:Hapa

File:'Hapa Haole' (No. 206) by Grace Hudson, 1901.jpg, 1901]]The word "hapa" entered the Hawaiian language in the early 1800s, with the arrival of Christian missionaries who instituted a Hawaiian alphabet and developed curriculum for schools. It is a transliteration of the English word "half," but quickly came to mean "part," which could be combined with numbers to form fractions. For example, hapalua is half, hapahā is one-fourth, and hapanui means majority.

In Hawaii, the term can be used in conjunction with other Hawaiian racial and ethnic descriptors to specify a particular racial or ethnic mixture. An example of this is hapa haole (part European/White).{{harvnb|Easley|1995|p=76}}: "'Hapa haole' is a commonly used phrase in Hawaii, employed by all Asian subgroups, but Hawaiian in origin. The phrase literally translates into "of part-white ancestry or origin.""{{cite web|title=Hapa Haole|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hapa%20haole|access-date=2 September 2013|publisher=Merriam-Webster}}

Pukui states that the original meaning of the word haole was "foreigner." Therefore, all non-Hawaiians can be called haole.{{cite book | first1 = Mary Kawena | last1 = Pukui | first2 = Samuel | last2 = Elbert | author-link = Mary Kawena Pukui | title = Hawaiian Dictionary | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | date = March 1, 1986 | isbn = 9780824807030 }} In practical terms, however, the term is used as a racial description for whites, with the specific exclusion of Portuguese. Portuguese are traditionally considered to be a separate race in Hawaii.{{cite book |last=Judd |first=Gerrit Parmele |title=Hawaii : an informal history |publisher=Collier-Macmillan |year=1961 |oclc=1035087443 |url=https://archive.org/details/hawaiiinformalhi00judd |url-access=registration |access-date=2018-11-19 |page = [https://archive.org/details/hawaiiinformalhi00judd/page/136 136]}}

Hapa-haole also is the name of a type of Hawaiian music in which the tune, styling, and/or subject matter is Hawaiian, but the lyrics are partly, mostly, or entirely in English.{{cite book |editor1-last=Kanahele |editor1-first=George S. |editor1-link=George Kanahele |editor2-last=Berger |editor2-first=John |title = Hawaiian Music & Musicians |edition=2nd |orig-year=1979 |year=2012 |publisher=Mutual Publishing, LLC |location=Honolulu, HI, USA |isbn = 9781566479677 |oclc = 808415079}} Many hapa-haole songs had their musical roots in the Western tradition, and the lyrics were in some combination of English and Hawaiian; these songs first gained popularity outside the Territory of Hawaii beginning in 1912–1915,{{cite book |last=Haas |first=Michael |title=Barack Obama, the Aloha Zen President: How a Son of the 50th State May Revitalize America Based on 12 Multicultural Principles |publisher=Praeger |year=2011 |isbn=9780313394027 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni2wjBLn_OoC&pg=PA152 |access-date=2018-11-19 |page=152 |oclc=714891924}} and include titles such as "My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua" and "Sweet Leilani."{{cite book |last=Shepherd |first=John |title=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |volume=II: Performance and Production |year=2003 |isbn=9780826463227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJvzEzjahkQC&pg=PA450 |access-date=2018-11-19 |page=450 |oclc=50235133}}

Hapa haole is also used for Hawaiian-language hula songs that are partly in English, thus disqualifying them as "authentic" Hawaiian hula in some venues such as the Merrie Monarch Festival.

Some see the use of the term to refer to mixed Asian people without any connections to Hawaii as a misappropriation of Hawaiian culture,{{harvnb|Taniguchi|Heidenreich|2006|p=38}}: "Prominent figures in the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, such as the Trask sisters, have spoken out against the co-optation of the Hawaiian language by Hapa organizations and other 'inappropriate' uses of the term."{{sfn|Dariotis|2007}} but there are kama{{okina}}āina and Kānaka Maoli who see it as hypocritical to protest anyone using what was originally taken from another culture to begin with.{{sfn|Johnson|2016}}{{sfn|NeSmith|2018}}

Still others take a stronger stand in discouraging its usage and misuse as they consider the term to be vulgar and racist.{{cite book |last1=Asakawa |first1=Gil |title = Being Japanese American |orig-year=2004 |year=2015 |publisher = Stone Bridge Press |isbn = 978-1611720228 |page = preface page 2 |edition=2nd |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w-1HCgAAQBAJ&q=hapa+racist+term&pg=PA8 |access-date = 17 March 2016}}

