzing property after the demise of Courtaulds Plc in 1998.{{Cite news |date=4 May 2004 |url=http://www.fibersource.com/F-Info/More_News/lenzing-050504.htm |title=Lenzing Acquires Tencel: Lenzing AG Acquires Tencel Group of Companies |work=FiberSource.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323063249/http://www.fibersource.com/f-info/More_News/lenzing-050504.htm |archive-date=23 March 2010 }}

By the late 1980s, the manufacture of clothing was quickly moving to South East Asia and China. Courtaulds had closed many of its UK factories and moved production to new Asian sites.{{cite web |url=http://www.ukbusinesspark.co.uk/cos99406.htm |title=Courtaulds Textiles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001143021/http://www.ukbusinesspark.co.uk/cos99406.htm |archive-date=1 October 2006 |website=UK Business Park }} Further, its main profit was coming from its fibre and chemicals businesses, which were being held back by the textiles business.

In 1990, Courtaulds plc demerged itself into two parts:

• Courtaulds plc – The fibre manufacture and chemicals businesses
• Courtaulds Textiles Ltd – The yarn and fabric manufacture and clothing businesses

In 1990, the company began pilot production of Tencel,{{cite news |last=Ipsen |first=Erik |date=25 February 1993 |title=International Manager: Freed of Textile Business, Courtaulds Is Doing Fine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/25/business/worldbusiness/IHT-international-manager-freed-of-textile-business.html |work=The New York Times |agency=International Herald Tribune }} a brand of lyocell rayon. The production of lyocell does not use carbon disulfide, but is more expensive than viscose rayon.{{cite journal |title=Regenerated cellulose by the Lyocell process, a brief review of the process and properties |journal=BioResources |url=https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/regenerated-cellulose-by-the-lyocell-process-a-brief-review-of-the-process-and-properties/ |date=2018 }}{{cite thesis |last=Tierney |first=John |date=December 2005 |title=Kinetics of Cellulose Dissolution in N-Methyl Morpholine-N-Oxide and Evaporative Processes of Similar Solutions |url=https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2553/ }}{{Page needed|date=May 2025}} In January 1993, the Tencel plant in Mobile, Alabama, US reached full production levels of 20,000 tons per year, by which time Courtaulds had spent £100 million and 10 years on Tencel development. Tencel revenues for 1993 were estimated as likely to be £50 million.

In 1991, the company closed a viscose plant in Calais, France, allowing its other plants to boost output to 93% capacity, compared with an industry average of 75%. The share price doubled in the first three years following the demerger. CEO Sipko Huismans had focused the company on rationalisation and cost cutting, saying "We have to cut costs. We can't count on sales growth to pay us more or to allow us to buy more of our favorite things."

In 1993 the company employed 23,000 and had £2 billion in annual revenue, with 30% of revenue from the United States and 40% from Europe.

Courtaulds plc sought to merge with Akzo Nobel, which the EU approved subject to the sale of Courtauld's aerospace business.{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/bulletin/en/9806/p103050.htm |title=Bulletin EU 6-1998 (en): 1.3.50 {{!}} Akzo Nobel/Courtaulds |work=Europa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922035918/http://europa.eu/bulletin/en/9806/p103050.htm |archive-date=22 September 2008 }}{{cite news |url=http://business.highbeam.com/435990/article-1G1-50146276/akzo-nobel-buys-courtaulds-columbian-firm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015001312/http://business.highbeam.com/435990/article-1G1-50146276/akzo-nobel-buys-courtaulds-columbian-firm |archive-date=15 October 2012 |title=Akzo Nobel Buys Courtaulds & Columbian Firm |work=Adhesives Age |date=1 June 1998 |access-date=24 September 2011 }} In 1998 it merged with competitor Akzo Nobel. The name "Courtaulds" disappeared.{{cite news |url=http://www.bharattextile.com/newsitems/1999693 |title=HONG KONG: PD Enterprise purchases Courtaulds |work=BharatTextile.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022065151/http://www.bharattextile.com/newsitems/1999693 |archive-date=22 October 2006 }}{{better source needed|date=August 2021}}

Akzo Nobel combined the Tencel division with other fibre divisions under the Acordis banner, then sold them off to private equity (CVC Capital Partners). In 2000, CVC sold the Tencel division to Lenzing AG, who combined it with their "Lenzing Lyocell" business, but maintained the brand name Tencel. At this time "Tencel" production was at 80,000 tonnes per year.

