:ECTFE

ECTFE (ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) is a polymer known for its chemical resistance, making it suitable for various industrial applications. It is resistant to acids at high concentrations/temperatures, caustic media, oxidizing agents, and many solvents, similar to PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene).{{cite web |title=Halar ECTFE - Precision Fiber Engineering {{!}} Atkins & Pearce |url=http://www.atkinsandpearce.com/manufacturing-solutions/fibers/available-fibers/high-performance-fibers/ectfe/halar/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730195332/http://www.atkinsandpearce.com/manufacturing-solutions/fibers/available-fibers/high-performance-fibers/ectfe/halar/ |archive-date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=Atkins & Pearce}}{{Cite web |title=Halar ECFTE Fluoropolymer Chemical Resistance Data |url=http://www.integument.com/Portals/34/Files/Chemical-Resistance/ectfe.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212200452/http://www.integument.com/Portals/34/Files/Chemical-Resistance/ectfe.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-12 |access-date=2013-12-09 |website=integument.com }} One of the key properties of ECTFE is its permeation resistance to large molecules, which is generally slow and not significant in practical applications. Small molecules, however, may permeate through the polymer matrix. In lining or coating applications using ECTFE, permeability of certain small molecules determines the lifetime of anti-corrosion protection. Small molecules such as H₂O, O₂, Cl₂, H₂S, HCl, HF, HBr, N₂, H₂, and CH₃OH are relatively mobile in the polymer matrix and lead to measurable effects.{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Charles M |date=2001-09-01 |title=Water transport and condensation in fluoropolymer films |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300944001001680 |journal=Progress in Organic Coatings |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=167–178 |doi=10.1016/S0300-9440(01)00168-0 |issn=0300-9440 |url-access=subscription |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}Polymer Handbook, J. Brandrup (Editor), E. H. Immergut (Editor), E. A. Grulke (Editor), Publication Date: May 29, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0471479369}} This permeation resistance is particularly critical in lining and coating applications, where the material is used to protect underlying layers, such as fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) or steel, from corrosive substances. The polymer's resistance to permeation is attributed to the presence of chlorine atoms in the polymer chain, which occupies free volume and restricts the movement of small molecules through the material.

ECTFE finds applications in various industries due to its favorable chemical resistance properties, providing durable and reliable protection in harsh environments.

ECTFE has a continuous usage temperature range between –76°C and +150°C (–105°F to +300°F). It has strong impact resistance and a Young's modulus in the range of 1700 MPa,{{cite web |author= |title=Halar ECTFE |url=http://www.solvayplastics.com/sites/solvayplastics/EN/specialty_polymers/Fluoropolymers_Coatings/Pages/Halar_ECTFE.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707052303/http://www.solvayplastics.com/sites/solvayplastics/EN/specialty_polymers/Fluoropolymers_Coatings/Pages/Halar_ECTFE.aspx |archive-date=2014-07-07 |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=Solvay S.A.}} allowing for self-standing items and pressure piping systems. The polymer maintains high impact strength in cryogenic applications.{{cite book |author=Drobny |first=Jiri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyulhAiqUqoC&q=ECTFE&pg=PA38 |title=Fluoroplastics |publisher=iSmithers Rapra Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84735-007-7 |pages=39}}

In terms of fire resistance, ECTFE shows a limiting oxygen index of 52%.{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=Halar 901 Technical Data Sheet |url=http://catalog.ides.com/Datasheet.aspx?I=92041&FMT=PDF&U=0&CULTURE=en-US&E=36357 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Solvay |format=PDF}} This value places it between the fully fluorinated polymers PTFE, PFA, and FEP with a limiting oxygen index of 95% and other partially fluorinated polymers like PVDF with a limiting oxygen index of 44% or ETFE with a limiting oxygen index of 30%.

ECTFE acts as an electrical insulator, with high resistivity and a low dielectric constant as well as a low dissipation factor, allowing its use for wire and cable primary and secondary jacketing. ECTFE has good ultraviolet (UV) resistance, in particular against UV-A and UV-B. Films made of the polymer can be transparent.{{Cite web |title=Ajedium Films |url=https://www.solvay.com/en/brands/ajedium-films |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.solvay.com |language=en}}{{cite web |title=HALAR thin gauge films Data Sheet |url=http://www.ajedium.com/A01E004_-_HALAR_films_Data_Sheet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213204200/http://www.ajedium.com/A01E004_-_HALAR_films_Data_Sheet.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=ajedium.com }}

ECTFE is applied in several ways:

• By electrostatic powder coating on metal surfaces
• By rotolining on metal surfaces rotolining grade Halar 6012F{{Cite web |date=2014-11-18 |title=Halar 6012F Technical Data Sheet |url=http://catalog.ides.com/Datasheet.aspx?I=92041&FMT=PDF&E=158590 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031547/http://catalog.ides.com/Datasheet.aspx?I=92041&FMT=PDF&E=158590 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Solvay |format=PDF}}
• By sheet lining on metal surface or on FRP (glass fiber, carbon fibers, etc.)
• By extrusion or injection molding of self-standing items, in particular pressure pipes
• By rotomolding of self-standing items like tanks or other shapes (rotomolding grade)
• As a protective film using an adequate adhesive