However, the term, unlike other words referring to mixed-race people, has never been a derogatory term when it is used in its original Hawaiian context, although there is some debate about appropriate usage outside this context.{{sfn|Johnson|2016}} As Wei Ming Dariotis states, {{"'}}Hapa' was chosen because it was the only word we could find that did not really cause us pain. It is not any of the Asian words for mixed Asian people that contain negative connotations either literally (e.g. 'children of the dust,' 'mixed animal') or by association (Eurasian)."{{sfn|Dariotis|2007}}

In 2010, a film called One Big Hapa Family was released about Japanese Canadians.{{Cite news|url=http://www.reelasian.com/reel-asian-news/2010-festival-award-winners/|title=2010 Festival Award Winners|date=2010-11-14|work=Reel Asian International Film Festival|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}

{{Div col}}

• Afro-Asians
• Amerasian
• Asian American
• Asian Canadian
• Filipino mestizo
• Filipino people of Spanish ancestry
• Hāfu
• Hun-Xue-Er
• Luk khrueng
• Multiracial
• Multiracialism
• Race of the future
• The Hapa Project
• Third culture kid

{{Div col end}}

{{Portal bar|Hawaii|Society}}

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1= Huynh-Hohnbaum |first1= Anh-Luu T. |last2=Yoo |first2 = Grace J. |editor1-first= Wen-Chu |editor1-last= Chen |editor2-first= Grace J. |editor2-last= Yoo |title= Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=R_t3yQiWKQEC&q=%22multiracial%20asian%20and%20pacific%20islanders%22&pg=PA437 |volume= 1 |year= 2009 |publisher= Greenwood Pub Group |isbn= 978-0313347511 |oclc=422757556 |pages= 437–443 |chapter= Multiracial Asians and Pacific Islanders }}

• {{cite journal |last1= Bernstein |first1= Mary |last2= De la Cruz |first2= Marcie |year= 2009 |title= "What are You?": Explaining Identity as a Goal of the Multiracial Hapa Movement |journal= Social Problems |volume= 56 |issue= 4 |pages= 722–745 |doi= 10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722 |jstor= 10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722 }}
• {{cite journal |last1= Easley |first1= Allen Ken |year= 1995 |title= Of Children's Plates, Melting Pots, Tossed Salads and Multiple Consciousness: Tales from a Hapa Haole |journal= UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |pages= 75–80 |url= http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/asiapalj3§ion=8 |access-date= 2 September 2013 }}
• {{cite journal |last1= Ozaki |first1= C. Casey |last2= Johnston |first2= Marc|year= 2009 |title= The space in between: Issues for multiracial student organizations and advising |journal= New Directions for Student Services |volume= 2008 |issue= 123 |pages= 53–61 |doi= 10.1002/ss.286 }}
• {{cite web |last1=Taniguchi |first1=Angela S. |last2=Heidenreich |first2=Linda |title=Re-Mix: Rethinking the use of Hapa in Mixedrace Asian/Pacific Islander American Community Organizing |website=Research Exchange |date=2006-06-28 |url=https://research.libraries.wsu.edu/xmlui/handle/2376/12 |series=McNair Journal|access-date=2018-11-19}}

• {{cite news |last1= Dariotis |first1= Wei Ming |year= 2007 |title= Hapa: The Word of Power |publisher= Mixed Heritage Center |url= http://www.mixedheritagecenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1259&Itemid=34 |access-date=2 September 2013}}
• {{cite news |last1= Johnson |first1= Akemi |year= 2016 |title= Who Gets To Be 'Hapa'? |publisher= NPR |url= https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/08/08/487821049/who-gets-to-be-hapa |access-date=15 July 2019}}

• {{cite news |last1= NeSmith |first1= Richard Keao |year= 2018 |title= The Etymology of Hapa |journal= Japanese American National Museum |time= 44:35-45:10 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZPa_yyoJc8 }}

{{Wiktionary}}

• [http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-09-15/how-hawaiian-word-hapa-came-be-used-people-mixed-heritage How the Hawaiian word 'hapa' came to be used by people of mixed heritage] (audio)
• [http://www.hapahappyhour.libsyn.com/ Hapa Happy Hour] podcast
• {{cite web |title=new work by kip fulbeck |website=hapa.me |date=2018-11-18 |url=https://hapa.me/ |access-date=2018-11-19}} online presentation about the Hapa Project

{{Asian Americans}}

{{Multiethnicity}}

Category:Asian-American culture

Category:Ethno-cultural designations

Category:Hawaiian words and phrases

Category:Multiracial affairs in the United States