:HMS Emerald (1795)

Emerald was a 36-gun, 18-pounder, Amazon-class frigate built to William Rule's design.{{efn|The original Amazon-class frigates were 32-gun, 12-pounder, frigates of 677 tons (bm), designed by Sir John Williams and built between 1771 and 1782.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|pp=193–196}} In need of a larger frigate, in 1794, the Admiralty asked Sir William Rule to design a 36-gun, 18-pounder, Amazon-class frigate. Originally a series of four, by the time the first one had been launched in 1795, Rule had already drawn up plans for Naiad, an expanded version which was larger at 1,013 tons (bm), had a complement of 284 men and carried 38 guns.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}} A third design was unveiled in 1796, also with 38 guns but larger still at 1,038 tons (bm) and with a crew of 300 men. Two were ordered, one in April 1796 and a second in February 1797.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|pp=150–151}}}}{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}} She and her sister ship, {{HMS|Amazon|1795|2}}, were ordered on 24 May 1794 and were built to the same dimensions: {{convert|143|ft|2+1/2|in|1}} along the gun deck, {{convert|119|ft|5+1/2|in|m|1}} at the keel, with a beam of {{convert|38|ft|4|in|m|1}} and a depth in the hold of {{convert|13|ft|6|in|m|1}}. They measured 933 {{small|{{frac|67|94}}}} tons burthen.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}

Completed at Thomas Pitcher's dockyard in Northfleet at a cost of £14,419, Emerald was launched on 31 July 1795, twenty-seven days after Amazon. Her coppering at Woolwich was finished on 12 October 1795, and she was fitted-out at a further cost of £9,390.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}

Emerald was built to carry a main battery of twenty-six {{convert|18|pdr|adj=on|abbr=off}} long guns on her gun deck, eight {{convert|9|pdr|abbr=on}} on the quarterdeck and two on the forecastle. She additionally carried eight {{convert|32|pdr|abbr=on}} carronades, six on the quarterdeck and two on the forecastle.{{efn|The gun-rating of a vessel was the number of long guns it was designed to carry and did not always match its actual armament. Before 1817, carronades were not counted at all unless they were direct replacements for long guns.Davies p.24Ireland p.42 Carronades were lighter so could be manoeuvred with fewer men, and had a faster rate of fire but had a much shorter range than the long gun.Henry pp. 13–17}}

When fully manned, Amazon-class frigates had a complement of 264.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}

The Admiralty ordered a second pair of Amazon-class ships on 24 January 1795. They were marginally smaller at 925{{small|{{frac|87|94}}}} tons (bm) and were built from pitch pine.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}{{efn|The second pair of Amazons were named {{HMS|Trent|1796|2}} and {{HMS|Glenmore|1796|2}} and were launched in 1796 on 24 February and 24 March, respectively.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}}}

File:CombateDeSanVicenteElNavíoPelayoAcudeEnAuxilioDelNavíoSantísimaTrinidad.jpg

Emerald was first commissioned in August 1795, under Captain Velters Cornewall Berkeley and following her fitting out, joined the Western Squadron at Portsmouth.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}Slope p. 44: While on a cruise in February 1796, she lost her mainmast in a storm off Ushant but was able to limp home for repairs. In April, she took a convoy to the River Tagus and continued to perform escort duties for some months after, before sailing to the Mediterranean in January 1797 and joining Admiral John Jervis's fleet at Gibraltar.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}

{{Main article|Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)}}

Spain had become allied to France and declared war on Britain in October 1796. Early in 1797, a Spanish fleet of 27 ships of the line was at Cartagena with orders to join the French fleet at Brest. A storm blew the Spanish fleet off course, enabling Jervis's fleet of 15 ships of the line to intercept it off Cape St Vincent on 14 February.Willis pp. 89–90 Although attached to the British fleet at the time, Emerald was not present at the battle; kept away by contrary wind. After making several attempts to join the action, she retired to nearby Lagos Bay with other vessels.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}} Consequently, the crew was denied a share of the prize money.{{efn|This decision upset the boatswain, Patrick Toben, so much that he suggested the crew should mutiny. He was reported for his remarks and later court-martialled. Found guilty, he was hanged from Emerald's yardarm on 19 August.}}

On 16 February, the victorious British fleet and its prizes entered the bay. Jervis ordered the three frigates—Emerald, {{ship|French frigate|Minerve|1794|2}} and {{HMS|Niger|1759|2}}, of 40 and 32 guns, respectively—to search for the disabled flagship, Santisima Trinidad, which had been towed from the battle. Two smaller craft—Bonne-Citoyenne, a corvette of 20 guns, and the 14-gun sloop {{HMS|Raven|1796|2}}—joined the frigates.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}} The British squadron on 20 February sighted Santisima Trinidad under tow by a large frigate and in the company of a brig. Berkeley, considering the small squadron under his command insufficient, declined to engage and eventually the Spanish ships sailed from sight.{{efn|Berkeley's reluctance to attack infuriated some of his fellow officers who asked for a court-martial. Minerve{{'}}s captain, George Cockburn, however came down on Berkeley's side, opining to Jervis that, under a jury rig, Santisima Trinidad was still capable of making a defence.{{sfnp|Ralfe|1828|page=266}} The 32-gun {{HMS|Terpsichore|1785|6}}, while cruising alone, later located Santisima Trinidad and engaged her but the out-gunned British frigate had to abandon her attack.James (Vol. II) p. 49}}

