:Glenn Curtiss

{{Short description|American aviator and industrialist (1878–1930)}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Glenn Curtiss

| image = Glenn Curtiss - 1909 (cropped).jpg

| image_size =

| caption = Glenn Curtiss {{circa |1909}}

| birth_name = Glenn Hammond Curtiss

| birth_date = May 21, 1878

| birth_place = Hammondsport, New York, US

| death_date = {{death date and age|1930|07|23|1878|05|21|mf=y}}

| death_place = Buffalo, New York, US

| occupation = Aviator
Company director

| known for = Bicycle racing
Motorcycle racing
Air racing
Naval aviation
Flying boats
Transatlantic flight
Founder of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company

| spouse = Lena Pearl Neff (March 7, 1898 – until his death)

| children = 2

}}

Glenn Hammond Curtiss (May 21, 1878 – July 23, 1930) was an American aviation and motorcycling pioneer, and a founder of the U.S. aircraft industry. He began his career as a bicycle racer and builder before moving on to motorcycles. As early as 1904, he began to manufacture engines for airships. In 1908, Curtiss joined the Aerial Experiment Association, a pioneering research group, founded by Alexander Graham Bell at Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, to build flying machines.

Curtiss won a race at the world's first international air meet in France and made the first long-distance flight in the U.S. His contributions in designing and building aircraft led to the formation of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, which later merged into the Curtiss-Wright Corporation. His company built aircraft for the U.S. Army and Navy, and, during the years leading up to World War I, his experiments with seaplanes led to advances in naval aviation. Curtiss civil and military aircraft were some of the most important types in the interwar and World War II eras.

Birth and early career

Glenn Curtiss was born in 1878 in Hammondsport, New York, situated on the southern tip of Keuka Lake, one of the Finger Lakes in New York. His mother was Lua Curtiss née Andrews and his father was Frank Richmond Curtiss a harness maker who had arrived in Hammondsport with Glenn's grandparents in 1876. Glenn's paternal grandparents were Claudius G. Curtiss, a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, and Ruth Bramble. Glenn Curtiss had a younger sister, Rutha Luella, also born in Hammondsport.{{cite web |title=The Story of Glenn Hammond Curtiss - Part 1 |url=http://curtissmansion.com/the-story-of-glenn-hammond-curtiss-part-1/ |website=The Curtiss Mansion and Gardens |access-date=March 3, 2020 |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815043829/https://curtissmansion.com/the-story-of-glenn-hammond-curtiss-part-1/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Roger B |title=Planes, Trailers and Automobiles - The Land Yachts of Glenn Curtiss |journal=Automobile Quarterly |date=January 1994 |volume=32 |issue=3 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsnXUcRfqTsC&q=glenn+curtiss+father+harness+maker&pg=PA33 |access-date=March 4, 2020 |publisher=Automobile Heritage Publishing & Co |isbn=9781596139268 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118010509/https://books.google.com/books?id=zsnXUcRfqTsC&q=glenn+curtiss+father+harness+maker&pg=PA33 |url-status=live }}

{{anchor|Stencil machine}}Although his formal education extended only to eighth grade, his early interest in mechanics and inventions was evident at his first job at the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company (later Eastman Kodak Company) in Rochester, New York.Roseberry 1972, p. 10. His job at the factory was to stencil numbers on the paper backing of the film manufactured by the company. He figured out how to speed up the process of stenciling and built a "stencil machine": a rack with a brush on a hinge which would stencil one hundred paper strips with a single stroke of the brush. This improved his throughput ten times, and eventually the company adopted his invention.C. R. Roseberry, Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight, 1991, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vGA_XKpuVNsC&pg=PA10 p. 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501180000/https://books.google.com/books?id=vGA_XKpuVNsC&pg=PA10 |date=May 1, 2024 }}

He also built a rudimentary camera to study photography.

Marriage and family

On March 7, 1898, Curtiss married Lena Pearl Neff (1879–1951), daughter of Guy L. Neff and Jenny M. Potter, in Hammondsport, New York. They had two children:

Carlton N. Curtiss (1901–1902) and

Glenn Hammond Curtiss (1912–1969)

Bicycles and motorcycles

File:Glenn Curtiss on his V-8 motorcycle, Ormond Beach, Florida 1907.jpg in 1907]]