In September 2000, Courtaulds Fibers Inc. was found guilty of negligence for polluting the environment outside its plant in Axis, Alabama, US with carbon disulfide. 1991 emissions were more than double those of the nine other plants in Alabama combined, and made minimal improvements to abide by the 1990 amendments to the United States' Clean Air Act. In Europe, Courtaulds had taken much more stringent emissions-reduction measures.Supreme Court of Alabama. [https://caselaw.findlaw.com/al-supreme-court/1023084.html COURTAULDS FIBERS, INC. v. Horace L. LONG, Jr., et al.
Horace L. Long, Jr., et al. v. Courtaulds Fibers, Inc.]

1971996 and 1972028.
Decided: 15 September 2000

In October 2000, PPG Industries announced it had agreed to buy Courtaulds Aerospace for $US512.5 million. Based in Glendale, California, US the aerospace business has annual sales of approximately $US240 million, employs 1,200 people. In the US it manufactures sealants in Glendale, California, US and Shildon, England; coatings and sealants in Mojave, California, US; glazing sealants at Gloucester City, New Jersey, US; and also coatings at Gonfreville, France. The business also operates 14 application-support centres in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.{{cite news |url=https://www.pcimag.com/articles/83529-ppg-to-acquire-former-courtaulds-aerospace-business-from-akzo-nobel |title=PPG to Acquire Former Courtaulds Aerospace Business from Akzo Nobel |work=PCI: Paint & Coatings Industry |date=3 October 2000 |access-date=13 November 2015 }}

After its demerger, Courtaulds Textiles sold off its retail businessesm and the Contessa lingerie chain and McIlroys had been sold by 1995.{{cite news |last=Stevenson |first=Tom |date=3 August 1995 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/shrinkage-at-courtaulds-textiles-1594570.html |title=Shrinkage at Courtaulds Textiles |work=The Independent |access-date=28 May 2015 }}

In 2000, the American-based Sara Lee acquired Courtaulds Textiles for £150 million in a hostile takeover.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/689608.stm |title=Courtaulds bows to £150m takeover |work=BBC News |date=24 March 2000 |access-date=10 April 2019 }}{{cite news |last=Wallop |first=Harry |date=10 May 2006 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2938442/Hong-Kong-firm-buys-Courtaulds.html |title=Hong Kong firm buys Courtaulds |work=The Telegraph }} "Courtaulds Textile" remained as a division of Sara Lee, unlike the chemical merger, which saw "Courtaulds" disappear into Akzo Nobel.{{better source needed|date=August 2021}}

In the early 2000s, many jobs and factories were eliminated, especially in the UK, where manufacturing costs were higher. Marks and Spencer was squeezing its suppliers for lower costs. In 2007, 40% of Courtauld's turnover was from sales to Marks & Spencer,{{cite web |url=http://www.boi.lk/popcontent/courtaulds.htm |title=Courtaulds Textiles Plc. |website=BOI |publisher=The Board of Investment of Sri Lanka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305223046/http://www.boi.lk/popcontent/courtaulds.htm |archive-date=5 March 2007 }} although sales had declined rapidly as of 2006.

In February 2005, Brenda Barns became the chairman and CEO of Sara Lee, and tried to sell the Courtaulds Textile division.{{better source needed|date=August 2021}}

In April 2006, the UK pension regulator required Sara Lee to increase payments into Courtaulds' $483 million (£260 million) pension deficit from £20m to £32m a year until 2015. In May 2006, Sara Lee sold Courtaulds Textiles for an undisclosed sum, but retained its pension debt. The company was bought by a consortium led by PD Enterprise Limited, a private company based in Hong Kong. At the time, Courtaulds had about a thousand employees in the UK, of whom 300 were employed at a tights factory. Sara Lee conceded that it had effectively "given away" the unit.{{cite news |last=Klinger |first=Peter |date=10 May 2006 |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article1069714.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304222658/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article1069714.ece |archive-date=4 March 2007 |title=Sara Lee offloads Courtaulds division |newspaper=The Times |access-date=13 November 2015 }}