{{Main article|Action of 26 April 1797}}

Following the Battle of Cape St Vincent, the British pursued the remainder of the Spanish fleet to Cádiz, where Jervis began a long-running blockade of the port.Dull pp. 147–148 On 26 April, while cruising in the company of the 74-gun {{HMS|Irresistible|1782|2}}, Emerald helped to capture a 34-gun Spanish ship and to destroy another. The Spanish vessels were close to the coast when Jervis's fleet sighted them. Sent to investigate, Emerald and Irresistible, under Captain George Martin, discovered the ships were the frigates {{ship|Spanish frigate|Santa Elena|1783|2}} and {{ship|Spanish frigate|Ninfa|1795|2}}Clowes (Vol. IV) p. 507—the Spanish ships had been carrying silver from Havana to Cádiz, but had transferred their cargo the previous night to a fishing boat that had warned them of the proximity of the British fleet.Woodman p. 99

The Spanish ships sought shelter from the British north of Trafalgar in Conil Bay, the entrance to which was protected by a large rocky ledge. Irresistible and Emerald negotiated this obstacle at around 14:30 and engaged the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the Bay.James (Vol. II) p. 82{{London Gazette|issue=14010|page=446|date=16 May 1797}} The Spanish ships surrendered at approximately 16:00. Eighteen Spaniards were killed and 30 wounded during the fighting; one Briton was killed and one wounded. The remaining crew of Santa Elena avoided capture by cutting her cables and drifting her on shore so they could flee on foot. The British managed to drag Santa Elena off the beach but, badly damaged, she sank at sea.

The British took Ninfa into service as HMS Hamadryad, a 36-gun frigate with a main battery of 12-pounders,James (Vol. II) p. 83 but were unable to retrieve the cargo of silver, which later arrived safely in Cádiz.

{{Main article|Assault on Cádiz (1797)}}

Captain Thomas Waller took command of Emerald in mid-1797, and was stationed with Admiral Jervis's fleet off Cádiz.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}{{London Gazette|issue=14032|page=717|date=29 July 1797}} On 3{{nbsp}}July, Jervis attempted to end the protracted blockade by ordering a bombardment of the town. A first attempt resulted in the capture of two Spanish mortar boats but achieved little else.James (Vol. II) pp. 53–54 During a second bombardment on the night of 5{{nbsp}}July, Emerald, in the company of Terpsichore and the 74-gun {{HMS|Theseus|1786|2}}, provided a protective escort for three bomb vessels, {{HMS|Thunder|1797|2}}, {{HMS|Terror|1779|2}} and {{HMS|Strombolo|1797|2}}. This attack caused considerable damage; the next morning, the Spanish hurriedly moved ten of their line-of-battle ships out of range.James (Vol. II) p. 54 The British cancelled a third bombardment, planned for 8{{nbsp}}July, when the weather became unfavourable.

File:Ataque británico en Santa Cruz de Tenerife.jpg

{{Main article|Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)}}

Later in July 1797, Emerald took part in an unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}} A planned attack in April, proposed by Admiral Nelson, had been aborted as the troops required to execute it were unavailable. When Jervis was subsequently advised that the Spanish treasure fleet was anchored there, he revived Nelson's idea.Heathcote p. 181

For the new attack, Nelson was to take three ships of the line, three frigates, including Emerald, and 200 marines, for an amphibious landing outside the Spanish stronghold.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}} The frigates would then engage the batteries to the north-east of Santa Cruz while the marines stormed the town. However, a combination of strong currents and heavy Spanish fire forced the British to abandon the attack. Several further attempts were made between 22 and 25 July; although the British were able to land troops, Spanish resistance was too strong and the British had to ask for an honourable withdrawal.Heathcote p. 182 About 90 of Emerald's crew, including Waller, fought their way into the town alongside Thomas Troubridge; 17 died in the assault. Another 10 died before the landing; drowned when the hired-armed vessel, Fox, was sunk by a {{convert|24|lb|adj=on|abbr=on}} cannonball.Slope p. 40

After the attack, Nelson sent Emerald with his report to Jervis, who in turn sent her on to England with dispatches. Waller arrived at the Admiralty on 1{{nbsp}}September, with the news of the failed attacks.{{London Gazette|issue=14041|page=835|date=2 September 1797}}

While serving with Jervis on the Lisbon station in December 1797, Emerald, under the temporary command of Lord William Proby, captured the 8-gun privateer, Chasseur Basque. Waller returned as captain in April 1798.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}} In May, Jervis dispatched a squadron of five ships, including Emerald and commanded by Nelson in the 74-gun {{HMS|Vanguard|1787|2}}, to locate a large invasion fleet that had left Toulon.James (Vol. II) p. 148{{efn|In addition to Emerald and Vanguard, the squadron comprised Terpsichore, Bonne-Citoyenne and the 74-gun {{HMS|Orion|1787|2}}. It left Gibraltar on 9 May 1798.}} After receiving intelligence on 22 May, Nelson correctly predicted the French fleet's destination and set course for AlexandriaJames (Vol. II) p. 154 where the British captured or destroyed all but two of the French ships at the Battle of the Nile, which occurred between 1–3 August 1798.Willis p. 168 Emerald missed the battle; having previously become separated from the rest of the squadron in a storm on 21 May, she arrived at Aboukir Bay on 12 August.James (Vol. II) p. 183

When Nelson left for Naples on 19 August 1798, he left behind a squadron—comprising three 74s {{HMS|Zealous|1785|2}}, {{HMS|Goliath|1781|2}}, {{HMS|Swiftsure|1787|2}}, three frigates Emerald, {{HMS|Seahorse|1794|2}} and {{HMS|Alcmene|1794|2}}, and the corvette Bonne Citoyenne—under Samuel Hood to patrol the waters around the port and along the coast.Clowes (Vol. IV) p. 373 On 2 September, it encountered and destroyed the French aviso Anémone.{{efn|Anemone was the tartane Cincinnatus, which the French Navy had commissioned in June 1794 as an aviso, and renamed in May 1795. Her armament consisted of two 6-pounder and two 4-pounder guns, and four swivel guns.{{sfnp|Winfield|Roberts|2015|p=296}} She had left Toulon on 27 July and Malta on 26 August.{{London Gazette|issue=15082|page=1110|date=20 November 1798}}}}{{London Gazette|issue=15082|page=1110|date=20 November 1798}}

