:Italian battleship Conte di Cavour

The Conte di Cavour class was designed to counter the French {{sclass|Courbet|battleship|0}} dreadnoughts which caused them to be slower and more heavily armored than the first Italian dreadnought, {{ship|Italian battleship|Dante Alighieri||2}}.Giorgerini, p. 269 The ships were {{convert|168.9|m|ftin|sp=us}} long at the waterline and {{convert|176|m|ftin|sp=us}} overall. They had a beam of {{convert|28|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a draft of {{convert|9.3|m|ftin|sp=us}}.Fraccaroli, p. 259 The Conte di Cavour-class ships displaced {{convert|23088|LT|t|lk=on}} at normal load, and {{convert|25086|LT|t}} at deep load. They had a crew of 31 officers and 969 enlisted men.Giorgerini, pp. 270, 272 The ships were powered by three sets of Parsons steam turbines, two sets driving the outer propeller shafts and one set the two inner shafts. Steam for the turbines was provided by twenty Blechynden water-tube boilers, eight of which burned oil and twelve of which burned both fuel oil and coal. Designed to reach a maximum speed of {{convert|22.5|kn|lk=in}} from {{convert|31000|shp|lk=on}}, Conte di Cavour failed to reach this goal on her sea trials, despite mildly exceeding the rated power of her turbines, reaching only {{convert|22.2|kn}} from {{convert|31278|shp|abbr=on}}. The ships carried enough coal and oilGiorgerini, pp. 268, 272 to give them a range of {{convert|4800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.

File:Conte di Cavour class main weapon.svg

The main battery of the Conte di Cavour class consisted of thirteen 305-millimeter Model 1909 guns, in five centerline gun turrets, with a twin-gun turret superfiring over a triple-gun turret in fore and aft pairs, and a third triple turret amidships.Hore, p. 175 Their secondary armament consisted of eighteen {{convert|120|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us|1}} guns mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull in single mounts. For defense against torpedo boats, the ships carried fourteen QF 14 pounder naval gun Mk I & II naval gun; thirteen of these could be mounted on the turret tops, but they could also be positioned in 30 different locations, including some on the forecastle and upper decks. They were also fitted with three submerged {{convert|450|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us|1}} torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and the third in the stern.Giorgerini, pp. 268, 277–278

The Conte di Cavour-class ships had a complete waterline armor belt that had a maximum thickness of {{convert|250|mm|in|1|sp=us}} amidships, which reduced to {{convert|130|mm|in|sp=us|1}} towards the stern and {{convert|80|mm|in|sp=us|1}} towards the bow. They had two armored decks: the main deck was {{convert|24|mm|abbr=on}} thick on the flat that increased to {{convert|40|mm|sp=us|1}} on the slopes that connected it to the main belt. The second deck was {{convert|30|mm|sp=us|1}} thick. Frontal armor of the gun turrets was {{convert|280|mm|in|0|sp=us}} in thickness and the sides were {{convert|240|mm|in|sp=us|1}} thick. The armor protecting their barbettes ranged in thickness from {{convert|130|to|230|mm|in|sp=us|1}}. The walls of the forward conning tower were 280 millimeters thick.Giorgerini, pp. 270–272McLaughlin, p. 421

Shortly after the end of World War I, the number of 76.2 mm low-angle guns was reduced to 13, all mounted on the turret tops, and six new 76.2 mm anti-aircraft (AA) guns were installed abreast the aft funnel. In addition two license-built QF 2 pounder naval gun AA guns were mounted on the forecastle deck. In 1925–1926 the foremast was replaced by a four-legged (tetrapodal) mast, which was moved forward of the funnels,Giorgerini, p. 277 the rangefinders were upgraded, and the ship was equipped to handle a Macchi M.18 seaplane mounted on the amidships turret. Around the same time she was equipped with a fixed aircraft catapult on the port side of the forecastle.Whitley, p. 158Bagnasco & Grossman, p. 64Bargoni & Gay, p. 18

File:ONI Drawing of Conte di Cavour-class battleship.jpg drawing of the Conte di Cavour class, January 1943|alt=A diagram of the external side and top views of the battleship]]