In 2007, Courtaulds Textiles employed around 20,000 people across 16 countries in Europe, North America and Asia. One joint venture was Slimline (Pvt) Ltd, Sri Lanka's largest apparel manufacturer, employing 1450 people and with a turnover of £25 million, and Courtaulds Clothing Lanka, which employed 700 people to make men's underwear. The whole company had an annual turnover exceeding £1billion.

• Aristoc – hosiery
• Berlei – lingerie and activewear
• Elbeo – hosiery
• Gossard – lingerie
• Pretty Polly – hosiery, lingerie and activewear

• Flintshire – A subsidiary of a German company, the British Glanzstoff Manufacturing Company started an artificial silk factory in Flint in 1907. During World War I the factory closed down but was taken over by Courtaulds in 1917. In 1913, the company had started making the synthetic fibre viscose rayon, made from cellulose derived from imported wood pulp or cotton waste. Courtaulds in September 1919 bought the old Muspratt Alkali factory in Flint from United Alkali Co Ltd and called it Castle Works, where after conversion they started production in 1922 of manufactured viscose rayon yarn. Courtaulds also in December 1927 bought the Holywell Textile Mill in Flint which they called Deeside Mill and after reconstruction and alterations was used for yarn processing. At its height Courtaulds employed over 10,000 people at four sites. At Greenfield, some {{convert|5|mi|km}} further down the Dee estuary, two additional large rayon production facilities existed from 1936 onwards, named Number 1 and Number 2. These mills employed over 3,000 people. Textile production declined from 1950, and Aber works shut initially in 1957, opened for rayon in 1966, and pulled down in 1984. Castle works closed in 1977 and Deeside Mill in 1989. The number 1 facility at Greenfield was mothballed in 1978, and the entire site was decommissioned in the mid-1980s.{{cite web |last=Perfect |first=Vicky |date=6 July 2007 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/flintshire/pages/courtaulds2.shtml|title=Courtaulds history |work=BBC / Wales North East |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409003359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/flintshire/pages/courtaulds2.shtml |archive-date=9 April 2009 }}
• Chorley, Lancashire – Talbot Mill on the eastern periphery of the town was built in 1908 and consisted of separate spinning and weaving divisions. The spinning division of the mill was managed by Courtaulds from the early 1970s and closed in 1989.{{cite news |last=Collier |first=Andrew |date=8 March 1989 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-7411901.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329065008/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-7411901.html |archive-date=29 March 2015 |title=Courtaulds to Shut Down UK Mills, Dyehouse. (Textile Manufacturer) |agency=Daily News Record |via=HighBeam.com |location=London }}
• Preston – A large rayon production facility, called the Red Scar mill, existed in Preston. The main product was tyre cord. It employed around 4,000 people. It was decommissioned in 1980.{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1979/nov/28/courtaulds-preston-mill-closure |title=Courtaulds, Preston (Mill Closure) |work=Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) |access-date=13 November 2015 |date=28 November 1979 }}
• Northern Ireland – A rayon facility existed in Carrickfergus, which was designed specifically to make a fibre suitable for the Irish linen industry.{{cite book |title=Man-made cellulosic fibres: A report on the supply of man-made cellulosic fibres, Presented to Parliament in pursuance of section 9 of the Monopolies and Restrictive Practices (Inquiry and Control) Act of 1948 |publisher=The House of Commons |author=The Monopolies Commission |date=4 March 1968 |location=London |url=http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/044c06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119211037/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/044c06.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=usurped }} Many of the latterly held British-based jobs were based in the grant-aided infrastructure of Northern Ireland. Limavady employed 185 jobs, which were lost in May 2004.
• Wolverhampton – Dunstall Hall Works – Rayon facility.
• Coventry – Foleshill Road Works:
• Courtaulds Research – Developed Courtelle, Vincel, Evlan, Viloft, Galaxy, Kesp, synthetic tobacco, Tencel, lyocell, Hydrocel, Alginate.
