:Hara hachi bun me
{{short description|Confucian teaching about eating habits}}
{{italic title|reason=}}
{{nihongo||腹八分目|Hara hachi bun me}} (also spelled {{Transliteration|ja|hara hachi bu}}, and sometimes misspelled {{Transliteration|ja|hari hachi bu}}) is a ConfucianBuettner, pp. 7, 227 teaching that instructs people to eat until they are 80 percent full. The Japanese phrase translates to "Eat until you are eight parts (out of ten) full",{{cite book| author = Willcox BJ |author2=Willcox DC |author3=Suzuki M| title = The Okinawa Program : How the World's Longest-Lived People Achieve Everlasting Health And How You Can Too| year = 2002| publisher = Three Rivers Press| isbn = 978-0-609-80750-7| pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=2r82Zk5qjxIC&pg=PA86 86–87] }} or "belly 80 percent full".{{cite journal|author=Grossman, Terry|title=Latest advances in antiaging medicine|year=2005|journal=The Keio Journal of Medicine|volume=54|issue=2|pages=85–94|doi=10.2302/kjm.54.85|pmid=16077258|doi-access=free}} There is evidence that following this practice leads to a lower body mass index and increased longevity, and it might even help to prevent dementia in the elderly.
Effects
File:Body mass index chart.svg chart]]
Biochemist Clive McCay, a professor at Cornell University in the 1930s, reported that significant calorie restriction prolonged life in laboratory animals.{{cite journal|author=Ingram, DK|title=Development of calorie restriction mimetics as a prolongevity strategy|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|year=2004|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1196/annals.1297.074 |display-authors=etal|volume=1019|issue=1|pages=412–423|pmid=15247056|bibcode=2004NYASA1019..412I|s2cid=35738969|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235868}}{{cite web|url=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/pdf_guides/RMA01087.pdf|title=Clive McCay papers, 1920–1967 | publisher = Cornell University Library | access-date=June 1, 2011}} Authors Bradley and Craig Wilcox along with Makoto Suzuki believe that {{Transliteration|ja|hara hachi bun me}} may act as a form of calorie restriction, and therefore extend the life expectancy for those who practice this philosophy. They take the case of Okinawa, whose population rank at the top in terms of life expectancy: they believe that {{Transliteration|ja|hara hachi bun me}} assists in keeping the average Okinawan's BMI low, and this is thought to be due to the delay in the stomach stretch receptors that help signal satiety. The result of not practising {{Transliteration|ja|hara hachi bun me}} is a constant stretching of the stomach which in turn increases the amount of food needed to feel full.
Yoshida Iwase and colleagues have investigated the reasons why some centenarians are able to reach such old ages without signs of dementia, and among other factors, they've found out that following the hara hachi bun me philosophy might contribute to healthier neurological markers for the elderly.{{cite journal |last1=Iwase |first1=T. |last2=Yoshida |first2=M. |last3=Hashizume |first3=Y. |title=Factors contributing to improve the quality of life in dementia-free centenarians |journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences |date=October 2015 |volume=357 |page=e129 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.414}}
Okinawans
Okinawans are a minority culture who, although part of Japan, are descendants of the Ryukyuan Kingdom and who had influences from mainland China. Okinawa has the world's highest proportion of centenarians, at approximately 50 per 100,000 people.{{cite web|title=Okinawa's Centenarians|url=http://www.okicent.org/cent.html|work=The Okinawa Centenarian Study|access-date=21 April 2013}} They are known to practise {{Transliteration|ja|hara hachi bun me}}, and as a result they typically consume about 1,800 to 1,900 kilo-calories per day.Beuttner, p. 233 The typical body mass index (BMI) of their elders is about 18 to 22, compared to a typical BMI of 26 or 27 for adults over 60 years of age in the United States.{{cite book| author = Smolin LA|author2=Grosvenor MB| title = Basic Nutrition| year = 2004| publisher = Infobase Publishing| isbn = 0-7910-7850-7 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pqueMlren1cC&pg=PA134 | page = 134 }}
In other cultures
The philosophy of {{Transliteration|ja|hara hachi bun me}}, is also found in other cultures.
=China=
From the teachings of Confucius, philosophies dating back to the 5th century BCE in China, a proverb found in Traditional Chinese Medicine states: {{Transliteration|zh|"Chīfàn qī fēn bǎo, sān fēn han"}} ({{lang|zh|吃飯七分飽、三分寒}}) or "only eat 7 parts full, and wear 3 parts less."){{cite book|author=Andreas Michalsen|title=The Natural Prescription: A Doctor's Guide to the Science of Natural Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4daVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|date= 2019|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=978-1-5293-6656-3|pages=82–}}
=Middle East=
The principle of avoiding surfeit also appears in Islam, dating back to the 6th century by prophet Muhammad, embodied in the proverb stating: "you should fill one third of the stomach with liquid, another third with food, and leave the rest empty."
Influence
= Confucian philosophy =
The practise of a Confucian teaching that cautioned about eating too much, so as not to over burden the spleen, stomach or heart {{cite book |last1=Kapleau |first1=Philip |title=The Three pillars of Zen: teaching, practice, and enlightenment |publisher=Anchor Books |year=1989 |isbn=0-385-26093-8 |location=New York |pages=43–44}} evolved into a Japanese proverb as: "Hara hachi bun ni yamai nashi, hara juuni bun ni isha tarazu" (腹八分に病なし、腹十二分に医者足らず) or literally "stomach 80% in, no illness, stomach 120% in, doctor shortage" which usually translated into English as "eight parts of a full stomach sustain the man; the other two sustain the doctor".
=Zen philosophy=
In the 1965 book Three Pillars of Zen, the author quotes Hakuun Yasutani in his lecture for {{Transliteration|ja|zazen}} beginners advising his students about the book {{Transliteration|ja|Zazen Yojinki}} (Precautions to Observe in {{Transliteration|ja|Zazen}}), written circa 1300, advised them to eat no more than eighty percent of their capacity, reinforced by the proverb above.
=American culture=
{{Transliteration|ja|Hara hachi bun me}} was popularised in the United States by a variety of modern books on diet and longevity.Buettner, pp. 83, 96, 103, 233{{cite book| last = Beckerman| first = James| title = The Flex Diet| year = 2011| publisher = Touchstone| isbn = 978-1-4391-5569-1| pages = [https://archive.org/details/flexdiet00beck/page/162 162–163]| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/flexdiet00beck/page/162}}
See also
References
{{reflist}}
=Bibliography=
- {{cite book| last = Buettner| first = Dan| author-link = Dan Buettner| title = The Blue Zones| year = 2008| publisher = National Geographic Society| isbn = 978-1-4262-0274-2 }}
{{Japanese social terms}}