Emerald and Seahorse chased Anemone inshore, where she anchored in shallow water out of their reach. When they launched their boats to cut-out Anėmone, her crew cut the anchor cable and their ship drifted on to the shore; as the Frenchmen were attempting to escape along the coast, hostile Arabs captured them and stripped them of their clothes, shooting those who resisted. A heavy surf prevented the British boats from landing, so a midshipman from Emerald, the young Francis Fane, swam ashore with a line and empty cask to rescue the commander and seven others who had escaped naked to the beach.James (Vol. II) pp. 192–193{{efn|The Arabs captured some 17 to 20 survivors (accounts differ), and offered them to General Kleber, who ransomed them.Strathern (2009), pp. 223–225.}} Anėmone had a crew of 60 men under the command of Enseigne de Vaisseau (Ensign) Garibou,Fonds Marine, p. 210. and was also carrying General Camin and Citoyen Valette, aide-de-camp to General Napoleon Bonaparte, with dispatches from Toulon. Camin and Valette were among those the Arabs killed.{{efn|Adjutant General Jean-Baptiste Camin (1760–1798), came from Calais. After his death, the French erected a small fort on the outskirts of Cairo and named it in his honour.Le Fort Camin du Caire et l'Adjudant Général Camin (1760–1798), de Calais (1993).}} Emerald remained stationed off Alexandria for the rest of the year.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}

{{Main article|Action of 18 June 1799}}

Emerald and Minerve, while cruising together on 2{{nbsp}}June, took Caroline, a 16-gun French privateer, off the south-east coast of Sardinia.{{London Gazette|page=740|issue=15162|date=23 July 1799}}{{London Gazette|page=741|issue=15162|date=23 July 1799}} Later, Emerald assisted in the capture of {{ship|French frigate|Junon|1786|2}}, {{ship|French frigate|Alceste|1780|2}}, {{ship|French frigate|Courageuse|1778|2}}, Salamine and {{ship|French brig|Alerte|1787|2}} in the action of 18 June 1799.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}} The British fleet under George Elphinstone was some 69 miles off Cape Sicié when three French frigates and two brigs were spotted. Elphinstone engaged them with three seventy-fours, {{HMS|Centaur|1797|2}}, {{HMS|Bellona|1760|2}} and {{HMS|Captain|1787|2}}, and two frigates, Emerald and {{HMS|Santa Teresa||2}}.James (Vol. II) p. 262 The next evening, after a 28-hour chase, the French ships were forced into an action. The French squadron had scattered, enabling the British to attack it piecemeal. Bellona fired the first shots at 19:00 as she, Captain, and the two frigates closed with Junon and Alceste, both of which struck their colours immediately. Bellona then joined Centaur in chasing Courageuse. Faced with overwhelming odds, Courageuse also surrendered. Emerald then overhauled Salamine, and Captain took Alerte at around 23:30.Troude (1867), Vol. III, p. 164.

{{Main article|Action of 7 April 1800}}

File:Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth (1748-1817).jpg

Emerald returned to blockade duty at Cádiz in April 1800, joining a squadron under Rear-Admiral John Thomas Duckworth that included the 74-gun ships {{HMS|Leviathan|1790|2}} and Swiftsure, and the fire ship {{HMS|Incendiary|1782|2}}. The squadron sighted a Spanish convoy on 5{{nbsp}}April, which comprised 13 merchant vessels and three accompanying frigates, and at once gave chase.James (Vol. III) p. 37 At 03:00 the following day, Emerald managed to overhaul and cross the bow of a 10-gun merchantman, which, having nowhere to go, immediately surrendered.{{London Gazette|page=421|issue=15253|date=29 April 1800}} By daybreak, the remainder of the Spanish convoy had scattered and the only ship visible was a 14-gun brig, Los Anglese. The absence of wind prevented the becalmed British vessels approaching her. Instead, Leviathan and Emerald lowered boats that rowed towards the brig, which they captured after a short exchange of fire.

Other sails were now spotted in the east, west and south, forcing the British to divide their force: Swiftsure went south, Emerald east, and Leviathan west. At midday, Emerald signalled that there were six vessels to the north-east, and Leviathan wore round to pursue. By dusk, the two British ships had nine Spanish craft in sight. Three ships were seen at midnight to the north-north-west, and by 02:00 the following morning, two had been identified as the enemy frigates {{HMS|Carmen|1800|2}} and {{HMS|Florentina|1800|2}}.James (Vol. III) pp. 37–38 Duckworth ordered Emerald to take a parallel course to the enemy frigates in anticipation of a dawn attack, and at first light, the British closed with their opponents.

The Spaniards had assumed the approaching vessels were part of their convoy, but by daybreak they had realised their error and vainly set more sail to escape. Being close enough to hail the Spanish crews, Duckworth ordered them to surrender. When the Spaniards ignored the demand, he ordered Leviathan and Emerald to open fire on the rigging of the Spanish vessels in order to disable them. Both Spanish frigates quickly surrendered.James (Vol. III) p. 38 Carmen had had 11 men killed and 16 wounded; Florentina 12 killed and 10 wounded, including her first and second captains. The two Spanish frigates were each carrying 1,500 quintals of mercury.

