:International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation
{{Short description|Advisory academic institution to the League of Nations}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
|native_name = International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation
|common_name = International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation
|status = International organisation
|era = period
|event_start = Creation
|year_start = 1922
|capital = Geneva
}}
File:Humanités Numériques.JPGThe International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, sometimes League of Nations Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, is an advisory organisation for the League of Nations which promotes international exchange between scientists, researchers, teachers, artists and intellectuals.{{Sfn |Laqua|2011}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2022}}{{Sfn |Shine|2018}} Established in 1922, it counted such figures as Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Nitobe Inazo, Marie Curie, Gonzague de Reynold, Leonardo Torres Quevedo, and Robert A. Millikan among its members.{{Sfn |Pernet|2014}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2018}}{{Sfn |Grandjean|2020}}
The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (Geneva)
The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICICIC), formally established in August 1922.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2017}} Having started out with 12 members, its membership later grew to 19 individuals, mostly from Western Europe.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2020}} The first session was held on August 1, 1922, under the chairmanship of Henri Bergson. During its lifetime, the committee attracted a variety of prominent members, for instance Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Kristine Bonnevie, Jules Destrée, Robert Andrews Millikan, Alfredo Rocco, Paul Painlevé, Leonardo Torres Quevedo, Gonzague de Reynold, Jagadish Chandra Bose and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Einstein resigned in 1923, protesting publicly the committee's inefficacy; he rejoined in 1924 to mitigate the use German chauvinists made of his resignation.Albert Einstein, Ideas and Opinions (New York: Bonanza/Crown, 1954), p. 84. The body was successively chaired by:
- Henri Bergson (1922–1925)
- Hendrik Lorentz (1925–1928)
- Gilbert Murray (1928–1939).
The ICIC maintains a number of sub-committees (e.g. Museums, Arts and Letters, Intellectual Rights or Bibliography) which also work with figures such as Béla Bartók, Thomas Mann, Salvador de Madariaga and Paul Valéry.
The ICIC works closely with the International Educational Cinematographic Institute created in Rome in 1928 by the Italian government under Mussolini.{{Cite web|date=1929-12-17|title=International Educational Cinematographic Institute|url=https://biblio-archive.unog.ch/Dateien/CouncilMSD/C-3-M-1-1930-XII_EN.pdf|access-date=2021-09-23|website=biblio}}
File:League of Nations Commission 067.tif|ICIC Plenary session (date unknown, between 1924 and 1927).
File:BergsonNitobeIntellectualCooperation.jpg|Henri Bergson (ICIC president) to Inazo Nitobe (International Bureaux Section director), 1924.LoN archives 1924, United Nations Offices in Geneva. Picture from [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/archives-images-apercus-commission-cooperation-intellectuelle/ this collection].
File:League of Nations Commission 075.tif|ICIC Plenary session 1939.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-11045, Genf, Haus des Völkerbundrates.jpg|The Palais Wilson (Geneva), seat of the LoN and the ICIC between 1922 and 1937.
The International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (Paris)
File:Sap01 mh0092807 p - IMG 20140526 1501390000.tif (Paris), where the IIIC was installed in 1926.]]To support the work of the commission in Geneva, the organization was offered assistance from France to establish an executive branch, the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC), in Paris in 1926.{{Cite journal |last=Rodríguez-Casañ |first=Rubén |last2=Carbó-Catalan |first2=Elisabet |last3=Solé-Ribalta |first3=Albert |last4=Roig-Sanz |first4=Diana |last5=Borge-Holthoefer |first5=Javier |last6=Cardillo |first6=Alessio |date=2024-10-24 |title=Analysing inter-state communication dynamics and roles in the networks of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation |url=https://osf.io/x7a3s/download |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1057/s41599-024-03829-1 |issn=2662-9992|doi-access=free |hdl=10261/378425 |hdl-access=free }} However, the IIIC had an autonomous status and was almost only financed by the French government, giving it a certain independence that created tensions with the League of Nations.{{Sfn |Grandjean|2022}} It maintained relations with the league's member states, which established national commissions for intellectual cooperation and appointed delegates to represent their interests at the institute in Paris. While being an international organisation, each of the IIIC's three successive directors was French:
- Julien Luchaire (1926–1930)
- Henri Bonnet (1931–1940)
- Jean-Jacques Mayoux (1945–1946)
From 1926 to 1930, Alfred Zimmern – the well-known British classicist and a pioneering figure in the discipline of international relations – served as the IIIC's deputy director.