Conte di Cavour began an extensive reconstruction in October 1933 at the Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico shipyard in Trieste that lasted until June 1937.Bargoni & Gay, p. 19 A new bow section was grafted over the existing bow, which increased her overall length by {{convert|10.31|m|ftin|sp=us}} to {{convert|186.4|m|ftin|sp=us}} and her beam increased to {{convert|28.6|m|ftin|sp=us}}. The ship's draft at deep load increased to {{convert|10.02|m|ftin|sp=us}}. All of the changes made increased her displacement to {{convert|26140|LT|t}} at standard load and {{convert|29100|LT|t}} at deep load. The ship's crew increased to 1,260 officers and enlisted men.Brescia, p. 58 Two of the propeller shafts were removed and the existing turbines were replaced by two Belluzzo geared steam turbines rated at {{convert|75000|shp|abbr=on}}. The boilers were replaced by eight Yarrow boilers. In service her maximum speed was about {{convert|27|kn}} and she had a range of {{convert|6400|nmi}} at a speed of {{convert|13|kn}}.Bagnasco & Grossman, pp. 64–65

File:Regia Nave Corazzata Conte di Cavour.jpg

The main guns were bored out to 320 mm Model 1934 naval gun and the amidships turret and the torpedo tubes were removed. All of the existing secondary armament and AA guns were replaced by a dozen 120 mm guns in six twin-gun turrets and eight Škoda 10 cm K10#OTO 100.2F47 History AA guns in twin turrets. In addition the ship was fitted with a dozen Breda Cannone-Mitragliera da 37/54 (Breda) light AA guns in six twin-gun mounts and twelve Breda Model 1931 Machine Gun machine guns, also in twin mounts.Bagnasco & Grossman, p. 65 In 1940 the 13.2 mm machine guns were replaced by Breda Model 35 AA guns in twin mounts. The tetrapodal mast was replaced with a new forward conning tower, protected with {{convert|260|mm|in|sp=us|adj=on|1}} thick armor.Bargoni & Gay, p. 21 Atop the conning tower there was a fire-control director fitted with two large stereo-rangefinders, with a base length of {{convert|7.2|m|sp=us|1}}.

The deck armor was increased during the reconstruction to a total of {{convert|135|mm|in|sp=us}} over the engine and boiler rooms and {{convert|166|mm|in|sp=us}} over the magazines, although its distribution over three decks meant that it was considerably less effective than a single plate of the same thickness. The armor protecting the barbettes was reinforced with {{convert|50|mm|in|sp=us|adj=on|0}} plates. All this armor weighed a total of {{convert|3227|LT|t}}. The existing underwater protection was replaced by the Pugliese torpedo defense system; a large cylinder surrounded by fuel oil or water that was intended to absorb the blast of a torpedo warhead. It lacked enough depth to be fully effective against contemporary torpedoes. A major problem of the reconstruction was that the ship's increased draft meant that their waterline armor belt was almost completely submerged with any significant load.McLaughlin, pp. 421–422

File:Conte di Cavour Q 50930.jpg

Conte di Cavour, named after the statesman Count Camillo Benso di Cavour,Silverstone, p. 296 was laid down at Arsenale di La Spezia, La Spezia, on 10 August 1910, and launched on 10 August 1911. She was completed on 1 April 1915, and served as a flagship in the southern Adriatic Sea during World War I.Preston, p. 176 She saw no action, however, and spent little time at sea. Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel, the Italian naval chief of staff, believed that Austro-Hungarian submarines and minelayers could operate too effectively in the narrow waters of the Adriatic.Halpern, p. 150 The threat from these underwater weapons to his capital ships was too serious for him to actively deploy the fleet. Instead, Revel decided to implement a blockade at the relatively safer southern end of the Adriatic with the battle fleet, while smaller vessels, such as MAS torpedo boats, conducted raids on Austro-Hungarian ships and installations. Meanwhile, Revel's battleships would be preserved to confront the Austro-Hungarian battle fleet in the event that it sought a decisive engagement.Halpern, pp. 141–142