A third frigate was visible on the horizon. Emerald immediately set off in pursuit but Duckworth recalled her and instead ordered her to locate the merchant ships; she secured four of the largest vessels by nightfall. The need to make the two captured frigates ready to sail delayed Leviathan, and by the time this was completed the third frigate had made her escape. Leviathan then returned to rendezvous with Emerald, managing to take a further enemy brig before night fell. The following day, both British vessels sailed for Gibraltar with their prizes. On arrival, they encountered Incendiary, which had made port the previous day with two captured vessels of its own.{{London Gazette|page=422|issue=15253|date=29 April 1800}} The small British squadron managed to secure nine merchant vessels and two frigates in total.{{London Gazette|page=423|issue=15253|date=29 April 1800}} In October 1800, Emerald returned to Portsmouth for repairs.Slope p. 45

File:Map of Essequibo and Demerara, 1798.jpg

Emerald was recommissioned in December 1800 under Captain James O'Bryen and early in 1801, escorted a convoy of 110 ships to the West Indies Station, where she continued in service during the short-lived Peace of Amiens.O'Byrne p. 1171

The ship struck a submerged reef in August. Emerald, flying a distress signal and firing her guns to attract attention was noticed by {{HMS|Magnanime|1780|6}} who sailed to her aid. In the meantime, in an attempt to lighten the load and float her off, O'Bryen had the ballast jettisoned and the cannons loaded into one of the ship's boats. Holed below the water line and taking on water at the rate of {{convert|1 + 3/4|in|mm|1}} per hour, Emerald was able to make it into English Harbour for repairs. The work took 3 months to complete. O'Bryen was court-martialled over the affair in January 1802 and found not guilty of negligence.

In April 1802, Emerald transported Lord Lavington, the governor general from Antigua to Bermuda.{{efn|Also on board was Lavington's aide-de-camp and six servants, along with the Speaker for the Assembly of Antigua, the Treasurer and the Chief Justice.}} The following month, she intercepted a schooner carrying refugees from Guadeloupe, who were taken on board and delivered to Antigua.Slope p. 37 War broke out again in May 1803, by which time Emerald had joined Samuel Hood's squadron in Barbados for an attack on St Lucia. Prior to the invasion on 21 June, she harassed enemy shipping, disrupting supplies to the island.

The invasion force left on 20 June. It comprised Hood's 74-gun flagship Centaur, the 74-gun {{HMS|Courageux|1800|2}}, the frigates {{HMS|Argo|1781|2}} and {{HMS|Chichester|1785|2}},{{efn|Chichester was a large two-decker that had been converted for use as a troopship. She was lightly-armed with twenty-two 12-pound guns.{{sfnp|Winfield|2007|p=183}}}} and the sloops {{HMS|Hornet|1794 sloop-of-war|2}} and {{HMS|Cyane|1796|2}}. The following morning, Emerald and the 18-gun sloop {{HMS|Osprey|1797|2}} had joined them. By 11:00, the squadron was anchored in Choc Bay.Clowes (Vol. V) p. 56 The troops were landed by 17:00 and half an hour later the town of Castries was in British hands. In the island's main fortress, Morne-Fortunée, the French troops refused to surrender; the British stormed it at 04:00 on 22 June, and by 04:30 St Lucia was in British hands. Following this easy victory, the British sent a force to Tobago, which capitulated on 1{{nbsp}}July.James (Vol. III) p. 207

Emerald was between St Lucia and Martinique on 24 June, when she captured the 16-gun French privateer Enfant Prodigue after a 72-hour chase. The French vessel was under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Victor Lefbru and was carrying dispatches for Martinique.{{London Gazette|pages=918–919|issue=15605|date=26 July 1803}} The Royal Navy took Enfant Prodigue into service as HMS St Lucia.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=348}}

While in the company of the 22-gun brig {{HMS|Heureux|1800|6}}, Emerald intercepted and captured a Dutch merchant vessel travelling between Surinam and Amsterdam on 10 August.{{London Gazette|page=109|issue=15669|date=24 January 1804}} On 5{{nbsp}}September, she captured two French schooners,{{London Gazette|page=110|issue=15669|date=24 January 1804}} and later that month took part in attacks on Berbice, Essequibo and Demarara.{{London Gazette|page=1329|issue=16505|date=16 July 1811}}

In November 1803, Emerald ran aground again, this time off the north-east corner of English Harbour. Nearly 300 slaves from the local plantations and the 64th Regiment of Foot, were sent on board to supplement the crew at the pumps.Slope pp. 45-46 After 6 days of continual pumping, the ship was able to get off and return to harbour, where she remained for several months while the necessary repairs were carried out.Slope p. 46

Emerald{{'}}s first lieutenant, Thomas Forest, commanded the 6-gun cutter {{HMS|Fort Diamond||2}} on 13 March 1804 when, with 30 of Emerald{{'}}s crew aboard, she captured a French privateer off Saint-Pierre, Martinique.{{London Gazette|page=539|issue=15697|date=28 April 1804}} Contrary winds prevented the privateer, Mosambique, from entering St Pierre and she had sought shelter beneath the batteries at Seron.James (Vol. III) p. 253 Because Emerald was too far downwind, Captain O'Bryen used boats and crew from Emerald to create a diversion and draw fire from the battery while Fort Diamond approached from the opposite direction, rounded Pearl Rock (some two miles off the coast), and bore down on Mosambique. Forest put the cutter alongside, with such force that a chain securing the privateer to the shore snapped. The 60-man French crew abandoned their vessel and swam ashore. The Royal Navy took {{HMS|Mosambique|1804|2}} into service.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=364}}

File:AMH-8054-KB Map of Surinam.jpg

In the spring of 1804, Emerald and her crew took part in an invasion of Surinam. The invasion force consisted of Hood's flagship Centaur, Emerald, the 44-gun heavy frigates Pandour and {{HMS|Serapis|1782|2}}, the 28-gun sixth-rate {{HMS|Alligator|1787|2}}, the 12-gun schooner {{HMS|Unique|1804|2}}, the 12-gun corvette {{HMS|Hippomenes|1803|2}}, and the 8-gun Drake, together with 2,000 troops under Brigadier-General Sir Charles Green. The force arrived from Barbados on 25 April after a twenty-two-day journey.{{London Gazette|issue=15712|date=19 June 1804|pages=761–762}}James (Vol III) pp. 288–289 The sloop Hippomenes, a transport and a further three armed vessels, landed Brigadier-General Frederick Maitland and 700 troops at Warapee Creek on the night of 30 April. The following night, O'Bryen was ordered to assist Brigadier-General Hughes in the taking of Braam's Point. A sandbar initially prevented Emerald from entering the Surinam River but O'Bryen forced her across on the rising tide, with Pandour and Drake following. Anchoring close by, the three British ships quickly put the Dutch battery of 18-pounders out of action and captured the fort without loss of life.James (Vol. III) p. 289