Curtiss began his career as a Western Union bicycle messenger, a bicycle racer, and bicycle-shop owner. In 1901, he developed an interest in motorcycles when internal-combustion engines became more available. In 1902, Curtiss began manufacturing motorcycles with his own single-cylinder engines. His first motorcycle's carburetor was adapted from a tomato soup can containing a gauze screen to pull the gasoline up by capillary action.Post, August. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OnoAAAAAYAAJ&q=tomato+curtiss&pg=PA13 "The Evolution of a Flying-Man"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021030644/https://books.google.com/books?id=OnoAAAAAYAAJ&q=tomato+curtiss&pg=PA13 |date=October 21, 2023 }}, The Century: A Popular Quarterly, Volume 81, 1911, pp. 13–14. Retrieved: July 20, 2010.Curtiss, Glenn Hammond and August Post. [https://books.google.com/books?id=X_sJAAAAIAAJ&dq=tomato&pg=PA16 The Curtiss Aviation Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021030646/https://books.google.com/books?id=X_sJAAAAIAAJ&dq=tomato&pg=PA16 |date=October 21, 2023 }}. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1912 (reprint). {{ISBN|0-559-64105-2}}. Retrieved: July 20, 2010.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pycDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA130 "Glenn Curtiss"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118010509/https://books.google.com/books?id=pycDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA130 |date=January 18, 2023 }}. Popular Science, March 1927, p. 130. ISSN 0161-7370. In 1903, he set a motorcycle land speed record at {{convert|64|mph|km/h}} for one mile (1.6 km). When E.H. Corson of the Hendee Mfg Co (manufacturers of Indian motorcycles) visited Hammondsport in July 1904, he was amazed that the entire Curtiss motorcycle enterprise was located in the back room of the modest "shop". Corson's motorcycles had just been trounced the week before by "Hell Rider" Curtiss in an endurance race from New York to Cambridge, Maryland.Harvey 2005, p. 254.

On January 24, 1907,Scientific American, Volume 96, Number 6, February 1907, p. 128 Curtiss set an unofficial world record of {{convert|136.36|mph|km/h}}, on a {{convert|40|hp|kW}} {{convert|269|cuin|cc|abbr=on}} V-8-powered motorcycle of his own design and construction in Ormond Beach, Florida.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} The air-cooled F-head engine was intended for use in aircraft.House 2003, p. 40. He remained "the fastest man in the world", the title the newspapers gave him, until 1911,Roseberry 1972, p. 57. and his motorcycle record was not broken until 1930. This motorcycle is now in the Smithsonian Institution.[http://www.nasm.si.edu/imageDetail.cfm?imageID=1553 "Curtiss V-8 Motorcycle"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906140855/http://www.nasm.si.edu/imagedetail.cfm?imageID=1553 |date=September 6, 2010 }} Smithsonian Air and Space Museum Collections. Retrieved: February 24, 2011. Curtiss's success at racing strengthened his reputation as a leading maker of high-performance motorcycles and engines.Hatch 2007, p. 36.

Aviation pioneer

= Curtiss, motor expert =

In 1904, Curtiss became a supplier of engines for the California "aeronaut" Tom Baldwin, who inspired Curtiss to pursue aviation. In that same year, Baldwin's California Arrow, powered by a Curtiss 9 HP V-twin motorcycle engine, became the first successful dirigible in America.Roseberry 1972, p. 41.

In 1907, Alexander Graham Bell invited Curtiss to develop a suitable engine for heavier-than-air flight experimentation. Bell regarded Curtiss as "the greatest motor expert in the country"Roseberry 1972, p. 71. and invited Curtiss to join his Aerial Experiment Association (AEA).

= AEA aircraft experiments =

File:Curtiss june bug.jpg

Between 1908 and 1910, the AEA produced four aircraft, each one an improvement over the last. Curtiss primarily designed the AEA's third aircraft, Aerodrome #3, the famous June Bug, and became its test pilot, undertaking most of the proving flights. On July 4, 1908, he flew {{convert|5080|ft|m|abbr=on}} to win the Scientific American Trophy and its $2,500 prize.[http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Curtiss/EX3.htm "Glenn H. Curtiss"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530135141/https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Curtiss/EX3.htm |date=May 30, 2023 }}. centennialofflight.net, 2003. Retrieved: July 20, 2009. This is considered to be the first pre-announced public flight of a heavier-than-air flying machine in America. The flight of the June Bug propelled Curtiss and aviation firmly into public awareness. On June 8, 1911, Curtiss received U.S. Pilot's License #1 from the Aero Club of America, because the first batch of licenses were issued in alphabetical order; Wilbur Wright received license #5. At the culmination of the Aerial Experiment Association's experiments, Curtiss offered to purchase the rights to Aerodrome #3, essentially using it as the basis of his Curtiss No. 1, the first of his production series of pusher aircraft.Casey 1981, p. 38.