In 1919 she sailed to North America and visited ports in the United States as well as Halifax, Canada. The ship was mostly inactive in 1921 because of personnel shortages, and was refitted at La Spezia from November to March 1922. Conte di Cavour and Giulio Cesare supported Italian operations on Corfu in 1923 after an Italian general and his staff were murdered at the Greek–Albanian frontier; Italian leader Benito Mussolini, who had been looking for a pretext to seize Corfu, ordered Italian troops to occupy the island. Conte di Cavour bombarded the main town on the island with her 76 mm guns, killing 20 civilians and wounding 32.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54795961 |title=Bombardment of Corfu |newspaper=The Morning Bulletin |location=Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia |date=1 October 1935 |access-date=16 March 2013 |page=6 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} She escorted King Victor Emmanuel III and his wife aboard Dante Alighieri on a state visit to Spain in 1924, and was placed in reserve upon her return until 1926, when, in April, she conveyed Mussolini on a voyage to Libya. The ship was again placed in reserve from 1927 until 1933, when she began her reconstruction.Whitley, pp. 158–161

File:Conte di Cavour NH 86586.jpg

Early in World War II, the Conte di Cavour and her sister took part in the Battle of Calabria (also known as the Battle of Punta Stilo) on 9 July 1940. They were part of the 1st Battle Squadron, commanded by Admiral Inigo Campioni, when they engaged major elements of the British Mediterranean Fleet. The British were escorting a convoy from Malta to Alexandria, while the Italians had finished escorting another from Naples to Benghazi, Italian Libya. Vice Admiral Andrew Cunningham, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, attempted to interpose his ships between the Italians and their base at Taranto. Crews on the fleets spotted each other in the middle of the afternoon and the Italian battleships opened fire at 15:53 at a range of nearly {{convert|29000|yd|disp=flip|sp=us}}. The two leading British battleships, {{HMS|Warspite|03|6}} and {{HMS|Malaya||2}}, replied a minute later. Three minutes after she opened fire, shells from Giulio Cesare began to straddle Warspite which made a small turn and increased speed, to throw off the Italian ship's aim, at 16:00. At the same time, a shell from Warspite struck Giulio Cesare at a distance of about {{convert|26000|yd|disp=flip|sp=us}}. Uncertain how severe the damage was, Campioni ordered his battleships to turn away in the face of superior British numbers and they successfully disengaged.O'Hara, pp. 28–35 Repairs to Giulio Cesare were completed by the end of August and both ships unsuccessfully attempted to intercept British convoys to Malta in August and September.Whitley, p. 161

On the night of 11 November 1940, Conte di Cavour was at anchor in Taranto harbor when she was attacked, along with several other warships, by 21 Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers from the British aircraft carrier {{HMS|Illustrious|R87|6}}. The ship's gunners shot down one Swordfish shortly after the aircraft dropped its torpedo, but it exploded underneath 'B' turret at 23:15, knocking out the main bow pump. Her captain requested tugboats to help ground the ship on a nearby {{convert|12|m|ft|adj=on|sp=us}} sandbank at 23:27, but Admiral Bruno Brivonesi, commander of the 5th Battleship Division, vetoed the request until it was too late and Conte di Cavour had to use a deeper, {{convert|17|m|ft|adj=on|sp=us}}, sandbank at 04:45 the following morning. She initially grounded on an even keel, but temporarily took on a 50-degree list before settling to the bottom at 08:00 with an 11.5-degree list. Only her superstructure and gun turrets were above water by this time.Cernuschi & O'Hara, pp. 81–85, 88

Conte di Cavour had the lowest priority for salvage among the three battleships sunk during the attack and little work was done for several months. The first priority was to patch the holes in the hull and then her guns and parts of her superstructure were removed to lighten the ship. False bulwarks were welded to the upper sides of the hull to prevent water from reentering the hull and pumping the water overboard began in May 1941. Some {{convert|15000|LT|t}} of water were pumped out before Conte di Cavour was refloated on 9 June and entered the ex-Austro-Hungarian floating dry dock GO-12 on 12 July. The damage was more extensive than originally thought and temporary repairs to enable the ship to reach Trieste for permanent repairs took until 22 December.Cernuschi & O'Hara, pp. 88–92

Her guns were operable by September 1942, but replacing her entire electrical system took longer so the navy took advantage of the delays and incorporated some modifications to reduce the likelihood of flooding based on lessons learned from the attack.Cernuschi & O'Hara, p. 92 Other changes planned were the replacement of her secondary and anti-aircraft weapons with a dozen 135 mm /45 Italian naval gun dual-purpose guns in twin mounts, twelve {{convert|65|mm|sp=us|adj=on|1}}, and twenty-three 20 mm AA guns. The repair work was suspended in June 1943, with an estimated six months work remaining on Conte di Cavour, in order to expedite the construction of urgently needed smaller ships. She was captured by the Germans on 8 September when Italy surrendered to the Allies, and was reduced to a hulk. She was damaged in an air raid on 17 February 1945, and capsized on 23 February.Cernuschi & O'Hara, pp. 92–93 Refloated shortly after the end of the war, Conte di Cavour was scrapped in 1946.Brescia, p. 59

