:Frank Kenneth Goward
{{Short description|Nuclear Scientist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = Frank Kenneth Goward in Amsterdam on 4 October 1952 (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year|1919}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1954|3| |1919}}
| nationality = British
| fields = Aerial technology, particle acceleration
| workplaces = Telecommunications Research Establishment
CERN
}}
Frank Kenneth Goward (1919 – March 1954) was an English scientist, specialized on aerial technologies and particle accelerator development.[https://mraths.org.uk/?page_id=525 Malvern Radar and Technology History Society: 1946 – World’s First Atom Smasher ] Retrieved on 07 August 2018
Early career
During World War II, Goward worked as a specialist on antenna technologies at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) at Malvern in England. After the war had ended, the focus of his research shifted to new ways to accelerate particles. During 1946, he used a converted betatron from the American accelerator pioneer Donald William Kerst to demonstrate the first synchrotron acceleration of electrons to 8 MeV at Woolwich Arsenal.[http://nature.com/articles/158413a0.pdf F.K. Goward and D. E. Barnes: Nature 158 (1946) page 413] Retrieved on 07 August 2018 After that, the machine was moved to Malvern, where it was improved further. This work culminated in October 1947, when Goward and his team managed to obtain a stable beam, thus creating the first fully operational synchrotron.
Work for CERN
File:Third session of the provisional CERN council in Amsterdam on 4 October 1952.jpg
After TRE's research focus shifted away from synchrotron accelerators in 1950, Goward started to become interested in the idea of a joint European research facility that would focus on the peaceful exploitation of nuclear physics, which would later become CERN. Although United Kingdom (U.K.) government officials were very averse to this idea at the beginning, leading scientists of the country tried to encourage an involvement of the U. K. in this venture. Among these was John Cockcroft, who sent Goward as an observer to the first planning meetings in 1951.{{cite book |url = https://application.wiley-vch.de/books/sample/3527333983_c01.pdf | author=Michael Krause | title=Wo Menschen und Teilchen aufeinanderstossen | year= 2013 |publisher= Viley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA |isbn= 978-3527333981 |language=de |trans-title=Where people and particles collide}}
{{cite book |title= 20th Century Physics: Essays and Recollections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4UIf-2lNToC&q=goward&pg=PA729 |publisher= World Scientific|page= 729|isbn=978-9810223694 |author= Edoardo Amaldi |year= 1998}} At the first session of the provisional CERN council in May 1952, Goward was elected deputy director of the study group which was in charge of studies and investigations about the future Proton Synchrotron (PS), a novel accelerator that would reach energies of up to 10 GeV. The director of the study group was the Norwegian Odd Dahl.[http://library.cern/archives/history_CERN/internal_organisation/PS CERN Archives: Proton Synchrotron Division] Retrieved on 07 August 2018
With the initial PS group, Goward developed ideas and techniques to build CERN's first synchrotron. This work got a defining boost when Goward, together with his colleagues Odd Dahl and Rolf Widerøe, visited Brookhaven National Lab in the United States. There, they learned about the newly developed alternating-gradient principle.[https://cds.cern.ch/record/1331524?ln=en CERN Document Server | E. J. N. Wilson: Sir John Adams: his legacy to the world of particle accelerators] Retrieved on 07 August 2018 In the fall of 1953, Goward moved to Geneva permanently and became the project leader of the PS group, assembling a team to build the machine. Soon after, he became seriously ill, which forced him to return to England. He died in March 1954. John Adams, who would later become Director General of CERN, was Goward's successor as leader of the PS group.
In honour of Frank Goward, a street at CERN's main campus in Meyrin is named after him. (See list of streets at CERN).
Further reading
- [https://www.nature.com/articles/158413a0.pdf F.K. Goward and D. E. Barnes, Experimental 8 MeV Synchrotron for Electron Acceleration, Nature 158, p. 413, 1946.]
- [https://cds.cern.ch/record/1225172?ln=de F.K Goward, Review of principles leading to design of CERN proton synchrotron, Published on CERN Document Server] At the Conference on the Theory and Design of an Alternating-Gradient Proton Synchrotron, Geneva, Switzerland, 26 - 28 Oct 1953, pp. 19–43