= The pre-war years =

== Aviation competitions ==

After a 1909 fall-out with the AEA, Curtiss joined with A. M. Herring (and backers from the Aero Club of America) to found the Herring-Curtiss Company in Hammondsport.{{Cite news|date=March 4, 1909|title=Aeroplane Factory for This Country|page=9|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/03/04/101868767.pdf|access-date=November 11, 2021|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121194529/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/03/04/101868767.pdf|url-status=live}} During the 1909–1910 period, Curtiss employed a number of demonstration pilots, including Eugene Ely, Charles K. Hamilton, J.A.D. McCurdy,Carroll Grey 2013, [http://www.lincolnbeachey.com/cicart.html "Cicero Flying Field"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060201033220/http://www.lincolnbeachey.com/cicart.html |date=February 1, 2006 }} Augustus Post, and Hugh Robinson. Aerial competitions and demonstration flights across North America helped to introduce aviation to a curious public; Curtiss took full advantage of these occasions to promote his products.Casey 1981, pp. 65–67. This was a busy period for Glenn Curtiss.

File:Curtiss_France.jpg of the Grande Semaine d'Aviation, 1909]]

In August 1909, Curtiss took part in the Grande Semaine d'Aviation aviation meeting at Reims, France, organized by the Aéro-Club de France. The Wrights, who were selling their machines to customers in Germany at the time, decided not to compete in person. Two Wright aircraft (modified with a landing gear) were at the meet, but they did not win any events. On August 28, 1909, flying his No. 2 biplane, Curtiss won the overall speed event, the Gordon Bennett Cup, completing the 20-km (12.5-mile) course in just under 16 minutes at a speed of {{convert|46.5|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, six seconds faster than runner-up Louis Blériot.{{#tag:ref|Curtiss was awarded French pilot's license No. 2 as a tribute to his Gordon Bennett Cup victory.Roseberry 1972, p. 320. Blériot held No. 1 and Leon Delagrange No. 3, as the first 16 certificates of the Aero Club de France were retrospectively numbered on December 4, 1909, in alphabetical order.[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1952/1952%20-%200057.html "Forty-eight Years Back; Some Notable Aviation Anniversaries: Recollections of the Early Certificate-holders"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113134147/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1952/1952%20-%200057.html |date=November 13, 2013 }}. Flight, January 4, 1952.|group=N}}Casey 1981, p. 50.

On May 29, 1910, Curtiss flew from Albany to New York City to make the first long-distance flight between two major cities in the U.S. For this {{convert|137|mi|km|adj=on}} flight, which he completed in just under four hours including one stop to refuel, he won a $10,000 prize offered by publisher Joseph Pulitzer and was awarded permanent possession of the Scientific American Trophy.Roseberry, 1991, pp. 139, 207, 278Molson, 1995, p. 4Mitchell, 2001, p. 7

In June 1910, Curtiss provided a simulated bombing demonstration to naval officers at Hammondsport. Two months later, Lt. Jacob E. Fickel demonstrated the feasibility of shooting at targets on the ground from an aircraft with Curtiss serving as pilot. One month later, in September, he trained Blanche Stuart Scott, who was possibly the first American woman pilot. The fictional character Tom Swift, who first appeared in 1910 in Tom Swift and His Motor Cycle and Tom Swift and His Airship, has been said to have been based on Glenn Curtiss.Dizer 1982, p. 35. The Tom Swift books are set in a small town on a lake in upstate New York.Karenko, J. P. [http://www.tomswift.info/homepage/mcycle.html "Tom Swift and his Motorcycle"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829055950/http://www.tomswift.info/homepage/mcycle.html |date=August 29, 2009 }}. tomswift.info, August 1, 2006. Retrieved: September 8, 2009.

= Patent dispute =

A patent lawsuit by the Wright brothers against Curtiss in 1909 continued until it was resolved during World War I. Since the last Wright aircraft, the Wright Model L, was a single prototype of a "scouting" aircraft, made in 1916, the U.S. government, desperately short of combat aircraft, pressured both firms to resolve the dispute. Of nine suits Wright brought against Curtiss and others and the three suits brought against them, the Wright Brothers eventually won every case in courts in the United States.{{Cite book|last=McCullough|first=David|title=The Wright Brothers|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4767-2875-9|location=United States|pages=255}}

= Naval aviation =

File:First airplane takeoff from a warship.jpg

On November 14, 1910, Curtiss demonstration pilot Eugene Ely took off from a temporary platform mounted on the forward deck of the cruiser USS Birmingham. His successful takeoff and ensuing flight to shore marked the beginning of a relationship between Curtiss and the Navy that remained significant for decades.Curtiss, 1922, pp. 117-118

At the end of 1910, Curtiss established a winter encampment at San Diego to teach flying to Army and Naval personnel, effectively the first military aviation school. His trainees included Lt. Theodore Ellyson, who became U.S. Naval Aviator #1, and three Army officers, 1st Lt. Paul W. Beck, 2nd Lt. George E. M. Kelly, and 2nd Lt. John C. Walker Jr.,Mitchell, 2001, pp. 62, 66, 68 and 1912 graduate Chikuhei Nakajima, founder of Nakajima Aircraft Company. The original site of this winter encampment is now part of Naval Air Station North Island and is referred to by the Navy as "The Birthplace of Naval Aviation".