Emerald, Pandour, and Drake then pushed up the river, sometimes in less water than the frigates required to float properly, until on 5{{nbsp}}May they arrived close to the forts Leyden and Frederici. The British landed a detachment of troops under Hughes some distance away, which marching under the cover of the forests and swamps, launched an attack that resulted in the swift capture of the two forts.James (Vol. III) pp. 289–290 By this time, most of the squadron had managed to work its way up the river as far as Frederici, Maitland was advancing along the Commewine River, and with troops poised to attack the fort of New Amsterdam, the Batavian commandant, Lieutenant-Colonel Batenburg, duly surrendered.James (Vol. III) p. 290

Emerald captured the vessel Augusta, which was under American colours, on 22 August and sent her into Antigua with the cargo of wine that she had been carrying from Leghorn to Guadeloupe.Lloyd's List n° 4506. [http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1804/11-16-1804.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016. Emerald left Tortola on 26 October as escort to a convoy of 50 vesselsLloyd's List n° 4513.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1804/12-11-1804.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016.Lloyd's List n° 4185.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1805/01-22-1805.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016. but a few days later on 29 October, she ran into trouble in a storm. At 06:00 the top section of the rudder snapped off and at 09:15 Emerald sent a signal of distress to the convoy when further damage forced the crew to cut the rudder away in its entirety.Slope p. 36 The signal was ignored but Emerald's carpenters were able to construct a replacement, row it into position and fit it.Slope p. 37 They reached the stopping off point, Madeira, in December and while moored in Funchal Bay, a merchant ship collided with Emerald, taking out the quarter gallery on the left-hand side and carrying away the cutter. A few days later, a similar accident resulted in the loss of her starboard quarter gallery. In order to finish the required repairs, O'Bryen had to put in to the Tagus and did not arrive home until 16 March 1805, when the ship paid off.Slope p. 46

Between February and June 1806, Emerald underwent a refurbishment at Deptford dockyard and was recommissioned under Captain John Armour on 6 June with Frederick Lewis Maitland assuming command on 28 November.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}Marshall p. 394 Emerald spent much of her time under Maitland cruising in the Western Approaches and in the Bay of Biscay, off the Atlantic coast of France, where she preyed on enemy shipping.Slope p. 47 In January 1807, she was in the company of the 74-gun {{HMS|Renown|1798|2}} and the 36-gun {{HMS|Santa Margarita|1779|2}}, when two French vessels were seen off the Ile de Groix. One, a lugger, was driven on to the shore and the other, a ketch, captured.Slope p. 48 In April, Emerald's crew boarded a ship off Cape Finisterre. Formally the American vessel, Zulema, she had been captured by a French privateer ten days earlier while sailing from Philadelphia to Liverpool. She was sent into Plymouth, arriving under her master, Mr Howard, on 4 May.Slope p. 34Lloyd's List, n° 4150.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1807/05-08-1807.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016.

While in the Basque Roads in April, Emerald captured the 14-gun privateer Austerlitz, a brig from Nantes under the command of Captain Gatien Lafont.{{sfnp|Demerliac|2003|loc=n° 2190|p=278}} Emerald, while escorting a Spanish polacca that she had taken, spotted and captured the privateer on 14 April after a ten-hour chase.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}{{London Gazette|page=533|issue=16023|date=25 April 1807}} Austerlitz had been out of port two days but had made no captures; the polacca was the Spanish ship Prince of Asturias, which had sailed from La Guayra with a cargo of cocoa, bark and indigo. Emerald sent both prizes into Plymouth, where they arrived on 22 April. Emerald herself set off in pursuit of another vessel from La Guayra.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1807/04-24-1807.jpg Lloyd's List, n°4146 – accessed 11 November 2015.]{{efn|Prince of Asturias was sold as a prize with the buyer being "McCarthy". Subsequently, Lloyd's Register for 1806 gave her burthen as 239 tons, her master's name as R. Harvey, and her home port as London.[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005667103?urlappend=%3Bseq=473 Lloyd's Register (1806), Seq.No.P491.]}}

During December, Plymouth received more of Emerald{{'s}} captures. At the beginning of the month, Young Elias was detained. Her master, Monsieur Delance, had been sailing from Philadelphia to Bordeaux.Lloyd's List, n° 4210.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1807/12-11-1807.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016. On 26 December, Mr Seaton's vessel, Friendship was caught returning from France.Lloyd's List n°4215,[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005721488?urlappend=%3Bseq=215] – accessed 12 July 2016.

Emerald{{'}}s boats participated in a cutting-out expedition in Viveiro harbour on 13 March 1808. While cruising inshore at around 17:00, Emerald spotted a large French schooner, Apropos,{{efn|Sometimes referred to as Apropus.}} of 250 tons (bm), anchored in the bay. Apropos was armed with twelve 8-pounder guns, though pierced for 16, and had a crew of more than 70 men under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Lagary.{{sfnp|Marshall|1824|pp=395–396}}

The crews of the schooner and of the two batteries guarding the harbour had seen Emerald but Maitland still made plans to attack Apropos.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}{{London Gazette|page=416|issue=16130|date=22 March 1808}} He soon discovered it was not possible to place Emerald so as to engage both enemy batteries simultaneously, and instead sent landing parties to silence the guns, which had been firing on his ship since 17:30. The first landing party, led by Lieutenant Bertram and accompanied by two marine lieutenants and two master mates, stormed the outer fort. Maitland then positioned Emerald close to the second battery while a boat under the command of his third lieutenant, Smith, landed about a mile along the shore. This second landing party encountered Spanish soldiers, but drove them off and pursued them inland. By the time Smith's party returned to the beach, Emerald had already silenced the battery. In the darkness, Smith subsequently failed to locate the fort.

