:Isotopes of beryllium

{{Isotopes table

|symbol=Be

|refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II

|notes=m, resonance, unc(), mass#, spin(), daughter-st, EC, IT, n, p

}}

|-id=Beryllium-5

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|5}}This isotope has not yet been observed; given data is inferred or estimated from periodic trends.

|4

|1

| {{val|5.03987|(215)}}#

|

| p ?Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.

| {{SimpleNuclide|Lithium|4}} ?

| (1/2+)#

|

|-id=Beryllium-6

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|6}}

|4

|2

| {{val|6.019726|(6)}}

| {{val|5.0|(3)|u=zs}}
[{{val|91.6|(5.6)|u=keV}}]

| 2p

| {{SimpleNuclide|Helium|4}}

| 0+

|

|-

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|7}}Produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but not primordial, as it all quickly decayed to ⁷Li

|4

|3

| {{val|7.01692871|(8)}}

| {{val|53.22|(6)|u=d}}

| ε

| {{SimpleNuclide|Lithium|7}}

| 3/2−

| Tracecosmogenic nuclide

|-

| Beryllium-8Intermediate product of triple alpha process in stellar nucleosynthesis as part of the path producing ¹²C

|4

|4

| {{val|8.00530510|(4)}}

| {{val|81.9|(3.7)|u=as}}
[{{val|5.58|(25)|u=eV}}]

| αAlso often considered spontaneous fission, as {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|8}} splits into two equal {{SimpleNuclide|Helium|4}} nuclei

| {{SimpleNuclide|Helium|4}}

| 0+

|

|-id=Beryllium-8m

| style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|8|m}}

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|16626|(3)|u=keV}}

|

| α

| {{SimpleNuclide|Helium|4}}

| 2+

|

|-id=Beryllium-9

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|9}}

|4

|5

| {{val|9.01218306|(8)}}

| colspan=3 align=center|Stable

| 3/2−

| 1

|-id=Beryllium-9m

| style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|9|m}}

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|14390.3|(1.7)|u=keV}}

| {{val|1.25|(10)|u=as}}
[{{val|367|(30)|u=eV}}]

|

|

| 3/2−

|

|-

| Beryllium-10

|4

|6

| {{val|10.01353469|(9)}}

| {{val|1.387|(12)|e=6|u=y}}{{refn|group=nb|name=tropical}}

| β⁻

| {{SimpleNuclide|Boron|10}}

| 0+

| Trace

|-id=Beryllium-11

| rowspan=3|{{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|11}}Has 1 halo neutron

| rowspan=3|4

| rowspan=3|7

| rowspan=3|{{val|11.02166108|(26)}}

| rowspan=3|{{val|13.76|(7)|u=s}}

| β⁻ ({{val|96.7|(1)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Boron|11}}

| rowspan=3|1/2+

| rowspan=3|

|-

| β⁻α ({{val|3.3|(1)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Lithium|7}}

|-

| β⁻p ({{val|0.0013|(3)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|10}}

|-id=Beryllium-11m

| style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|11|m}}

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|21158|(20)|u=keV}}

| {{val|0.93|(13)|u=zs}}
[{{val|500|(75)|u=keV}}]

| IT ?

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|11}} ?

| 3/2−

|

|-id=Beryllium-12

| rowspan=2|{{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|12}}

| rowspan=2|4

| rowspan=2|8

| rowspan=2|{{val|12.0269221|(20)}}

| rowspan=2|{{val|21.46|(5)|u=ms}}

| β⁻ ({{val|99.50|(3)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Boron|12}}

| rowspan=2|0+

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β⁻n ({{val|0.50|(3)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Boron|11}}

|-id=Beryllium-12m

| style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|12|m}}

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|2251|(1)|u=keV}}

| {{val|233|(7)|u=ns}}

| IT

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|12}}

| 0+

|

|-id=Beryllium-13

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|13}}

|4

|9

| {{val|13.036135|(11)}}

| {{val|1.0|(7)|u=zs}}

| n ?