Through the course of that winter, Curtiss was able to develop a float (pontoon) design that enabled him to take off and land on water. On January 26, 1911, he flew the first seaplane from the water in the United States.Roseberry 1972, p. 314. Demonstrations of this advanced design were of great interest to the Navy, but more significant, as far as the Navy was concerned, was Eugene Ely successfully landing his Curtiss pusher (the same aircraft used to take off from the Birmingham) on a makeshift platform mounted on the rear deck of the battleship USS Pennsylvania. This was the first arrester-cable landing on a ship and the precursor of modern-day carrier operations. On January 28, 1911, Ellyson took off in a Curtiss "grass cutter" to become the first Naval aviator.Curtiss, 1922, p. 241

File:Aero and Hydro cover 14 March 1914.jpg

Curtiss custom built floats and adapted them onto a Model D so it could take off and land on water to prove the concept. On February 24, 1911, Curtiss made his first amphibious demonstration at North Island by taking off and alighting on both land and water. Back in Hammondsport, six months later in July 1911, Curtiss sold the U.S. Navy their first aircraft, the A-1 Triad. The A-1, which was primarily a seaplane, was equipped with retractable wheels, also making it the first amphibious aircraft. Curtiss trained the Navy's first pilots and built their first aircraft. For this, he is considered in the US to be "The Father of Naval Aviation". The Triad was immediately recognized as so obviously useful, it was purchased by the U.S. Navy, Russia, Japan, Germany, and Britain. Curtiss won the Collier Trophy for designing this aircraft.[http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Aerospace/Curtiss/Aero2.htm "The Curtiss Company"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002172431/http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Aerospace/Curtiss/Aero2.htm |date=October 2, 2018 }}. US Centennial of Flight Commemoration, 2003. Retrieved: January 28, 2011.{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38807003/the_baltimore_sun/|title=Taft Believes in Aeroplanes; Other "Bird" News|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|location=Baltimore, Maryland|date=February 4, 1912|page=15|via=newspapers.com|access-date=November 11, 2019|archive-date=November 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111070041/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38807003/the_baltimore_sun/|url-status=live}}

Henry Kleckler, considered Curtiss' "right hand man", and a "master innovator and mechanic", was also a native of Hammondsport and worked with Curtiss in developing more efficient engines for the "flying boats" pioneered and developed by Curtiss.Mitchell, 2001, p. 121Casey, 1981, p. 125

Around this time, Curtiss met retired British naval officer John Cyril Porte, who was looking for a partner to produce an aircraft with him to win the Daily Mail prize for the first transatlantic crossing. In 1912, Curtiss produced the two-seat Flying Fish, a larger craft that became classified as a flying boat because the hull sat in the water; it featured an innovative notch (known as a "step") in the hull that Porte recommended for breaking clear of the water at takeoff. Curtiss correctly surmised that this configuration was more suited to building a larger long-distance craft that could operate from water, and was also more stable when operating from a choppy surface. With the backing of Rodman Wanamaker, Porte and Curtiss produced the America in 1914, a larger flying boat with two engines, for the transatlantic crossing.{{cite web|title=Hammondsport, N.Y. Launching of Rodman Wanamaker's trans-Atlantic flyer 'America'|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/launching-of-america/query/Curtiss+America|website=British Pathé|access-date=February 15, 2018|date=June 22, 1914|archive-date=February 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075359/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/launching-of-america/query/Curtiss+America|url-status=live}}

World War I and later

= World War I =

With the start of World War I, Porte returned to service in the Royal Navy, which subsequently purchased several models of the America, now called the H-4, from Curtiss. Porte licensed and further developed the designs, constructing a range of Felixstowe long-range patrol aircraft, and from his experience passed along improvements to the hull to Curtiss. The later British designs were sold to the U.S. forces, or built by Curtiss as the F5L. The Curtiss factory also built a total of 68 "Large Americas", which evolved into the H-12, the only American designed and built aircraft to see combat in World War I.Molson, 1995, pp. 5, 33Mitchell2001, pp. 94Roseberry, 1991, pp. 380, 411

