:Danish dialects
{{Redirect|Zealandic|the dialect spoken in Zeeland, the Netherlands|Zeelandic}}
The Danish language has a number of regional and local dialect varieties.{{cite web|url=http://dialekt.dk/dialekter/ |title=Dialekter |language=da |work=Dialekt.dk |date= 25 September 2006|access-date=2 October 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Sprog/Dansk/danske_dialekter |title=Danske Dialekter – Gyldendal |language=da |work=DenStoreDanske.dk |date= |access-date=22 September 2013}} These can be divided into the traditional dialects, which differ from modern Standard Danish in both phonology and grammar, and the Danish accents, which are local varieties of the standard language distinguished mostly by pronunciation and local vocabulary colored by traditional dialects. Traditional dialects are now mostly extinct in Denmark, with only the oldest generations still speaking them.
The traditional dialects are generally divided into three main dialectal areas: Jutlandic dialect, Insular Danish, and East Danish. Since the Swedish conquest of the Eastern Danish provinces Skåne, Halland and Blekinge in 1645/1658, the Eastern Danish dialects there have come under heavy Swedish influence. Many residents now speak regional variants of Standard Swedish. However, many researchers still consider the dialects in Scania, Halland ({{lang|da|italic=no|Hallandsk}}) and Blekinge ({{lang|da|italic=no|Blekingsk}}) as part of the East Danish dialect group.Niels Åge Nielsen: Dansk dialektantologi. Bind 1: Østdansk og ømål, København 1978Harry Perridon: Dialects and written language in Old Nordic II: Old Danish and Old Swedish, I: Oskar Bandle, Kurt Braunmuller, Ernst Hakon Jahr, Allan Karker, Hans-Peter Naumann og Ulf Teleman: The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages, Berlin 2003, {{ISBN|3-11-014876-5}} The Swedish National Encyclopedia from 1995 classifies Scanian as an Eastern Danish dialect with South Swedish elements.Nationalencyklopedin 1995 Also Bornholmish belongs to the East Danish dialect group. Jutlandic is divided into Southern Jutlandic and Northern Jutlandic, with Northern Jutlandic subdivided into North Jutlandic and West Jutlandic. Insular Danish is divided into Zealand, Funen, {{lang|da|italic=no|Møn}}, and Lolland-Falster dialect areas – each with additional internal variation. The variant of Standard Danish spoken in Southern Schleswig is called South Schleswig Danish, the Danish variant on the Faroe Islands Gøtudanskt. Danish shares many similarities with the Norwegian (Bokmål). Also North Frisian[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/friesisch/friesisch2_page-2.html NDR: Wie bitte? Friesisch? Was ist das denn?] and Gutnish (Gutamål) are influenced by Danish.Bengt Pamp: Svenska dialekter. Natur och Kultur, Stockholm 1978, {{ISBN|91-27-00344-2}}, p. 76
class="wikitable" | |||
scope=col | Jutlandic (Jysk)
! scope=col | Insular Danish (Ømål) ! scope=col | East Danish (Østdansk) ! scope=col | other variants | |||
---|---|---|---|
North Jutlandic (with Eastern and Western Jutlandic) | Zeelandic | Scanian | Southern Schleswig Danish |
South Jutlandic (with Angel Danish) | Funen dialect | Blekinge dialect | Gøtudanskt accent |
Møn dialect | Halland dialect | ||
Lolland-Falster dialect | Bornholm dialect |
{{lang|da|Stød}} and tonal accents
Image:Denmark-stoed.png}} in Danish dialects. Dialects in the pink areas have {{lang|da|stød}}, as in Standard Danish. Dialects in the green areas have tones, as in Swedish and Norwegian. Dialects in the blue areas have neither {{lang|da|stød}} nor tones, as in Icelandic, German, and English.]]
The realization of {{lang|da|stød}} has traditionally been one of the most important isoglosses for classifying geographic dialect areas. There are four main regional variants of {{lang|da|stød}}:
- In Southeastern Jutlandic, Southernmost Funen, Southern Langeland, and {{lang|da|italic=no|Ærø}}, there is no {{lang|da|stød}} but rather a form of pitch accent.