The crew of Apropos had run her ashore soon after Emerald had entered the harbour. The harbour batteries having been destroyed, Captain Maitland sent a further force under Midshipman Baird to secure and refloat the French ship. The original landing party under Lieutenant Bertram, which had already encountered and dispersed 60 members of the schooner's crew, met Baird's party on the beach. The British made several unsuccessful attempts to re-float the schooner before being forced to set her afire and depart. British casualties were heavy. Emerald had nine men killed, and 16 wounded, including Lieutenant Bertram. Maitland estimated that French casualties too had been heavy.{{sfnp|Marshall|1824|pp=395–396}} In 1847 the Admiralty issued the clasp "Emerald 13 March 1808" to the Naval General Service Medal to the ten surviving claimants from the action.{{London Gazette |date=26 January 1849 |issue=20939 |pages=236–247 }}

Between May and August 1808, Emerald was employed as a supply ship, running provisions from Plymouth to the fleet blockading the French coast.Slope p. 34 A French schooner Amadea arrived in Plymouth on 15 December 1808 having previously been captured and sent in by Emerald.Lloyd's List, n° 4302.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1808/11-18-1808.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016.

File:Chart of the Road of Basque 1757.jpg

Back in the Basque Roads on 23 February 1809, Emerald was this time part of a squadron under Robert Stopford. Stopford's flagship, the 80-gun {{HMS|Caesar|1793|2}}, was also accompanied by the seventy-fours {{HMS|Defiance|1783|2}} and {{HMS|Donegal|1798|2}}, and the 36-gun frigates {{HMS|Amethyst|1799|2}} and {{HMS|Naiad|1797|2}}.{{London Gazette|page=289|issue=16234|date=4 March 1809}} At 20:00, Stopford's squadron was anchored off the Chassiron Lighthouse, to the north-west of Ile d'Oléron, when the sighting of several rockets prompted him to investigate. About an hour later, sails were seen to the east which the British followed until daylight the following morning. The sails belonged to a French squadron that Stopford deduced to be out of Brest and which heaved to in the Pertuis d'Antioche.

The French force comprised eight ships of the line and two frigates, and Stopford immediately sent Naiad to apprise Admiral James Gambier of the situation. Naiad had not gone too far however when she signalled that there were three other vessels to the north-west. Stopford ordered Amethyst and Emerald to remain while he and the rest of the squadron set off in pursuit. The British frigate {{HMS|Amelia|1796|2}} and the sloop {{HMS|Doterel|1808|2}} also joined the chase. Caesar, Donegal, Defiance, and Amelia eventually drove the three French frigates ashore and destroyed them.{{London Gazette|page=139|issue=16337|date=27 January 1810}}

Emerald and Amethyst had more success in the spring of 1809 when on 23 March they captured the brigs Caroline and Serpent. In April, Emerald assisted Amethyst in the chase of a large 44-gun frigate off Ushant.{{London Gazette|page=1593|issue=16303|date=3 October 1809}}{{London Gazette|page=499|issue=16246|date=11 April 1809}} Emerald sighted {{HMS|Niemen|1809|2}}, with a main battery of 18-pounders and under the command of Captain Dupoter, at 11:00 on 5{{nbsp}}April and immediately signalled Amethyst for assistance. Amethyst caught a glimpse of the French forty-four just as she turned away to the south-east and gave chase but by 19:20 had lost sight of both Niemen and Emerald. Amethyst fell in with Niemen again at around 21:30 and engaged her. Niemen was forced to strike when a second British frigate, {{HMS|Arethusa|1781|2}} came into view and fired a broadside. The Royal Navy took Niemen into service under her existing name.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=178}}

On 26 March, Enfant de Patria arrived at Plymouth. Patria, of 500 tons (bm), 10 guns, and 60 men, had sailed from France for Île de France when Emerald and Amethyst captured her.Lloyd's List, n° 4340.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1809/03-31-1809.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016.{{efn|Marshall described Enfant de Patria as a letter of marque of 640 tons (bm), armed with eight guns, and carrying a crew of 60 men.{{sfnp|Marshall|1824|pp=395–396}}}} Two days later Emerald captured a second letter of marque, the 4-gun Aventurier, bound for the relief of Guadeloupe. She had a crew of 30 men.{{sfnp|Marshall|1824|pp=395–396}}

{{Main article|Battle of the Basque Roads}}

File:Battle of Basque Roads 11 April.svg

Emerald was part of the fleet under Admiral Lord Gambier that fought the Battle of the Basque Roads in April 1809.{{London Gazette|page=450|issue=17458|date=9 March 1819}} The French ships were anchored under the protection of the powerful batteries on the Isle d'AixJames (Vol. V) pp. 103–104 when on 11 April Lord Cochrane attacked them with fireships and explosive vessels.James (Vol. V) p. 105 Emerald provided a diversion to the east of the island with the brigs {{HMS|Beagle|1804|2}}, Doterel, {{HMS|Conflict|1805|2}}, and Growler. The fireships met with only partial success; the French, having anticipated such an attack, had rigged a boom across the channel.James (Vol. V) p. 104 One of the explosive vessels breached the boom, leading the French to cut their cables and drift on to the shoals.James (Vol. V) pp. 108–109

The following day, after much delay, Gambier ordered a battle squadron to reinforce Cochrane in the Basque Roads. The British ships anchored, with springs, in a crescent around some of the stranded French ships, and exchanged fire.{{efn|A spring was a second rope attached to the anchor cable so that by pulling on it, the ship could be slewed round contrary to wind and tide, which would otherwise determine the angle of the vessel.Davies p. 188}} Emerald took up position ahead of Indefatigable and behind Aigle and Unicorn, and directed her fire mainly towards the French ships of the line, Varsovie and Aquilon, both of which struck at around 17:30.James (Vol. V) p. 114.

