:Gustave Doré
{{Short description|French illustrator and painter (1832–1883)}}
{{Redirect|Doré|other uses|Doré (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Gustave Doré
| image = Photograph of Gustave Doré by Nadar, between 1856 and 1858.jpg
| caption = Photograph by Nadar, between 1856 and 1858
| birth_name = Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré
| birth_date = {{birth date|1832|1|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Strasbourg, France
| death_date = {{death date and age|1883|1|23|1832|1|6|df=y}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| field = Painting, etching, illustrations
| movement = Romanticism, symbolism
| works =
| patrons =
| awards =
}}
Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|d|ɔːr|eɪ}} {{respell|DOR|ay}}, {{IPAc-en|US|d|ɔː|ˈ|r|eɪ}} {{respell|dor|AY}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡystav dɔʁe|lang}}; 6{{nbs}}January 1832 – 23{{nbs}}January 1883) was a French printmaker, illustrator, painter, comics artist, caricaturist, and sculptor. He is best known for his prolific output of wood-engravings illustrating classic literature, especially those for the Vulgate Bible and Dante's Divine Comedy. These achieved great international success, and he became renowned for printmaking, although his role was normally as the designer only; at the height of his career some 40 block-cutters were employed to cut his drawings onto the wooden printing blocks, usually also signing the image.{{Britannica|169416|Gustave Doré}}
He created over 10,000{{nbs}}illustrations, the most important of which were copied using an electrotype process using cylinder presses, allowing very large print runs to be published simultaneously in many countries.Mayor, Hyatt A., Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, no. 677, {{ISBN|0691003262}}
Although Doré's work was popular with the general public during his life, it was met with mixed reviews from contemporary art critics. His work has been more widely celebrated in the centuries following his death. Among his contemporary admirers were writers H. P. Lovecraft and Théophile Gautier.
Biography
File:Carolus-Duran, Portrait de Gustave Doré, StrasbourgMAMCS (2).JPG (1877)]]
Doré was born in Strasbourg on 6{{nbs}}January 1832. At the age of{{nbs}}15, Doré began his career working as a caricaturist for the French paper Le journal pour rire.{{cite book|last=Lyons|first=Martin|title=Books: A Living History|year=2011|publisher=Getty Publications|location=Los Angeles|isbn=978-1-60606-083-4|page=135}} The illustrations of J. J. Grandville have been noted as an influence on his work.Rose, Cynthia. 2020. [https://www.tcj.com/j-j-grandville-a-matter-of-line-death/ J. J. Grandvill: A Matter of Line and Death. The Comics Journal.] (accessed 19 July 2022) Wood-engraving was his primary method at this time."Books: A Living History" by Martin Lyons In the late 1840s and early 1850s, he made several text comics, like Les Travaux d'Hercule (1847), Trois artistes incompris et mécontents (1851), Les Dés-agréments d'un voyage d'agrément (1851) and L'Histoire de la Sainte Russie (1854). Doré subsequently went on to win commissions to depict scenes from books by Cervantes, Rabelais, Balzac, Milton, and Dante. He also illustrated "Gargantua et Pantagruel" in 1854.
In 1853 Doré was asked to illustrate the works of Lord Byron.Complete Works of Lord Byron illustrated by Ch. Mettais, Bocourt, G. Doré. Published by J. Bry, Paris, 1853. The version at [https://archive.org/details/1853oeuvrescom00byro archive.org] is in French. The illustrations are not attributed to any one of the three named on the title-page. A handwritten note at page{{nbs}}5 remarks that another edition of 1856 made no mention of Doré among the illustrators, but his designs still appeared in the book. This commission was followed by additional work for British publishers, including a new illustrated Bible. In 1856 he produced 12{{nbs}}folio-size illustrations of The Legend of The Wandering Jew, which propagated longstanding antisemitic views of the time,Richard S. Levy, Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1, Oxford 2005, p 186 for a short poem which Pierre-Jean de Béranger had derived from a novel of Eugène Sue of 1845.{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Zafran|editor-first= Robert |editor-last=Rosenblum|editor2-first=Lisa|editor2-last=Small|title=Fantasy and Faith: The Art of Gustave Dore |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |url=http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300107371}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/sch/sis.html?_nkw=&_itemId=190730614809|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122033933/http://www.ebay.com/sch/sis.html?_nkw=&_itemId=190730614809|url-status=dead|title=eBay|date=22 January 2013|archive-date=22 January 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzcLAAAAQAAJ&q=wandering+jew+Gustave+Dore+beranger+dupont&pg=PA37|title=Willis's Price Current: A Catalogue of Superior Second Hand Books Ancient and Modern ... to which are Added a List of New Publications and Current Notes for the Month|date=21 January 2018|publisher=Willis and Sotheran|via=Google Books}}