• Courtaulds Grafil – Production of carbon fibre for use in sports, aerospace and automotive industries.
• National Plastics – Production of specialised plastic products including British military bulletproof helmets; acquired in 1978 the Southend-based plastic moulding manufacturer Ekco Plastics.{{Cite news |date=19 August 1978 |title=Pye Suffers a Cyclical Television Equipment Fall |newspaper=The Times |page=17 |issue=60384 |id={{GALE|CS285967123}} }}
• Courtaulds Engineering – Design of plant, production of spinnerets.
• File:Celanese Acetate factory, Spondon (geograph 944959).jpg Derby – Spondon Works – Acetate fibre, water-soluble polymers.
• Grimsby – The Grimsby 'Fibro' plant was built on the bank of the Humber West of Grimsby between 1952 and 1957 to produce viscose rayon staple fibre, known as Fibro. In 1959 a new 'Courtelle' factory was constructed to make a proprietary acrylic fibre. Both factories were substantially expanded in the 1960s and 1970s. Later the advanced form of rayon known as Tencel fibre was manufactured using a more environmentally friendly process. Acrylic dope for 'Grafil' carbon fibre was also manufactured. The site was sold in 1998 to Accordis UK Ltd; the Tencel plant sold to the Lenzing Group, while the acrylic fibre plant went through a number of administrations in the 2000s, with production ceasing 2013.
• Trafford Park – Manufacture of carbon disulfide, base of Cowburn & Cowpar (chemical transport).
• Worksop – Formerly known as "Bairnswear", the 36,000 m², 205.72 m × 175 m factory first opened its doors in 1953 as Bairnswear knitwear. The site was a relativity modern mid-20th century mill which was located on Raymoth Lane and it employed over 1000 employees (1950s–1970s).{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} In the early 1960s it was rebranded as Courtaulds when Bairnswear hit financial difficulty. Princess Diana visited the site in 1989; on the same trip she visited to open the new Bassetlaw Hospital.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} Rumours of the site's closure circulated throughout the 1980s and 1990s and this happened in 2000. A small factory shop stayed open for another year selling all its goods off cheaply. During the early 2000s after the mill had ceased production the factory was still in good condition and a buyer was sought. The site deteriorated for three years until Westbury Homes bought it for residential redevelopment in July 2003. In spite of local objections including the MP John Mann to keep the 9-acre site to form another industry, planning permission was granted, asbestos was stripped and the factory demolished in September 2003 – January 2004, and the site has since been redeveloped into residential housing.
• Middlesbrough – Started as factory then moved solely to warehousing and distribution closed July 2010.
• Somerset (Bridgwater) British Cellophane was set up in the early 20th century to produce Cellophane, a cellulose based clear packaging. Production finally ceased in the early 1990s and the site is now to be used for housing for a new power station.
• Courtaulds and its many subsidiaries had many other production sites not listed above.

{{Reflist}}

• D. C. Coleman: Courtaulds: an economic and social history (Clarendon)
• Vol 1: The nineteenth century: silk and crape (1969)
• Vol 2: Rayon (1969)
• Vol 3: Crisis and change, 1940-1965 (1980, {{ISBN|0199201110}})
• Bramwell G Rudd: Courtaulds and the Hosiery & Knitwear Industry. Carnegie Publishing Ltd, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-905472-06-2}} (softback), {{ISBN|978-1-905472-18-5}} (hardback)

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.spartacus-educational.com/TEXcourtauldS.htm Courtaulds background]
• [http://www.h-net.org/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHprint/v016/p0213-p0228.pdf Courtaulds in Europe]
• [https://mrc.epexio.com/records/CSA Catalogue of the Courtaulds' Senior Staff Association archives], held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
• [https://mrc.epexio.com/records/CGO Catalogue of the Courtaulds' Group One Staff Association archives], held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
• {{PM20|FID=co/005481|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}

{{Lancashire Cotton}}

{{Lancashire Cotton Corporation}}

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