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|12}} ?

| (1/2−)

|

|-id=Beryllium-13m

| style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|13|m}}

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|1500|(50)|u=keV}}

|

|

|

| (5/2+)

|

|-id=Beryllium-14

| rowspan=5|{{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|14}}Has 4 halo neutrons

| rowspan=5|4

| rowspan=5|10

| rowspan=5|{{val|14.04289|(14)}}

| rowspan=5|{{val|4.53|(27)|u=ms}}

| β⁻n ({{val|86|(6)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Boron|13}}

| rowspan=5|0+

| rowspan=5|

|-

| β⁻ (> {{val|9.0|(6.3)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Boron|14}}

|-

| β⁻2n ({{val|5|(2)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Boron|12}}

|-

| β⁻t ({{val|0.02|(1)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|11}}

|-

| β⁻α (< {{val|0.004|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Lithium|10}}

|-id=Beryllium-14m

| style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|14|m}}

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|1520|(150)|u=keV}}

|

|

|

| (2+)

|

|-id=Beryllium-15

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|15}}

|4

|11

| {{val|15.05349|(18)}}

| {{val|790|(270)|u=ys}}

| n

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|14}}

| (5/2+)

|

|-id=Beryllium-16

| {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|16}}

|4

|12

| {{val|16.06167|(18)}}

| {{val|650|(130)|u=ys}}
[{{val|0.73|(18)|u=MeV}}]

|2n

|{{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|14}}

| 0+

|

{{Isotopes table/footer}}

Beryllium-7 is an isotope with a half-life of 53.3 days that is generated naturally as a cosmogenic nuclide. The rate at which the short-lived {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|7}} is transferred from the air to the ground is controlled in part by the weather. {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|7}} decay in the Sun is one of the sources of solar neutrinos, and the first type ever detected using the Homestake experiment. Presence of {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|7}} in sediments is often used to establish that they are fresh, i.e. less than about 3–4 months in age, or about two half-lives of {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|7}}.{{cite journal |last1=Yamamoto |first1=Masayoshi |last2=Sakaguchi |first2=Aya |last3=Sasaki |first3=Keiichi |last4=Hirose |first4=Katsumi |last5=Igarashi |first5=Yasuhito |last6=Kim |first6=Chang Kyu |title=Seasonal and spatial variation of atmospheric 210Pb and 7Be deposition: features of the Japan Sea side of Japan |journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity |date=January 2006 |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=110–131 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.08.001|pmid=16181712 }}

File:Be7fromcosmicrays.png

{{main|Beryllium-8}}

Beryllium-8 decays into two alpha particles with an extremely short half-life of {{val|8.19|e=-17}} seconds, a consequence of its total ground-state energy being ~92 keV greater than that of two alpha particles. This is unusual among light {{nowrap|N {{=}} Z}} nuclides and creates a bottleneck in stellar nucleosynthesis, which must be bypassed by the fusion of three alpha particles to form stable carbon-12.

{{main|Beryllium-10}}

Image:Solar Activity Proxies.png

Beryllium-10 has a half-life of {{val|1.39e6|u=y}}, and decays by beta decay to stable boron-10 with a maximum energy of 556.2 keV.{{cite journal|author1=G. Korschinek|author2=A. Bergmaier|author3=T. Faestermann|author4=U. C. Gerstmann|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms| volume=268|issue=2| year=2010| pages=187–191|title=A new value for the half-life of ¹⁰Be by Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid scintillation counting|doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.020|bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..187K}}{{cite journal|author1=J. Chmeleff|author2=F. von Blanckenburg|author3=K. Kossert|author4=D. Jakob|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms| volume=268|issue=2| year=2010| pages=192–199|title=Determination of the ¹⁰Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting| doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.012|bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..192C|url=http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:239521}} It is formed in the Earth's atmosphere mainly by cosmic ray spallation of nitrogen and oxygen.{{cite journal|author1=G.A. Kovaltsov|author2=I.G. Usoskin|journal=Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.| volume=291|issue=1–4| year=2010| pages=182–199|title=A new 3D numerical model of cosmogenic nuclide ¹⁰Be production in the atmosphere|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.011|bibcode=2010E&PSL.291..182K}}{{cite book|author1=J. Beer|author2=K. McCracken|author3 = R. von Steiger|year=2012|publisher = Physics of Earth and Space Environments, Springer, Berlin |title=Cosmogenic radionuclides: theory and applications in the terrestrial and space environments| volume= 26| doi=10.1007/978-3-642-14651-0|series=Physics of Earth and Space Environments|isbn=978-3-642-14650-3|s2cid=55739885}}{{cite journal|author1=S.V. Poluianov|author2=G.A. Kovaltsov|author3=A.L. Mishev|author4=I.G. Usoskin|journal=J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.| volume=121|issue=13| year=2016| pages=8125–8136|title= Production of cosmogenic isotopes ⁷Be, ¹⁰Be, ¹⁴C, ²²Na, and ³⁶Cl in the atmosphere: Altitudinal profiles of yield functions|doi=10.1002/2016JD025034|arxiv=1606.05899|bibcode=2016JGRD..121.8125P|s2cid=119301845}} ¹⁰Be and its daughter product have been used to examine soil erosion, soil formation from regolith, the development of lateritic soils and the age of ice cores.{{cite journal|last1= Balco|first1= Greg|last2= Shuster|first2= David L.|year= 2009|title= ²⁶Al-¹⁰Be–²¹Ne burial dating|journal= Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume= 286|issue= 3–4|pages= 570–575|doi= 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.025|url= http://www.bgc.org/shuster/BalcoShuster(2009b)_Al_Be_Ne_burial_dating.pdf|bibcode= 2009E&PSL.286..570B|access-date= 2012-12-10|archive-date= 2015-09-23|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184215/http://www.bgc.org/shuster/BalcoShuster(2009b)_Al_Be_Ne_burial_dating.pdf|url-status= dead}} ¹⁰Be is a significant isotope used as a proxy data measure for cosmogenic nuclides to characterize solar and extra-solar attributes of the past from terrestrial samples.{{cite journal | last = Paleari | first = Chiara I. | author2 = F. Mekhaldi |author3 = F. Adolphi |author4 = M. Christl |author5 = C. Vockenhuber |author6 = P. Gautschi |author7 = J. Beer |author8 = N. Brehm |author9 = T. Erhardt |author10 = H.-A. Synal |author11 = L. Wacker |author12 = F. Wilhelms |author13 = R. Muscheler | title = Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP | journal = Nat. Commun. | volume = 13 | issue = 214 | date = 2022 | page = 214 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4 | pmid = 35017519 | pmc = 8752676 | bibcode = 2022NatCo..13..214P |doi-access = free }}