File:Paris-dumas-monument01.jpg in Paris]]
In the 1860s he illustrated a French edition of Cervantes's Don Quixote, and his depictions of the knight and his squire, Sancho Panza, became so famous that they influenced subsequent readers, artists, and stage and film directors' ideas of the physical "look" of the two characters.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dore_gustave.htm|title=Gustave Doré|website=lambiek.net}} Doré also illustrated an oversized edition of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven", an endeavor that earned him 30,000{{nbs}}francs from publisher Harper & Brothers in 1883.Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. p. 252. {{ISBN|0-8018-5730-9}}
The government of France made him a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1861.{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-67162|title=Doré, (Louis Auguste) Gustave (1832–1883), illustrator |year=2004 |language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/67162|access-date=2020-01-29|last1=Kerr |first1=David }}
File:Doré by Nadar 1867 cropped.jpg]]
Doré's illustrations for the Bible (1866) were a great success, and in 1867 Doré had a major exhibition of his work in London. This exhibition led to the foundation of the Doré Gallery in Bond Street, London.McQueen, A. "Gustave Doré," in Nineteenth-Century Art, Highlights from the Tanenbaum Collection, London: 2015, p. 54. In 1869, Blanchard Jerrold, the son of Douglas William Jerrold, suggested that they work together to produce a comprehensive portrait of London. Jerrold had obtained the idea from The Microcosm of London produced by Rudolph Ackermann, William Pyne, and Thomas Rowlandson (published in three volumes from 1808 to 1810).{{cite web|url=http://www.romanticlondon.org/microcosm-intro/|title=Introduction to The Microcosm of London (1808-10) – Romantic London|website=www.romanticlondon.org}} Doré signed a five-year contract with the publishers Grant & Co that involved his staying in London for three months a year, and he received the vast sum of £10,000 a year for the project. Doré was celebrated for his paintings in his day, but his wood-engravings, like those he did for Jerrold, are where he excelled as an artist with an individual vision.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
The completed book London: A Pilgrimage, with 180{{nbs}}wood engravings, was published in 1872. It enjoyed commercial and popular success, but the work was disliked by some contemporary British critics, as it appeared to focus on the poverty that existed in parts of London. Doré was accused by The Art Journal of "inventing rather than copying."{{cite book|last=Ackyroyd|first=Peter|title=London: A Pilgrimage (introduction)|year=2005|publisher=Anthem Press|pages=xix}} The Westminster Review claimed that "Doré gives us sketches in which the commonest, the vulgarest external features are set down."{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=J|title=The Westminster Review, Vol 99|year=1873|page=341}} But they impressed Vincent van Gogh, who painted a version of the Prisoners' Round in 1890, the year of his death. The book was a financial success, however, and Doré received commissions from other British publishers.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
Doré's later work included illustrations for new editions of Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Milton's Paradise Lost, Tennyson's Idylls of the King, The Works of Thomas Hood, and The Divine Comedy. Doré's work also appeared in the weekly newspaper The Illustrated London News.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
The medical doctor Jean-Baptiste Fuzier, who was a specialist in yellow fever and other tropical diseases, bequeathed watercolor paintings by Doré to the museum of Grenoble in 1880. According to the Musée de Grenoble, Doré developed his expertise as a watercolorist during a trip to Scotland in 1873.{{Cite web |last=Doré |first=Gustave |title=Paysage avec personnages. Plombières |url=https://www.museedegrenoble.fr/oeuvre/248/1922-paysage-avec-personnages.-plombieres.htm |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.museedegrenoble.fr |language=fr}}
Death