File:Flying jenny cropped.jpg

As 1916 approached, the United States was feared to be drawn into the conflict. The Army's Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps ordered the development of a simple, easy-to-fly-and-maintain, two-seat trainer. Curtiss created the JN-4 "Jenny" for the Army, and the N-9 seaplane version for the Navy, designed as a trainer. They were some of the most famous products of the Curtiss company, and thousands were sold to the militaries of the United States, Canada, and Britain. Civilian and military aircraft demand boomed, and the company grew to employ 18,000 workers in Buffalo and 3,000 workers in Hammondsport.Mitchell, 2001, p. 80Roseberry, 1991, pp. 395-397

In 1917, the U.S. Navy commissioned Curtiss to design a long-range, four-engined flying boat large enough to hold a crew of five, which became known as the Curtiss NC. Three of the four NC flying boats built attempted a transatlantic crossing in 1919. Thus NC-4 became the first aircraft to be flown across the Atlantic Ocean, (a feat quickly overshadowed by the first non-stop Atlantic crossing by Alcock and Brown,) while NC-1 and NC-3 were unable to continue past the Azores. NC-4 is now on permanent display in the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.

= Post-World War I =

Peace brought cancellation of wartime contracts. In September 1920, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company underwent a financial reorganization. Glenn Curtiss cashed out his stock in the company for $32 million and retired to Florida.Rosenberry 1972, p. 429. He continued on as a director of the company, but served only as an adviser on design. Clement M. Keys gained control of the company, which later became the nucleus of a large group of aviation companies.Studer 1937, p. 352.

= Later years =

File:TIMEMagazine13Oct1924.jpg cover, October 13, 1924]]

Curtiss and his family moved to Florida in the 1920s, where he founded 18 corporations, served on civic commissions, and donated extensive land and water rights. He co-developed the city of Hialeah with James Bright and developed the cities of Opa-locka and Miami Springs, where he built a family home, known variously as the Miami Springs Villas House, Dar-Err-Aha, MSTR No. 2, or Glenn Curtiss House.[http://www.aviation-history.com/early/curtiss.htm "The Life and Times of Glenn Hammond Curtiss"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210131412/http://aviation-history.com/early/curtiss.htm |date=December 10, 2017 }}. aviation-history.com. Retrieved: July 20, 2010. The Glenn Curtiss House, after years of disrepair and frequent vandalism, is being refurbished to serve as a museum in his honor.[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/aviation/gle.htm "The Glenn Curtiss House"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218140632/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/aviation/gle.htm |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. via nps.gov. Retrieved: July 20, 2010.

His frequent hunting trips into the Florida Everglades led to a final invention, the Adams Motor "Bungalo", a forerunner of the modern recreational vehicle trailer (named after his business partner and half-brother, G. Carl Adams). Curtiss later developed this into a larger, more elaborate fifth-wheel vehicle, which he manufactured and sold under the name Aerocar. Shortly before his death, he designed a tailless aircraft with a V-shaped wing and tricycle landing gear that he hoped could be sold in the price range of a family car.[https://books.google.com/books?id=9ycDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+motor+gun+boat&pg=PA55 "V-Shaped Plane Has Low Landing Speed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021030649/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ycDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+motor+gun+boat&pg=PA55 |date=October 21, 2023 }}. Popular Science, March 1931.

The Wright Aeronautical Corporation, a successor to the original Wright Company, ultimately merged with the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company on July 5, 1929, forming the Curtiss-Wright company, shortly before Curtiss's death.

Controversies

Curtiss, working with the head of the Smithsonian Institution Charles Walcott, sought to discredit the Wrights and rehabilitate the reputation of Samuel Langley, a former head of the Smithsonian, who failed in his attempt at powered flight. Secretly, Curtiss extensively modified Langley's 1903 aerodrome (aircraft) then demonstrated in 1914 that it could fly. In turn, the Smithsonian endorsed the false statement that "Professor Samuel P. Langley had actually designed and built the first man-carrying flying machine capable of sustained flight." Walcott ordered the plane modified by Curtiss to be returned to its original 1903 condition before going on display at the Smithsonian to cover up the deception. In 1928 the Smithsonian Board of Regents reversed its position and acknowledged that the Wright Brothers deserved the credit for the first flight.{{Cite book|last=McCullough|first=David|title=The Wright Brothers|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4767-2874-2|location=United States|pages=259}}{{Cite web|last=The Smithsonian Institution|first=National Air and Space Museum|date=2020|title=The Wright-Smithsonian Feud: The Wright Flyer: From Invention to Icon|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/icon/feud.cfm|website=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|access-date=November 27, 2020|archive-date=November 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118063845/https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/icon/feud.cfm|url-status=live}}

File:Glenn curtiss.jpg

Death

Traveling to Rochester to contest a lawsuit brought by former business partner August Herring, Curtiss suffered an attack of appendicitis in court. He died on July 23, 1930, in Buffalo, New York, of complications from an appendectomy. His funeral service was held at St. James Episcopal Church in his home town, Hammondsport, with interment in the family plot at Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Hammondsport.Champlin, 1989, pp. 122-123

Awards and honors

By an act of Congress on March 1, 1933, Curtiss was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, which now resides in the Smithsonian Institution. Curtiss was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1964, the International Aerospace Hall of Fame in 1965,Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-57864-397-4}}. the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1990,[http://www.mshf.com/hall-of-fame/inductees/glenn-curtiss.html Glenn Curtiss] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002190517/http://www.mshf.com/hall-of-fame/inductees/glenn-curtiss.html |date=October 2, 2019 }} at the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998,{{mhof|153}} and the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2003. The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum has a collection of Curtiss's original documents[http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/arch/findaids/pdf/Glenn_H_Curtiss_Collection_Finding_Aid.pdf "Glenn H. Curtiss Collection"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408221731/http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/arch/findaids/pdf/Glenn_H_Curtiss_Collection_Finding_Aid.pdf |date=April 8, 2010 }}. National Air and Space Museum – Documents. Retrieved: April 23, 2011. as well as a collection of airplanes, motorcycles and motors.[http://blog.nasm.si.edu/aviation/saving-jenny/ "Glenn H. Curtiss Collection"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203214453/http://blog.nasm.si.edu/aviation/saving-jenny/ |date=February 3, 2014 }} National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: January 28, 2014. LaGuardia Airport was originally called Glenn H. Curtiss Airport when it began operation in 1929.

File:1913 Langley Medal awarded to Glenn Hammond Curtiss.jpg
awarded to Glenn Curtiss]]

Other Curtiss honors include: Naval Aviation Hall of Honor; OX-5 Aviation Pioneers Hall of Fame; Empire State Aviation Hall of Fame; Niagara Frontier Aviation and Space Hall of Fame; International Air & Space Hall of Fame; Long Island Air & Space Hall of Fame; Great Floridians 2000; Steuben County (NY) Hall of Fame; Hammondsport School Lifetime Achievements Wall of Fame; Florida Aviation Hall of Fame; Smithsonian Institution Langley Medal; Top 100 Stars of Aerospace and Aviation; Doctor of Science (honoris causa), University of Miami.House, Kirk, "Glenn Curtiss -- Hall of Fame Guy" Steuben Echoes 42:3, August 2016

The Glenn H. Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport is dedicated to Curtiss' life and work.

Curtiss' famed airplane appeared on a 1918 issue U. S. airmail stamp. along with fifteen other US airmail stamps, (including the first air mail stamps), and on the stamps of at least 17 other countries.House, Kirk, "Curtiss Airplanes on American Stamps", Steuben Echoes 45:1 February 2019 Curtiss himself appeared on the cover of Time in 1924.

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| File:US stamp 1918 24c Curtiss Jenny -C3.jpg]]

| File:Naval Aviation, 4c, 1961 issue.jpg

There is a Curtiss Avenue in Hammondsport, NY, along with the Glenn Curtiss Elementary School. Carson, CA has Glenn Hammond Curtiss Middle School and Glenn Curtiss Street. Glenn H. Curtiss Road is in San Diego, CA, and Glenn Curtiss Boulevard in East Meadow/Uniondale, NY (Long Island). Glenn Curtiss Drive is in Addison, TX, and Curtiss Parkway in Miami Springs, FL. Buffalo, NY has a Curtiss Park and a Curtis Parkway (named for Glenn despite the incorrect spelling). The Curtiss E-Library in Hialeah, FL was originally the Lua A. Curtiss Branch Library, named for Glenn's mother.House, Kirk, "Steuben County People on the Maps of two Worlds", Steuben Echoes 44:4, November 2018.