ECTFE powder is most commonly used in electrostatic powder coating.{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tP-zoIUikc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/7tP-zoIUikc |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Halar, ECTFE, coating applied by Kersten Kunststof(f)coating|date=15 May 2011|work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} Such coatings have a typical thickness of 0.8 mm but can be applied up to 2 mm with a special grade for high build up.{{cite web |title=Oberflächenbeschichtungen – Kunststoffbeschichtungen – Korrosionsschutz und Antihaft :: Hüni GmbH & Co. KG |url=http://www.hueni.de/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=hueni.de |language=de}}{{Incomplete citation|date=June 2023}}{{cite web|url=http://www.adelhelm.de/de/kunststoffbeschichtungen.aspx|title=Adelhelm Kunststoffbeschichtungen, Lohnbeschichter für Antihaft, Antihaftung, Korrosionsschutz, Chemikalienschutz, adcoat, PFA, FEP, PTFE, Medizintechnik|work=adelhelm.de|access-date=2013-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208215306/http://www.adelhelm.de/de/kunststoffbeschichtungen.aspx|archive-date=2014-02-08|url-status=dead}}{{Not in citation|date=June 2023|reason=generic product page}}

Extrusion of ECTFE fabric-backed sheets and subsequent fabrication into vessels, pipes or valves is done in the chemical industry.{{cite web |title=ECTFE Semi Finished Products : Product Catalogue - AGRU |url=http://www.agru.at/en/products/semi-finished-products/product-catalogue/cat/ectfe-semi-finished-products/p/10025%2C100/d/1/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=AGRU}}{{cite web |author= |title=SIMONA, Category: Product group E-CTFE |url=http://products.simona.de/en_GB/$category/25574/Product%20group%20E-CTFE/$menu/automotive_life_science/$root/pvs/$constraint1/38/$hsasr/true/$mainMenu/Umwelttechnik/index.xhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045209/http://products.simona.de/en_GB/$category/25574/Product%20group%20E-CTFE/$menu/automotive_life_science/$root/pvs/$constraint1/38/$hsasr/true/$mainMenu/Umwelttechnik/index.xhtml |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=simona.de}}{{cite web |title=Symalit ECTFE - Quadrant |url=http://www.quadrantplastics.com/en/products/machinable-plastics/lining-materials/symalit-R-ectfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213100408/http://www.quadrantplastics.com/en/products/machinable-plastics/lining-materials/symalit-R-ectfe.html |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2013-12-13 |work=quadrantplastics.com}} Thick sheets are compression molded and can be manufactured to 50 mm in thickness. They are used in the semiconductor industry for wet benches or machining other parts.

The most common application of ECTFE is for corrosion protection, for which it is used in industries including:

• Bleaching towers in pulp and paper{{cite web |date=22 November 2008 |title=Lining Limits Corrosive Reach of Bleach |url=http://www.ien.com/article/lining-limits-corrosive/3650 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201052834/https://www.ien.com/operations/article/21098159/lining-limits-corrosive-reach-of-bleach |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=Industrial Equipment News}}{{Cite web |last1=Argasinski |first1=J. Karol |last2=Bennett |first2=David |year=2011 |title=Halar ECTFE in Pulp & Paper Applications |url=http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Conference-Papers/2011/2011-PEERS-Conference/11PEERS62.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528201922/http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Conference-Papers/2011/2011-PEERS-Conference/11PEERS62.aspx |archive-date=2012-05-28 |access-date=2013-12-13 |work=TAPPI}}
• Sulfuric acid production and storage{{cite web |date= |title=Case Study: E-CTFE-GK{{snd}}the safe solution for organic solvents |url=http://www.simona.de/static/sites/default/de/assets/Informationsmaterial/englisch/case_study_e/PraxisStudie-7-engl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040931/http://www.simona.de/static/sites/default/de/assets/Informationsmaterial/englisch/case_study_e/PraxisStudie-7-engl.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=simona.de}}
• Flue gas treatment{{cite web |author= |title=SIMONA City: SIMONA E-CTFE-GK in Composite System for Chimney Lining |url=http://www.simona-city.de/simona-cases/singleview/article/simonasupRsup-e-ctfe-gk-im-verbundsystem-fuer-eine-kaminauskleidung.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715071656/http://www.simona-city.de/simona-cases/singleview/article/simonasupRsup-e-ctfe-gk-im-verbundsystem-fuer-eine-kaminauskleidung.html |archive-date=2014-07-15 |access-date=2013-12-11 |work=simona-city.de}}{{cite web |title=Concrete protected by AGRU SureGrip - AGRU |url=http://www.agru.at/en/solutions/concrete-protection/concrete-protected-by-agru-suregrip/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609022443/http://www.agru.at/en/solutions/concrete-protection/concrete-protected-by-agru-suregrip/ |archive-date=2017-06-09 |work=AGRU}} in particular in the SNOX and WSA processes
• Electrolysis collectors or drying towers in the chlorine industry
• Transport vessels for hazardous goods, in particular class 8 trucks{{cite web|url=http://www.admorcomposites.fi/materials.html|title=Admor Composites Oy|work=admorcomposites.fi|access-date=2013-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212081252/http://www.admorcomposites.fi/materials.html|archive-date=2013-12-12|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |title=Fluoropolymer Lining Case Studies - Electro Chemical |url=http://electrochemical.net/projects/case-studies |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=electrochemical.net}}{{Cite web |title=Services Offered - Transportation & Logistics - Eldredge Inc. |url=https://www.eldredgeinc.com/services/transportation-logistics/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Eldredge Inc. |language=en}}
• Halogen-related industry (bromine, chlorine, fluorine)
• Acid handling (sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrogen halides, hydrogen sulfide, etc.)
• Mining applications, in particular high pressure heap leaching