At 20:00, Emerald, along with the other British frigates and brigs, weighed and anchored with the 74-gun {{HMS|Revenge|1805|6}} in the Maumusson passage to the south of Oléron while a second fireship attack was under preparation.James (Vol. V) pp. 116–117 Although the fireships were ready in the early hours on the 13th, contrary winds prevented their deployment. The British instead set Varsovie and Aquilon alight just after 03:00, on the orders of Captain John Bligh, after removing their crews.James (Vol. V) p. 117. Emerald, and the other vessels moored with her, were recalled at 05:00 but owing to the lack of water, only the brigs were able to pass further up the river.James (Vol. V) pp. 118–119. Emerald therefore took no further part in the attack, which continued until 29 April when the last French ship was able to free herself from the mud and escape up the river to Rochefort.James (Vol. V) p. 122.

Gambier received much disapproval for his inaction at Basque Roads and on 26 July 1809 was court-martialled. Maitland, who had been one of his critics, was by then serving with Emerald on the Irish station and did not attend the hearing.Slope pp. 49-50 That same month, Emerald captured two French sloops.{{London Gazette|page=411|issue=16352|date=17 March 1810}} Deux Freres, en route for Guadeloupe from Rochelle when captured, arrived in Plymouth on 26 July.Lloyd's List, n° 4375.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1809/08-01-1809.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016. A week later, Emerald captured the French schooner Balance, which had been sailing to France from Guadeloupe.Lloyd's List, n° 4376.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1809/08-04-1809.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016. Both captures carried letters of marque. The first, of four guns, was carrying a small reinforcement for Guadeloupe's garrison. The second, also of four guns, was carrying a cargo of coffee and other colonial produce.{{sfnp|Marshall|1824|pp=395–396}}{{efn|Deux freres, a ketch of about 100 tons (bm), and Balance, a schooner of about 50 tons (bm), and their cargoes, were auctioned at Plymouth on 30 September 1809."Advertisements & Notices", 28 September 1809, Trewman's Exeter Flying Post (Exeter, England), Issue: 2369.}}

While off the coast of Ireland on 8 October, Emerald rescued a British brig by capturing Incomparable, an 8-gun French privateer. The Frenchman was about to take the British vessel when Emerald intervened.{{London Gazette|page=1708|issue=16310|date=28 October 1809}} Incomparable had a crew of 63 men and was four days out of Saint-Malo, but had not yet captured any other vessel.{{sfnp|Marshall|1824|pp=395–396}}{{efn|The report in Lloyd's List described Incomparable as being armed with 14 guns.Lloyd's List, n° 4400.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1809/10-20-1809.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016. French records show that she was commissioned in November 1807. She served under René Rosse until March 1808, Jean-Baptiste Dupuis from December, and from May 1809 made two cruises under Charles Tribalau.{{sfnp|Demerliac|2003|loc=n° 2057|p=267}} A third account gave her armament as eight 6-pounder guns and her crew as numbering 60 men.{{sfnp|Marshall|1824|pp=395–396}}}} Still in Irish waters on 6 November, Emerald took the 16-gun French brig {{ship|French brig|Fanfaron|1804|2}}, two days out of Brest and bound for Guadeloupe.{{London Gazette|page=1826|issue=16315|date=14 November 1809}} After an all-night chase, Emerald caught up. Capitaine de fregate Croquet Deschateurs of Fanfaron resisted, firing several broadsides and a final double-shotted broadside. Unable to escape, Deschateurs prepared to board but Emerald evaded the manoeuvre and fired a broadside that dismasted Fanfaron, leaving Deschateurs no option but to surrender his vessel. The subsequent French court-martial not only absolved Deschateurs of any liability for the loss but also commended him for his conduct.Troude (1867), Vol. IV, pp. 74–77. Four days later Emerald arrived at Cork with Fanfaron and Luna. Fanfaron, with a crew of 113, had been carrying a cargo of flour, salt and other provisions, as well as iron, lead and nails, all for Guadeloupe.European Magazine and London Review, Vol. 56, p. 469.{{efn|The report in Lloyd's List describes Fanfaron as being armed with 18 guns and having a crew of 135 men. Luna, of and from New York, Southwark, master, had been carrying cotton and rice for San Sebastián when Emerald detained her.Lloyd's List, n° 4408.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1809/11-17-1809.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016.}}

At the beginning of February 1810, Emerald captured and sent into Plymouth, Commerce, Hanson, master, which had been sailing from Drontheim to Bordeaux.Lloyd's List, n° 4432.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1810/02-13-1810.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016. Then on 22 March, Emerald captured the 350-ton (bm) Belle Etoile in the Bay of Biscay. Caught after a twelve-hour chase during which she jettisoned much of her cargo; Belle Etoile, out of Bayonne, was pierced for 20 guns but only carried eight.{{London Gazette|page=489|issue=16357|date=31 March 1810}} Carrying a cargo of wine, flour, oil, and other merchandise to Île de France,{{sfnp|Marshall|1824|pp=395–396}} she was sent into Cork with her 56-man crew.Lloyd's List, n° 4446.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1810/04-03-1810.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016. Emerald captured an American ship, Wasp, in July 1810.{{London Gazette|page=2341|issue=16548|date=3 December 1811}} Wasp was carrying 91 passengers from New York to Bordeaux; they arrived at Plymouth on 30 July.Lloyd's List, n° 4481.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1810/08-03-1810.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016.