- South of a line ({{lang|da|Stødgrænsen}} 'the {{lang|da|stød}} boundary') going through central South Jutland and crossing Southern Funen and central Langeland and north of Lolland-Falster, {{lang|da|italic=no|Møn}}, Southern Zealand, and Bornholm, there is neither {{lang|da|stød}} nor pitch accent.{{cite web |url= http://dialekt.ku.dk/dialekter/dialekttraek/stoed/ |title=Stød |date=22 April 2015 |language=da |publisher=Center for Dialect Studies, University of Copenhagen}}
- In most of Jutland and Zealand, there is {{lang|da|stød}}.
- In Zealandic traditional dialects and regional language, {{lang|da|stød}} is more frequent than in the standard language.{{sfn|Ejskjær|1990}}
In Zealand, the {{lang|da|stød}} line divides Southern Zealand, without {{lang|da|stød}}, and formerly directly under the Danish crown, from the rest of the island, formerly the property of various noble estates, with {{lang|da|stød}}.
In the dialects with pitch accent, such as the Southern Jutlandic of {{lang|da|italic=no|Als}} ({{lang|da|Synnejysk}}), {{lang|da|stød}} corresponds to a low level tone, and the non-{{lang|da|stød}} syllable in Standard Danish corresponds to a high rising tone:{{sfn|Jespersen|1906|pp=127-128}}
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! Word !! {{lang|da|italic=no|Rigsdansk}} !! {{lang|da|italic=no|Synnejysk}} | ||
{{lang|da|dag}} 'day' | {{IPA|[daˀ]}} | {{IPA|[dàw]}} |
{{lang|da|dage}} 'days' | {{IPA|[daːə]}} | {{IPA|[dǎw]}} |
On Zealand, some traditional dialects have a phenomenon called short-vowel {{lang|da|stød}} ({{lang|da|kortvokalstød}}): some monosyllabic words with a short vowel and a coda consonant cluster have {{lang|da|stød}} when the definite suffix follows: {{lang|da|præst}} {{IPA|[pʁæst]}} 'priest' but {{lang|da|præsten}} {{IPA|[pʁæˀstn̩]}} 'the priest'.{{sfn|Sørensen|2011}}
In Western Jutland, a second {{lang|da|stød}}, more like a preconsonantal glottal stop, occurs in addition to the one of Standard Danish.{{sfn|Basbøll|2005|p=85}} It occurs in different environments, particularly after stressed vowels before final consonant clusters that arise through the elision of final unstressed vowels. For example, the word {{lang|da|trække}} 'to pull', which is /trække/ in Standard Danish, is [tʁæʔk] in Western Jutlandic. Also, the present tense {{lang|da|trækker}}, which is /trækker/ in Standard Danish, is [tʁæʔkə] in Western Jutlandic.{{sfn|Perridon|2009}}{{sfn|Kortlandt|2010}}
References
{{reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{cite book |last=Basbøll |first=Hans |author-link=Hans Basbøll |date=2005 |title=The Phonology of Danish |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-824268-0 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Ejskjær |first=I. |date=1990 |title=Stød and pitch accents in the Danish dialects |journal=Acta Linguistica Hafniensia |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=49–75 |doi=10.1080/03740463.1990.10411522 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Kortlandt |first=F. |date=2010 |title=Vestjysk stød again |journal=Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=29–32 |doi=10.1163/18756719-066001004 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Perridon |first= H. |date=2009 |title=How old is the vestjysk stød? |journal=Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik |volume=65 |pages=5–10 |doi= 10.1163/9789042032118_003 |s2cid= 162213417 }}
- {{cite book |last=Jespersen |first=O. |date=1906 |title=Modersmålets fonetik |language=da |publisher=Schuboth |url=https://archive.org/details/modersmletsfone00jespgoog}}
- {{cite book |last=Sørensen |first=V. |date=2011 |title=Lyd og prosodi i de klassiske danske dialekter |language=da |publisher=Peter Skautrup Centret }}
{{Danish language|state=expanded}}
{{Languages of Denmark}}
{{Germanic languages}}
{{Language varieties}}