Most isotopes of beryllium within the proton/neutron drip lines decay via beta decay and/or a combination of beta decay and alpha decay or neutron emission. However, {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|7}} decays only via electron capture, a phenomenon to which its unusually long half-life may be attributed. Notably, its half-life can be artificially lowered by 0.83% via endohedral enclosure (⁷Be@C₆₀).{{cite journal |last1=Ohtsuki |first1=T. |last2=Yuki |first2=H. |last3=Muto |first3=M. |last4=Kasagi |first4=J. |last5=Ohno |first5=K. |title=Enhanced Electron-Capture Decay Rate of 7Be Encapsulated in C60 Cages |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=9 September 2004 |volume=93 |issue=11 |pages=112501 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.112501 |pmid=15447332 |bibcode=2004PhRvL..93k2501O |url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.112501 |access-date=23 February 2022}} Also anomalous is {{SimpleNuclide|Beryllium|8}}, which decays via alpha decay to {{SimpleNuclide|Helium|4}}. This alpha decay is often considered fission, which would be able to account for its extremely short half-life.

:$\backslash begin\{array\}\{l\}\{\}\backslash \backslash$

\ce{^5_4Be -> [\ce{Unknown}] {^4_3Li} + {^1_1H}} \\

\ce{^6_4Be -> [5 \ \ce{zs}] {^4_2He} + {2^1_1H}} \\

\ce{{^7_4Be} + e^- -> [53.22 \ \ce{d}] {^7_3Li}} \\

\ce{^8_4Be -> [81.9 \ \ce{as}] {2^4_2He}} \\

\ce{^{10}_4Be -> [1.387 \ \ce{Ma}] {^{10}_5B} + e^-} \\

\ce{^{11}_4Be -> [13.76 \ \ce{s}] {^{11}_5B} + e^-} \\

\ce{^{11}_4Be -> [13.76 \ \ce{s}] {^7_3Li} + {^4_2He} + e^-} \\

\ce{^{12}_4Be -> [21.46 \ \ce{ms}] {^{12}_5B} + e^-} \\

\ce{^{12}_4Be -> [21.46 \ \ce{ms}] {^{11}_5B} + {^1_0n} + e^-} \\

\ce{^{13}_4Be -> [1 \ \ce{zs}] {^{12}_4Be} + {^1_0n}} \\

\ce{^{14}_4Be -> [4.53 \ \ce{ms}] {^{13}_5B} + {^1_0n} + e^-} \\

\ce{^{14}_4Be -> [4.53 \ \ce{ms}] {^{14}_5B} + e^-} \\

\ce{^{14}_4Be -> [4.53 \ \ce{ms}] {^{12}_5B} + {2^1_0n} + e^-} \\

\ce{^{15}_4Be -> [790 \ \ce{ys}] {^{14}_4Be} + {^1_0n}} \\{}

\ce{^{16}_4Be -> [650 \ \ce{ys}] {^{14}_4Be} + {2^1_0n}} \\{}

\end{array}

{{reflist|group=nb}}

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Category:Beryllium

Beryllium