Doré never married and, following the death of his father in 1849, he continued to live with his mother, illustrating books until his death of a heart attack in Paris on January{{nbs}}23, 1883, following a short illness.{{cite book|last= Doré|first=Gustave |title=The Doré Bible Gallery, Illustrated by Gustave Dore|publisher=Henry Altemus|place=Philadelphia|page=vii|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/636024924|date= 1890|oclc=636024924 }} At the time of his death Doré was working on illustrations for an edition of Shakespeare's plays.{{cite book|last1=Lyons|first1=Martin|title=Books: A Living History|date=2011|publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum|page=135}}
Works
Doré was a prolific artist; thus the following list of works is not complete and it does not include his paintings, sculptures, and many of his journal illustrations:
Reception and legacy
Doré's work received mixed reviews from contemporary art critics, but he was widely acclaimed by the general public. He was adored by many writers and poets, who felt he "brought their wildest dreams and fantasies to life".{{cite book|last=Milton|first=John|title=Paradise Lost|year=2005|publisher=Arcturus|location=London|isbn=9781841932514|chapter=Introduction}} Théophile Gautier for example stated "Nobody better than this artist can give a mysterious and deep vitality to chimeras, dreams, nightmares, intangible shapes bathed in light and shade, weirdly caricatured silhouettes and all the monsters of fantasy." H.P. Lovecraft drew inspiration from Doré's Rime of the Ancient Mariner illustrations in his formative years.{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=S. T. |title=I Am Providence: The Life and Times of H. P. Lovecraft |publisher=Hippocampus Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781614980537 |pages=6}}
Gallery
File:024.Jacob Wrestles with the Angel.jpg|Jacob wrestling with the angel, 1855
File:Destruction of Leviathan.png|Destruction of Leviathan, 1865
File:The Vision of The Valley of The Dry Bones.jpg|The Vision of The Valley of The Dry Bones, 1866
File:Gustave Doré - The Holy Bible - Plate I, The Deluge.jpg|The Deluge, 1866
File:Confusion of Tongues.png|Engraving The Tower of Babel or the Confusion of Tongues, 1866
File:Dore-I had done a hellish thing.jpg|The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
File:Idylls of the King 3.jpg|Edyrn with His Lady and Dwarf Journey to Arthur's Court, in Idylls of the King by Lord Alfred Tennyson, illustrated by Gustave Doré
File:Dore ridinghood.jpg|Little Red Riding Hood
File:Gustave dore cendrillon4.JPG|Doré illustrated several fairy tales: Cendrillon (or Cinderella)
File:La Belle au Bois Dormant - third of six engravings by Gustave Doré.jpg|La Belle au Bois Dormant - third of six engravings by Gustave Doré
File:Gustave Doré, A Backstreet in London, 1868, NGA 141211.jpg|Drawing, A Backstreet in London (1868; National Gallery of Art, Washington)
File:Dore London.jpg|Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c 1870. From London: A Pilgrimage
File:Gustave Doré - Ludgate Hill.png|Ludgate Hill - A block in the Street, 1872. From London: A Pilgrimage
File:Gustave dore crusades troubadours singing the glories of the crusades.jpg|Crusades troubadours singing the glories of the crusades
File:Don Quijote illustrated by Gustav Dore II.jpg|Don Quixote illustrated by Gustave Doré.
File:Don Quijote illustrated by Gustav Dore III.jpg|Don Quixote illustrated by Gustave Doré, another one of the 500 pieces Doré created for the work.
File:Don Quijote illustrated by Gustav Dore IV.jpg|Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote illustrated by Gustave Doré
File:Don Quijote illustrated by Gustav Dore V.jpg|Another example of Don Quixote (Don Quijote in Spanish) illustrated by Gustave Doré
File:Gustave Dore illustration.jpg|Rabelais's Gargantua (English translation)
File:Paris-dumas-monument02.jpg|The Dumas Monument in Paris
File:USA-San Francisco-Le Poème de la Vigne by Gustave Doré-3.jpg|Le Poème de la Vigne or The Vintage Vase, version in San Francisco
File:Доре Парка і божок кохання Ерот 1877.jpg|Cupid and Time, modello in terracotta
File:LeTemps fauchant les amours.jpg|A clock with Time defeating Loves, cast 1879
File:Maenads in a Wood, by Gustave Dore, 1879, plaster - Museum of Fine Arts, Boston - 20180922 150837.jpg|Maenads in a Wood, 1879, plaster modello, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
File:Gustave Doré - Roland à Roncevaux.jpg|Roland à Roncevaux, private collection, Paris
File:Dore, Gustave; La Sainte Trinite.jpg|La Sainte Trinité, Glynn Vivian Art Gallery
File:Ecce Homo Gustave Doré.jpg|Ecce Homo, Glynn Vivian Art Gallery
File:La folie.jpg|La folie, Glynn Vivian Art Gallery
File:Les Oceanides Les Naiades de la mer.jpg|The Oceanids (The Naiads of the Sea), 1860s
File:Gustave Doré - Paolo and Francesca da Rimini.jpg|Paolo and Francesca da Rimini, 1863
File:Le Christ quittant le prétoire-Gustave Doré (3).jpg|Christ Leaving the Praetorium 1867–1872, Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art