Timeline

1878 Birth in Hammondsport, New York
1898 Marriage
1900 Manufactures Hercules bicycles
1901 Motorcycle designer and racer
1903 American motorcycle champion
1903 Unofficial one-mile motorcycle land speed record {{convert|64|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on Hercules V8 at Yonkers, New YorkHouse 2003, pp. 31–32.
1904 Thomas Scott Baldwin mounts Curtiss motorcycle engine on a hydrogen-filled dirigible
1904 Set 10-mile world speed record{{cite web |title=History |url=https://curtissmotorcycles.com/history/ |website=Curtiss Motorcycles |access-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105154551/https://curtissmotorcycles.com/history/ |url-status=live }}
1904 Invented handlebar throttle control;[http://www.nationalaviation.org/curtiss-glenn/ "Glenn Curtiss"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805130739/http://www.nationalaviation.org/curtiss-glenn/ |date=August 5, 2011 }}. nationalaviation.org. Retrieved: May 30, 2011. also credited to the 1867–1869 Roper steam velocipedeJohnson, Paul F. [http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_271.html "Roper Steam Velocipede".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407224842/http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_271.html |date=April 7, 2011 }} National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved: May 30, 2011.Girdler, Allan. "First Fired, First Forgotten". Cycle World (Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.), Volume 37, Issue 2, February 1998, pp. 62–70. ISSN 0011-4286.
1905 Created G.H. Curtiss Manufacturing Company, Inc.
1906 Curtiss writes the Wright brothers offering them an aeronautical motor
1907 Curtiss joins Alexander Graham Bell in experimenting in aircraft
1907 Set world motorcycle land speed record of {{convert|77.6|mi/h|km/h|1|abbr=on}}de Cet 2003, p. 116.
1907 Set world motorcycle land speed record at {{convert|136.36|mi/h|km/h|2|abbr=on}} in his V8 motorcycle in Ormond Beach, Florida
1908 First Army dirigible flight with Curtiss as flight engineer
1908 One of several claimants for the first flight of a powered aircraft controlled by ailerons (manned glider flights with ailerons having been accomplished in 1904, unmanned flights even earlier)Parkin, John H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZBTAAAAMAAJ Bell and Baldwin: Their Development of Aerodromes and Hydrodromes at Baddeck, Nova Scotia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021030646/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZBTAAAAMAAJ |date=October 21, 2023 }}, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964, pg. 65.Ransom, Sylvia and Jeff, James. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801000000*/http://schools.bibb.k12.ga.us/166120913744293/lib/166120913744293/_files/Ch_1-4_CR.ppt |date=August 1, 2011 |title=World Power }} Bibb County, Georgia, U.S.: Bibb County School District. April 2002, pp. 106-107.
1908 Lead designer and pilot of "June Bug" on July 4
1909 Sale of Curtiss's "Golden Flyer" to the New York Aeronautic Society for US$5,000.00, marks the first sale of any aircraft in the U.S., triggers Wright Brothers lawsuits.
1909 Won first international air speed record with {{convert|46.5|mi/h|km/h|1|abbr=on}} in Rheims, France
1909 First U.S. licensed aircraft manufacturer.
1909 Established first flying school in United States and exhibition company
1910 Long-distance flying record of {{convert|150|mi|km}} from Albany, New York to New York City
1910 First simulated bombing runs from an aircraft at Keuka Lake
1910 First firearm use from aircraft, piloted by Curtiss
1910 First radio communication with aircraft in flight in a Curtiss biplane
1910 Curtiss moved to California and set up a shop and flight school at the Los Angeles Motordrome, using the facility for sea plane experiments
1910 Trained Blanche Stuart Scott, the first American female pilot
1910 First successful takeoff from a United States Navy ship (Eugene Burton Ely, using Curtiss Plane)
1911 First landing on a ship (Eugene Burton Ely, using Curtiss Plane) (2 Months later)
1911 The Curtiss School of Aviation, established at Rockwell Field in February

File:First pilot's license.JPG

1911 Pilot license #1 issued for his June Bug flight
1911 Ailerons patented
1911 Developed first successful pontoon aircraft in US
1911 Hydroplane A-1 Triad purchased by US. Navy (US Navy's first aircraft)
1911 Developed first retractable landing gear on his hydroaeroplane
1911 His first aircraft sold to U.S. Army on April 27
1911 Created first military flying school
1912 Developed and flew the first flying boat on Lake Keuka
1912 First ship catapult launching on October 12 (Lt. Ellyson)Studer 1937, p. 258.
1912 Created the first flying school in Florida at Miami Beach
1914 Curtiss made a few short flights in the Langley Aerodrome, as part of an unsuccessful attempt to bypass the Wright Brothers' patent on aircraft
1915 Start production run of "Jennys" and many other models including flying boats
1915 Curtiss started the Atlantic Coast Aeronautical Station on a 20-acre tract east of Newport News (VA) Boat Harbor in the Fall of 1915 with Captain Thomas Scott Baldwin as head.
1917 Opens "Experimental Airplane Factory" in Garden City, Long Island
1919 Curtiss NC-4 flying boat crosses the Atlantic
1919 Commenced private aircraft production with the Oriole
1921 Developed Hialeah, Florida, including Hialeah Park Race Track
1921 Donated his World War I training field to the Navy
1922 Opened Hialeah Park Race Track with his business partner James H. Bright
1923 Developed Miami Springs, Florida and created a flying school and airport
1923 (circa) Created first airboats
1925 Built his Miami Springs mansion
1926 Developed Opa-locka, Florida and airport facility
1928 Created the Curtiss Aerocar Company in Opa-locka, Florida.House 2003, p. 213.
1928 Curtiss towed an Aerocar from Miami to New York City in 39 hours
1930 Death in Buffalo, New York
1930 Buried in Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Hammondsport, New York
1964 Inducted in the National Aviation Hall of Fame
1990 Inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in the air-racing category

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

[https://web.archive.org/web/20101121073013/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,719293,00.html "At Dayton"]. Time, October 13, 1924.