{{reflist|20em}}

• {{cite book|last1=Bagnasco|first1=Ermino|last2=de Toro|first2=Augusto|title=Italian Battleships: Conti di Cavour and Duilio Classes 1911–1956 |date=2021 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK|name-list-style=amp |isbn=978-1-5267-9987-6}}
• {{cite book|last1=Bagnasco|first1=Erminio|last2=Grossman|first2=Mark|title=Regia Marina: Italian Battleships of World War Two: A Pictorial History|year=1986|publisher=Pictorial Histories Publishing|location=Missoula, Montana|isbn=0-933126-75-1|name-list-style=amp}}
• {{cite book|last1=Bargoni|first1=Franco|last2=Gay|first2=Franco|title=Corazzate classe Conte di Cavour |year=1972|publisher=Bizzarri|location=Rome|oclc=34904733|name-list-style=amp}}
• {{cite book|last=Brescia|first=Maurizio|title=Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regina Marina 1930–45|year=2012|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-544-8}}
• {{cite book|last1=Cernuschi|first1=Enrico|last2=O'Hara|first2=Vincent P.|chapter=Taranto: The Raid and the Aftermath|pages=77–95|editor=Jordan, John|publisher=Conway|location=London |year=2010|title=Warship 2010|isbn=978-1-84486-110-1|name-list-style=amp}}
• {{cite book|last=Fraccaroli|first=Aldo|chapter=Italy|pages=252–290|editor1-last=Gray|editor1-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921|year=1985|location=Annapolis |publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-0-87021-907-8}}
• {{cite book|last=Giorgerini|first=Giorgio|chapter=The Cavour & Duilio Class Battleships |pages=267–279 |editor=Roberts, John|title=Warship IV|year=1980|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=0-85177-205-6}}
• {{Cite book |last=Halpern|first=Paul G.|title=A Naval History of World War I|year=1995 |location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1-55750-352-4 |author-link=Paul G. Halpern}}
• {{cite book|last=McLaughlin|first=Stephen|title=Russian & Soviet Battleships|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2003|isbn=1-55750-481-4}}
• {{cite book|last=O'Hara|first=Vincent P.|chapter=The Action off Calabria and the Myth of Moral Ascendancy|pages=26–39|editor=Jordan, John|publisher=Conway|location=London |year=2008|title=Warship 2008|isbn=978-1-84486-062-3}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Ordovini |first1=Aldo F.|last2=Petronio|first2=Fulvio|last3=Jurens |first3=William |last4=Sullivan|first4=David |title=Capital Ships of the Royal Italian Navy, 1860–1918: Part 4: Dreadnought Battleships |journal=Warship International |date=December 2017 |volume=LIV |issue=4 |pages=307–343 |issn=0043-0374|display-authors=2}}
• {{cite book|last=Preston|first=Antony|title=Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918|publisher=Galahad Books|location=New York|year=1972 |isbn=0-88365-300-1|author-link=Antony Preston}}
• {{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships|year=1984 |publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}}
• {{cite book |last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Battleships of World War II|year=1998|location= Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1-55750-184-X|author-link=Michael J. Whitley}}

• {{cite book|last=Fraccaroli|first=Aldo |title=Italian Warships of World War I|location=London|publisher=Ian Allan|year=1970|isbn=978-0-7110-0105-3}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/mezzi/mezzi-storici/Pagine/ABCD/conte_cavour_prima.aspx Conte di Cavour on the Marina Militare website]

{{Portal bar|Italy|Engineering}}

{{Conte di Cavour-class battleship}}

{{Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico}}

{{November 1940 shipwrecks}}

{{February 1945 shipwrecks}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Conte di Cavour}}

Category:Conte di Cavour-class battleships

Category:World War I battleships of Italy

Category:World War II battleships of Italy

Category:1911 ships

Category:Naval ships of Italy captured by Germany during World War II

Category:Battleships sunk by aircraft

Category:Ships built in La Spezia

Category:Ships built by Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico

Category:Maritime incidents in November 1940

Category:Maritime incidents in February 1945