Emerald was still serving on the Irish Station on 11 April 1811 when she sent into Cork a French privateer.Lloyd's List, n° 4554.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1810/08-03-1810.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016. This was the 18-gun {{ship||Auguste|1808 privateer|2}} (or Augusta), which had been taken on 6 April. Shortly after this however, Emerald put into Portsmouth for a two-month refit prior to escorting a convoy to the Cape of Good Hope. The newly-appointed governor of the colony, Lieutenant-General Sir John Craddock, his family and servants, joined Emerald for the journey.Slope p. 50 Following a stop-over at Madeira, Emerald left on 5{{nbsp}}July, reportedly in the company of five East Indiamen{{efn|The Indiamen were Minerva, {{ship||Harleston|1811 ship|2}}, {{ship||William Pitt|1803 ship|2}}, {{ship||Lord Forbes|1803 ship|2}}, and {{ship||Lady Lushington|1808 ship|2}}, all of which had arrived in Madeira three days earlier.Lloyd's List, №4593.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1811/08-30-1811.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016.}} and was spotted by a transport ship on 18 July, escorting thirteen vessels off the coast of West Africa.{{efn|The transport ship, Fanny was travelling from Rio de Janeiro to Portsmouth, and on her arrival reported Emerald and her convoy, "all well" at {{coord|13|2|N|24|0|W}}.Lloyd's List, №4594.[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1811/09-03-1811.jpg] – accessed 12 July 2016.}}

The journey to the Cape Colony, proved to be Emerald's last duty of note; she returned home in November 1811, and after transporting the captain's wine to the custom house in Portsmouth, was laid up in ordinary.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}} She was fitted out as a receiving ship in 1822 but was eventually broken up in January 1836.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=148}}

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{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|last = Clowes|first = William Laird|year = 1997|orig-year= 1900|title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume IV|publisher = Chatham Publishing|location = London|isbn = 1-86176-013-2}}
• {{cite book|last = Clowes|first = William Laird|year = 1997|orig-year= 1900|title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V|publisher = Chatham Publishing|location = London|isbn = 1-86176-014-0}}
• {{cite book|title=Fighting Ships|last=Davies|first=David|year=1996|publisher=Constable and Robinson Limited|location=Fulham Palace Road, London.|isbn=1-84119-469-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryoffi0000davi}}
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• {{cite book |first1= Jonathan R.|last1= Dull|title= The Age of the Ship of the Line|publisher= Seaforth Publishing|location= Barnsley|year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84832-549-4}}
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• {{cite book |title=Napoleonic Naval Armaments 1792-1815|last=Henry |first=Chris |year=2004|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location= Botley, Oxford.|isbn=978-1-84176-635-5}}
• {{cite book |title=Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail|last=Ireland |first=Bernard|year=2000|publisher=Harper Collins Publishing|location= Hammersmith, London.|isbn=0-00-762906-0}}
• {{cite book |last = James |first = William |author-link = William James (naval historian) |year = 2002 |orig-year= 1827 |title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume II, 1797–1799 |publisher = Conway Maritime Press |location = London |isbn = 0-85177-906-9}}
• {{cite book| last = James| first = William| year = 2002| orig-year= 1827| title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume III, 1800–1805| publisher = Conway Maritime Press| location = London| isbn = 0-85177-907-7}}
• {{cite book |last = James |first = William |year = 2002 |orig-year= 1827 |title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume V, 1808–1811 |publisher = Conway Maritime Press |location = London |isbn = 0-85177-909-3 }}
• {{cite RNB1823 |wstitle=Maitland, Frederick Lewis |volume=2 |part=1 |page=381–400}}
• {{cite book|last = O'Byrne|first = William R.|year = 1849|title = A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officer in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924027921372/page/n359|publisher = J. Murray|location = London|oclc=248731499}}
• {{cite book |first1=James |last1=Ralfe |title=Volume 3 of The Naval Biography of Great Britain: Consisting of Historical Memoirs of Those Officers of the British Navy who Distinguished Themselves During the Reign of His Majesty George III |publisher= Whitmore & Fenn |location=London |year=1828|page=|oclc=561188819}}
• {{cite thesis |last=Slope |first=Nick |date=August 2005 |title=Serving in Nelson's Navy - A Social History of Three Amazon-Class Frigates (1795-1811) |url=https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/419/1/Nick_Slope_-_PhD.pdf |degree=PhD |publisher=Thames Valley University, London |access-date=19 February 2024}}
• Strathern, Paul (2009) Napoleon in Egypt. (Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks). {{ISBN|978-0-553-38524-3}}
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• {{Cite book|first=Onésime-Joachim|last=Troude|author-link=Onésime-Joachim Troude|year=1867|publisher=Challamel ainé|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhIR5D5quFYC|title=Batailles navales de la France, Volume IV|language=fr}}
• {{cite book |first1= Sam|last1= Willis|title= In the Hour of Victory – The Royal Navy at War in the Age of Nelson|publisher= Atlantic Books Ltd|location= London|year=2013 |isbn=978-0-85789-570-7}}
• *{{cite book |first1=Rif |last1=Winfield |title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates |origyear= |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley |year=2007 |language= |isbn=978-1-84415-700-6 |page= |pages= |at=}}
• {{cite book |first=Rif|last=Winfield|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=London|year=2008|isbn=978-1-86176-246-7}}
• {{cite book|last1=Winfield |first1=Rif|last2=Roberts |first2=Stephen S. |year=2015 |title=French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=978-1-84832-204-2}}
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• {{Commons category-inline|HMS Emerald (ship, 1795)}}

{{Amazon-class frigate (1795)}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Emerald (1795)}}

Category:1795 ships

Category:Fifth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy

Category:Ships built in Kent