{{cite book |last=Casey |first=Louis S |title=Curtiss, the Hammondsport Era, 1907-1915 |volume= |author-link= |publisher=Crown Publishers |location=New York |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-51754-5652 |url=https://archive.org/details/curtisshammondsp0000case |ref=casey1981 }}

{{cite book |last=Champlin |first=Charles |title=Back there where the past was : a small-town boyhood |volume= |author-link= |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location= |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-81560-6123 |url=https://archive.org/details/backtherewherepa0000cham_e4b8 |ref=champlin1989 }}

{{cite book |last=Curtiss |first=Glenn |title=The Curtiss Aviation Book 1912 |volume= |author-link=Glenn Curtiss |publisher=Fredericj A. Stokes Company |location=New York |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-curtiss-aviation-book-1912_202205/mode/2up |ref=curtiss1922 }}

de Cet, Mirco. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wNzyIcw2vxoC&pg=PA116 The Illustrated Directory of Motorcycles.] St. Paul: Minnesota: MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-7603-1417-3}}.

Dizer, John T. Tom Swift & Company. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing, 1982. {{ISBN|0-89950-024-2}}.

FitzGerald-Bush, Frank S. A Dream of Araby: Glenn Curtiss and the Founding of Opa-locka. Opa-locka, Florida: South Florida Archaeological Museum, 1976.

Harvey, Steve. It Started with a Steamboat: An American Saga. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-4208-4943-1}}.

{{cite book |authorlink=Alden R. Hatch |last=Hatch |first=Alden |title='Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Aviation' |publisher=Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59921-1459 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=597VCwAAQBAJ |ref=hatch2007 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |archive-date=November 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108210646/https://books.google.com/books?id=597VCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}.

{{cite book |last=House |first=Kirk W. |title=Hell-Rider to King of the Air |volume= |authorlink= |publisher=SAE International |location= |year=2003 |isbn=9780-7-68081-343 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780768081343/page/6/mode/2up |ref=house2003 }}

{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Charles R |title=Glenn H. Curtiss, aviation pioneer |volume= |author-link= |publisher=Arcadia |location=Charleston, SC |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-73850-5190 |url=https://archive.org/details/glennhcurtissavi0000mitc/page/10/mode/2up |ref=mitchell2001 }}

{{cite book |last=Molson |first=K. M |title=The Curtiss HS flying boats |volume= |author-link= |publisher=National Aviation Museum |location=Ottawa |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-66012-0157 |url=https://archive.org/details/curtisshsflyingb0000mols |ref=molson1995 }}

{{cite book |last=Roseberry |first=By C. R. |title=Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight |volume= |authorlink= |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location= |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-81560-2644 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGA_XKpuVNsC&q=grass |ref=roseberry1991 }}

{{cite book |last=Shulman |first=Seth. |title=Unlocking the Sky: Glenn Hammond Curtiss and the Race to Invent the Airplane |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-06184-6939 |url=https://archive.org/details/unlockingskyglen0000shul |ref=shulman2002 }}.

[https://web.archive.org/web/20081222150235/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,716840,00.html "Speed Limit"]. Time, October 29, 1923.

Studer, Clara. Sky Storming Yankee: The Life of Glenn Curtiss. New York: Stackpole Sons, 1937.

Trimble, William F. Hero of the Air: Glenn Curtiss and the Birth of Naval Aviation. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-59114-879-1}}.

External links

[http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/i/Curtiss/CurtissAviation.html The Curtiss Aviation Book by Glenn Curtiss and Augustus Post] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710162533/http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/i/Curtiss/CurtissAviation.html |date=July 10, 2016 }}
[http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Curtiss/EX3.htm U.S. Government Centennial of Flight – Glenn Curtiss] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530135141/https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Curtiss/EX3.htm |date=May 30, 2023 }}
[http://www.glennhcurtissmuseum.org/ Glenn Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport, NY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209184618/http://www.glennhcurtissmuseum.org/ |date=December 9, 2017 }}
[http://www.nationalaviation.org/curtiss-glenn/ National Aviation Hall of Fame: Glenn Curtiss] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805130739/http://www.nationalaviation.org/curtiss-glenn/ |date=August 5, 2011 }} Retrieved May 26, 2011
{{Librivox author |id=14901}}

{{s-ttl|title=Cover of Time magazine

| years = October 13, 1924}}

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