ECTFE has been widely used in the semiconductor industry for wet tool and tubing systems for lithographic chemicals.{{cite web |title=ECTFE Industrial Piping System : Product Catalogue - AGRU |url=https://www.agru.at/en/products/industrial-piping-systems/product-catalogue/cat/ectfe-industrial-piping-system-5/p/20010%2C200/d/1/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=AGRU}}{{Cite web |author= |title=LAM ECTFE FM 4910 Listed |url=http://www.laminations.com/industry/industry/all_products_assets/SemiconECTFE.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213100728/http://www.laminations.com/industry/industry/all_products_assets/SemiconECTFE.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2013-12-13 |website=LAMCORR Division of Laminations, Inc }}

It is also used in the pharmaceutical industry.{{Cite web |title=Complete ECTFE piping system in vaccine production - AGRU |url=http://www.agru.at/en/solutions/industrial/complete-ectfe-piping-system-in-vaccine-production/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124193236/http://www.agru.at/en/solutions/industrial/complete-ectfe-piping-system-in-vaccine-production/ |archive-date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2013-12-11 |website=AGRU}}{{cite web |title=Case Study: Pharmaceutical gas scrubbing |url=http://www.ergapc.co.uk/downloads/ERGNovartisCSLowres.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211213/https://www.ergapc.co.uk/downloads/ERGNovartisCSLowres.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |website=ERG Air Pollution Control }}{{cite web |title=Plume suppression, reactor off gases, thermal oxidation, chemical and pharmaceutical case studies |url=http://www.ergapc.co.uk/chem_pharm.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506152444/http://www.ergapc.co.uk/chem_pharm.htm |archive-date=2018-05-06 |work=ERG Air Pollution Control}}

ECTFE is used for primary and secondary jacketing in specialty cables like data cables or self-regulating heating cables, applications where good fire resistance and electrical properties are key properties. It is also used for braiding in that field.{{cite web |title=Braid Halar (HT) Self Extinguishing 11mm ethylene chlorotriflouroethylene (ECTFE) copolymer monofilament, Nominal 1/8 (3.17mm), Expands 3/32-1/4 (2.38-6.35mm), Colour Black with White tracer |url=http://www.dtl-connectors.co.uk/store/htn013tb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214152125/http://www.dtl-connectors.co.uk/store/htn013tb.html |archive-date=2013-12-14 |access-date=2013-12-10 |work=DTL Connectors Online}}{{cite web |title=Flexo - Halar |url=https://www.techflex.com/advanced-engineering/flexo-halar |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=techflex.com}}

ECTFE in the form of a monofilament fiber is used in flue gas treatment and in certain chemical processes.

Unlike PTFE, ECTFE can be crimped,{{Cite web |title=ECTFE - Introduction |url=https://www.swicofil.com/commerce/products/ectfe/306/introduction |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=www.swicofil.com}} which allows its production in the form of nonwoven fibers with high surface area and porosity.{{Cite journal |last1=Ursino |first1=C. |last2=Ounifi |first2=I. |last3=Di Nicolò |first3=E. |last4=Cheng |first4=X. Q. |last5=Shao |first5=L. |last6=Zhang |first6=Y. |last7=Drioli |first7=E. |last8=Criscuoli |first8=A. |last9=Figoli |first9=A. |date=2021-03-15 |title=Development of non-woven fabric-based ECTFE membranes for direct contact membrane distillation application |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420315575 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=500 |page=114879 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114879 |bibcode=2021Desal.50014879U |issn=0011-9164 |s2cid=230599516 |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }} Even though such material has low chemical reactivity, ECTFE in general has somewhat lower chemical resistance compared to PTFE.https://www.rct-online.de/en/RctBestaendigkeitsliste Retrieved 2024-11-12.

ECTFE is used for manufacturing gaskets to store liquid oxygen and other propellants for aerospace applications.{{Cite web |date=2014-10-01 |title=Understanding ECTFE Industrial Coatings |url=https://toefco.com/understanding-ectfe-coatings/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Toefco |language=en-US}}

• BS 4994 ECTFE as a thermoplastic lining for dual laminate chemical process plant equipment
• RTP-1 ECTFE as a thermoplastic lining for dual laminate ASME stamped vessels

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Category:Plastics

Category:Fluoropolymers

Category:Copolymers

Category:Thermoplastics