As a result of the Second World War, the institute was closed from 1940 to 1944. It re-opened briefly from 1945 to 1946. When it closed for good in 1946, UNESCO inherited its archives and some parts of its mission.{{Cite web|url=http://atom.archives.unesco.org/ag-1-international-institute-of-intellectual-co-operation-iiic;isad?sf_culture=en|title=UNESCO Archives|access-date=20 June 2016|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819012350/https://atom.archives.unesco.org/ag-1-international-institute-of-intellectual-co-operation-iiic;isad?sf_culture=en|url-status=dead}}{{Sfn |Renoliet|1999}}
References
=Genera=
{{refbegin|60em}}
- {{cite book |last=Northedge |first=Frederick |date=1953 |title=International Intellectual Co-operation Within the League of Nations: Its Conceptual Basis and Lessons for the Present |location=London |publisher=University of London }}
- {{cite book |last=Renoliet |first=Jean-Jacques |date=1999 |title=L'UNESCO oubliée, la Société des Nations et la coopération intellectuelle (1919-1946) |trans-title=The Forgotten UNESCO, the League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation (1919-1946) |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne |isbn=978-2-85944-384-9 }}
- {{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et cultures dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne }} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary])
- {{cite book |last= |first= |date=2022 |title=Centenary of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations |url=http://intellectualcooperation.org/book-of-abstracts-2022 |location=Geneva |publisher=United Nations Library and Archives }}
{{refend}}
=Specific=
{{refbegin|60em}}
- {{Cite journal | volume = 6| issue = 2| last = Laqua| first = Daniel| title = Transnational Intellectual Cooperation, the League of Nations, and the Problem of Order| journal =Journal of Global History| date = 2011| pages = 223–247| url = http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/5055/1/laqua_transnationalcooperation.pdf| doi=10.1017/s1740022811000246 | s2cid = 144836940}}
- {{Cite journal | volume = 12| issue = 3| last = Pernet| first = Corinne| title = Twists, Turns, and Dead Alleys: The League of Nations and Intellectual Cooperation in Times of War| journal =Journal of Modern European History| date = 2014| pages = 342–358| url = https://www.academia.edu/8426989| doi=10.17104/1611-8944_2014_3_342 | s2cid = 147056397}}
- {{Cite journal | issue = 2| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Complex structures and international organizations| trans-title = Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni| journal = Memoria e Ricerca | date = 2017| pages = 371–393| url = https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.14647/87204 | doi = 10.14647/87204 }} See also: [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2 French version] (PDF) and [http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/ English summary].
- {{Cite journal | last = Shine| first = Cormac| title = Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations | journal = The Journal of Ecclesiastical History | volume = 69| issue = 4| pages = 785–805| date = 2018 | doi = 10.1017/S0022046917002731}}
- {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939) | journal = Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America | pages = 65–89| date = 2020 | doi = 10.4324/9780429299407-6| s2cid = 240784377| url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03207291/document | doi-access = free}}
- {{Cite journal | last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = The Paris/Geneva Divide. A Network Analysis of the Archives of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations | journal = Culture as Soft Power: Bridging Cultural Relations, Intellectual Cooperation, and Cultural Diplomacy | pages = 65–98| date = 2022 | doi = 10.1515/9783110744552-004 | doi-access = free | url = https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03760539/document }}
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=Notes=
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=External links=
- [http://libraryresources.unog.ch/lonintellectualcooperation Research Guide on Intellectual Cooperation] by UN Archives Geneva.
- [https://archives.ungeneva.org/intellectual-cooperation-and-international-bureaux-section Intellectual Cooperation and International Bureaux Section] at UN Archives Geneva.
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:International Committee On Intellectual Cooperation}}
Category:International scientific organizations
Category:Organizations established in 1922
Category:Organizations disestablished in 1946
Category:Former international organizations