File:Le Christ quittant le prétoire-Gustave Doré (2).jpg|Christ Leaving the Praetorium in the room of the Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art where it hangs
File:Paul Gustave Dore Andromeda.jpg|Andromède, 1869, Chimei Museum, Tainan, Taiwan
File:Gustave Doré-Soir en Alsace.jpg|Soir en Alsace, 1869
File:Gustave Dore - La Siesta, Memory of Spain - Google Art Project.jpg|La Siesta, Memory of Spain, {{circa|1868}}
File:Gustave Doré - Flower Sellers of London - Google Art Project.jpg|Flower Sellers of London, {{circa|1875}}
File:Gustave Doré - Loch Lomond.jpg|Loch Lomond, 1875
File:Gustave Doré - Scottish Highlands - Google Art Project.jpg|Landscape in Scotland, ca. 1875, Toledo Museum of Art
File:Gustave Doré - Landscape in Scotland - Walters 372625.jpg|Landscape in Scotland, ca. 1878, Walters Art Museum
File:Gustave Doré-Mont Sainte-Odile avec mur païen.jpg|Mont Sainte-Odile avec mur païen, by 1883
File:Gustave Doré - La Vallée de larmes.jpg|The Valley of Tears, 1883
File:The Triumph Of Christianity Over Paganism.Gustave Doré.jpg|The Triumph Of Christianity Over Paganism (1868)
References
{{Reflist|33em}}
Further reading
{{Refbegin|33em}}
- {{cite book |last=Delorme |first=Rene |year=1879 |title=Gustave Doré |location=Paris |publisher=Librairie d'Art}}(80 illustrations, earliest photogravures of Dore paintings)
- {{cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Blanche |year=1885 |title=Life and Reminiscence of Gustave Doré |location=New York |publisher=Cassell & Co., Ltd.}}(141 illustrations)
- {{cite book |last=Jerrold |first=Blanchard |year=1891 |title=The Life of Gustave Doré |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95901 |location=London |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co., Ltd.}}(138 illustrations)
- {{cite book |last=Valmy-Baysse |first=J. |year=1930 |title=Gustave Doré – L'Art et la Vie |location=Paris |publisher=Editions Marcel Seheur}}(314 illustrations)
- {{cite book |last=Deze |first=Louis |year=1930 |title=Gustave Doré – Bibliographie et catalogue complet de l'oeuvre |location=Paris |publisher=Editions Marcel Seheur}}(103 illustrations)
- {{cite book |last=LeBlanc |first=Henri |year=1931 |title=Catalogue de l'oeuvre complet de Gustave Doré |location=Paris |publisher=Ch. Bosse}}(30 illustrations)
- {{cite book |last=Farner |first=Konrad |year=1963 |title=Gustave Doré der Industrialisierte Romantiker |edition=(2V) |location=Dresden |publisher=Verlag der Kunst}}(521 illustrations, reprinting most of the Delorme photogravures)
- {{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Joanna |author-link=Joanna Richardson|year=1980 |title=Gustave Doré. A Biography |location=London |publisher=Cassell}}
- {{cite book |year=1983 |title=Gustave Doré 1832–1883 |location=Strasbourg |publisher=Musée d'Art Moderne}}(exhibition book: 591 illustrations)
- {{cite book |last=Renonciat |first=Annie |year=1983 |title=La vie et l'oeuvre de Gustave Doré |location=Paris |publisher=ACR Edition}}(343 illustrations)
- {{cite book |last=Malan |first=Dan |year=1995 |title=Gustave Doré, Adrift on Dreams of Splendor |location=St. Louis |publisher=MCE Publishing Co.}}(500 illustrations)
- {{cite book |year=2007 |title=Fantasy & Faith: the Art of Gustave Doré |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press}} (exhibition book: 250 illustrations, 40 in full-color, sometimes incorrectly listed as, "40 b/w, 120 color illustrations")
- {{cite book |last=Kaenel |first=Philippe |year=2014 |title=Doré: Master of Imagination |location=Paris |publisher=Flammarion |isbn=978-2-08-131643-0}} (catalog of the exhibition held at Musée d'Orsay and National Gallery of Canada, 335 pages)
- {{Citation |title=Bibliographie de la France (Journal General de l'Imprimerie et de la Librairie)}} (annual listing of the books published in France)
{{Refend}}
External links
{{Wikisource author}}
- {{Commons-inline}}
- {{Gutenberg author |id=1896}}
- {{Internet Archive author |sname=Gustave Doré |sopt=w}}
- [http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/LIB-SC001 Gustave Doré Digital Collection of Illustrations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429170447/http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/LIB-SC001 |date=2015-04-29 }} from the University at Buffalo Libraries
- {{FrenchSculptureCensus}}
- {{LCAuth|n79089221|Gustave Doré|305|ue}}
{{Gustave Doré}}
{{Authority control (arts)}}
{{portal bar|Visual arts}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dore, Gustave}}
Category:19th-century French engravers
Category:19th-century French illustrators
Category:19th-century French painters
Category:Artists from Strasbourg
Category:French Roman Catholics
Category:French wood engravers
Category:French comics artists
Category:French children's book illustrators
Category:French fantasy artists
Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery