:Izumo-class cruiser

Japan initiated the 1896 Naval Expansion Plan after the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. The plan included four armored cruisers and four battleships, all of which had to be ordered from foreign shipyards as Japan lacked the capability to build them itself. Further consideration of the Russian building program caused the IJN to believe that the battleships ordered under the original plan would not be sufficient to counter the Imperial Russian Navy. Budgetary limitations prevented ordering more battleships and the IJN decided to expand the number of more affordable armored cruisers to be ordered from four to six ships. The revised plan is commonly known as the "Six-Six Fleet".Evans & Peattie, pp. 57–62 These ships were purchased using the £30,000,000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino-Japanese War.Brook 1999, p. 125 Unlike most of their contemporaries, which were designed for commerce raiding or to defend colonies and trade routes, the Izumo class was intended as fleet scouts and to be employed in the battleline.Milanovich, p. 72

Construction of the Izumo-class ships was awarded to the British shipbuilder Armstrong Whitworth of Elswick, the same shipyard that had built the earlier two {{sclass|Asama|cruiser|0}} armored cruisers of the "Six-Six Fleet".Brook 1999, pp. 112–13 They were also designed by Sir Philip Watts, who took advantage of rapidly advancing boiler technology to substitute lighter Belleville boilers in lieu of the cylindrical boilers of the earlier ships and used the weight saved to increase the thickness of the protective deck and improve the hull structure. The increased number of boilers required an extra funnel, which became the primary means of distinguishing between the two classes.Milanovich, pp. 74–76

File:Izumo-class armored cruiser left elevation plan.jpg, 1904]]

The Izumo-class ships were {{convert|132.28|m|ftin|sp=us}} long overall and {{convert|121.92|m|ftin|sp=us}} between perpendiculars. They had a beam of {{convert|20.94|m|ftin|sp=us}} and had an average draft of {{convert|7.21|to|7.26|m|ftin|sp=us}}. The ships displaced {{convert|9423|to|9503|t|LT|sp=us}} at normal load and {{convert|10235|to|10305|t|LT|sp=us}} at deep load. They had metacentric heights of {{convert|0.73|to|0.88|m|ftin|sp=us}}.Milanovich, pp. 74, 80 Their crew consisted of 672 officers and enlisted men.Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 74

The ships had two 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a single propeller shaft.Milanovich, p. 81 Steam for the engines was provided by 24 Belleville boilers and the engines were rated at a total of {{convert|14500|ihp|lk=on}}. The sisters had a designed speed of {{convert|20.75|kn|lk=in}} and both exceeded it by at least a {{convert|1|kn}} during their sea trials from {{convert|15739|to|16078|ihp|abbr=on}}. They carried up to {{convert|1551|t|LT|sp=us|order=flip}} of coalBrook 1999, p. 112 and could steam for {{convert|7000|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.

File:Asama class 8 inch gun turret right elevation.jpg

The main armament for all of the "Six-Six Fleet" armored cruisers was four Armstrong Whitworth-built 45-caliber 20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun in twin-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. The electrically operated turrets were capable of 130° rotation left and right, and the guns could be elevated to +30° and depressed to −5°. Each turret accommodated 65 shells, but could only be reloaded through doors in the turret floor and the ship's deck that allowed the electric winch in the turret to hoist shells up from the shell room deep in the hull.Milanovich, pp. 76–77 The guns were manually loaded and had a rate of fire about 1.2 rounds per minute. The eight-inch gun fired {{convert|113.5|kg|adj=on|sp=us|order=flip}} armor-piercing (AP) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|760|m/s|sp=us|order=flip}} to a range of {{convert|18000|m|yd|sp=us|order=flip}}.Milanovich, p. 78

File:Izumo naibu.JPG

The secondary armament consisted of fourteen Elswick Ordnance Company "Pattern Z" quick-firing (QF), 40-caliber, QF 6 inch /40 naval gun. All but four of these guns were mounted in armored casemates on the main and upper decks, and their mounts on the upper deck were protected by gun shields. Their {{convert|100|lb|kg|1|adj=on}} AP shells were fired at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2300|ft/s|m/s|sp=us}}.Friedman, p. 276; Milanovich, p. 78 The ships were also equipped with a dozen 40-caliber QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun"Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun. and eight QF QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss#Japanese service Yamauchi guns as close-range defense against torpedo boats. The former gun fired three-inch, {{convert|12.5|lb|adj=on|sp=us}} projectiles at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2359|ft/s|m/s|sp=us}}.Friedman, p. 114

The Izumo-class ships were equipped with four submerged {{convert|457|mm|in|adj=on|order=flip|0}} torpedo tubes, two on each broadside. The Type 30 torpedo had a {{convert|100|kg|sp=us|adj=on}} warhead and three range/speed settings: {{convert|800|m|yd|sp=us|order=flip}} at {{convert|27|kn}}, {{convert|1000|m|yd|sp=us|order=flip}} at {{convert|23.6|kn}} or {{convert|3000|m|yd|sp=us|order=flip}} at {{convert|14.2|kn}}.Milanovich, p. 80

All of the "Six-Six Fleet" armored cruisers used the same armor scheme with some minor differences, one of which was that the four later ships all used Krupp cemented armor. The waterline belt ran the full length of the ships and its thickness varied from {{convert|178|mm|in|order=flip}} amidships to {{convert|89|mm|in|sp=us|order=flip}} at the bow and stern. The thickest part of the belt covered the middle of the ship for a length of {{convert|83.87|m|ftin|order=flip}}. It had a height of {{convert|2.13|m|ftin|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|1.33|to|1.39|m|ftin|order=flip}} was normally underwater. The upper strake of belt armor was {{convert|127|mm|in|order=flip}} thick and extended from the upper edge of the waterline belt to the main deck. It extended {{convert|51.18|to|53.31|m|ftin|order=flip}} from the forward to the rear barbette. The Izumo class had oblique 5-inch armored bulkhead that closed off the ends of the central armored citadel.Milanovich, pp. 80–81

The barbettes, gun turrets and the front of the casemates were all 6 inches thick while the sides and rear of the casemates were protected by {{convert|51|mm|in|sp=us}} of armor. The deck was {{convert|63|mm|in|sp=us}} thick and the armor protecting the conning tower was {{convert|356|mm|in|sp=us}} in thickness.Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 225 The ships had 30 watertight compartments in their double bottom and an additional 136 or 137 between the bottom and the upper deck.Milanovich, p. 80

The sisters spent most of the Russo-Japanese War as flagships together in the 2nd Division of the 2nd Fleet; Iwate for the divisional commander, Rear Admiral Misu Sotarō, and Izumo for the fleet commander, Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō.Kowner, pp. 241, 465 They participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904, when Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the Combined Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur. Tōgō had expected the earlier surprise night attack by his destroyers to be much more successful than it was, anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened, but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack. Iwate was moderately damaged by the Russians, but Izumo only slightly.Forczyk, pp. 42–43

File:Japanese cruiser Iwate.jpg

In April 1904, the division was tasked to contain the Russian armored cruisers based at Vladivostok, but failed to do so until 13 August when the latter tried to rendezvous with the ships that attempted to breakout from Port Arthur. Unbeknownst to the Russians, Tōgō had defeated the ships from Port Arthur during the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August and the Russian squadron from Vladivostok was intercepted off Ulsan, Korea by the 2nd Division. The steering of the Russian cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Rurik|1892|2}} was damaged early in the battle and the Russians made several attempts to prevent the Japanese from concentrating fire on her, but were ultimately forced to abandon her to her fate. Kamimura left Rurik to the tender ministrations of his reinforcements and pursued the two remaining Russian ships for a time before breaking off pursuit prematurely based on an incorrect report that Izumo had expended most of her ammunition. That ship was hit over 20 times, but suffered fewer than 20 men killed or wounded. Iwate, in contrast, was hit far fewer times, but one of them started a major ammunition fire that killed or wounded dozens of men.Brook 2000, pp. 43, 45 After the battle, the sisters were refitted and assigned to different units, escorting troop convoys to northern Korea, providing cover while a minefield was laid off Vladivostok, and blockading the Tsugaru Strait until the Russian ships from the Baltic Fleet approached Japan in mid-1905.Corbett 1994, II, pp. 52, 104, 159–62, 176–77

{{main|Battle of Tsushima}}

The Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Squadrons were spotted on the morning on 27 May 1904 and Tōgō ordered his ships to put to sea. Izumo and Iwate had rejoined the 2nd Division in anticipation of this battle and Kamimura's ships confirmed the initial spotting later that morning before joining Tōgō's battleships. Together with most of the Japanese battleships, the division opened fire at 14:10 on the Russian battleship {{ship|Russian battleship|Oslyabya||2}}, which was forced to fall out of formation at 14:50 and sank 20 minutes later. After a failed torpedo attack was repulsed by Iwate and several other cruisers around the same time, the Russian battleship {{ship|Russian battleship|Knyaz Suvorov||2}} suddenly appeared out of the mist at 15:35 at short range. Kamimura's ships engaged her for five minutes before she disappeared back into the mists. Later in the day, Kamimura led his division in a fruitless pursuit of some of the Russian cruisers around 17:30. He abandoned his chase around 18:03 and encountered the Russian battleline about a half hour later. He stayed at long range and his ships fired when practicable before ceasing fire at 19:30.Campbell 1978, Part 2, pp. 128–32; Part 3, pp. 186–87

File:Japanese cruiser Izumo.jpg

The surviving Russian ships were spotted the next morning and the Japanese ships opened fire and stayed beyond the range at which the Russian ships could effectively reply. Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov therefore decided to surrender his ships as he could neither return fire nor close the range.Corbett 1994, II, pp. 319–20 Well after Nebogatov's surrender, the coast defense ship {{ship|Russian coast defense ship|Admiral Ushakov||2}} was spotted well south of Nebogatov's ships and Iwate and the armored cruiser, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Yakumo||2}}, were tasked to pursue her. The Japanese ships demanded that the Russians surrender when they came within range, but her captain refused. Admiral Ushakov attempted to close the range to bring the Japanese cruisers within range of her guns, but they were fast enough to keep the range open and the Russian ship could not hit either of them. After about half an hour, Admiral Ushakov had been heavily damaged to bear and her commander ordered his crew to abandon ship and the scuttling charges detonated. Both Iwate and Izumo were struck several times during the battle, but neither was significantly damaged and casualties were light.Brook 1999, p. 113; Campbell 1978, Part 4, p. 263 After the battle, the division covered amphibious landings in northeastern Korea in July and August before the war ended.Corbett, II, pp. 356, 363–65, 377–80

Izumo was ordered to patrol the west coast of Mexico to safeguard Japanese interests and nationals during the Mexican Revolution{{cite news|url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19131112.2.2&srpos=1&e=------191-en--20--1--txt-txIN-izumo------#|title=Japanese Cruiser Sent to Mexico|date=12 November 1913|work=San Francisco Call|publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection|page=2|access-date=24 April 2015}} and was still there when Japan declared war on the German Empire on 23 August 1914. She was then tasked to search for German commerce raiders and protect Allied shipping off the western coasts of North and Central America. The ship assisted the armored cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Asama||2}} in early 1915, when she struck a rock off Baja California.Estes In 1917, Izumo became the flagship of the Japanese squadron deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. After the war, she sailed to Great Britain to take control of some ex-German submarines and then escorted them part of the way back to Japan.Hackett & Kingsepp, Izumo

Iwate played a minor role in the war, participating in the Battle of TsingtaoBurdick, pp. 228, 241 before sailing to the South Sea Islands to search for German commerce raiders.Corbett 1938, I, pp. 366, 409 The ship began the first of her many training cruises for naval cadets of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy in 1916, a task that would last until the end of 1939. Izumo began making training voyages of her own during the 1920s.Lacroix & Wells, pp. 657–58

File:Japanese cruiser Izumo at Vancouver Feb 1925.jpg, Canada, February 1925]]

In 1924, four of the ships' 12-pounder guns were removed, as were all of their QF 2.5-pounder guns, and a single 40-caliber 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type anti-aircraft (AA) gun was added.Chesneau, p. 174 The gun had a maximum elevation of +75 degrees, and could fire a 3-inch, {{convert|5.67|kg|lb|abbr=on|order=flip}} projectile with a muzzle velocity of {{convert|680|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on|order=flip}} to a maximum height of {{convert|7200|m|ft|sp=us|order=flip}}.Campbell 1985, pp. 197–98 Refitted again in 1930–31, their torpedo tubes were removed as were all of her main deck 6-inch guns and their casemates plated over; they now carried only four 12-pounders. At that time, Iwate also had her boilers replaced by six water-tube boilers, but Izumo was not reboilered until 1935. The new boilers produced less steam which limited engine power to {{convert|7000|ihp|abbr=on}} and reduced their top speed to {{convert|16|kn}}.

File:ColorizedIzumo1932.jpg, Shanghai, 1932. The American armored cruiser {{USS|Rochester|CA-2|6}} is anchored to the left.]]

In 1932, during the First Shanghai Incident, Izumo became the flagship of the newly re-established 3rd Fleet that garrisoned Japanese-occupied China. Two years later, she was equipped to operate a floatplane at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the ship participated in the Battle of Shanghai in mid-1937 during which she provided naval gunfire support to Japanese troops ashore.{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17393692?searchTerm=cruiser%20izumo&searchLimits=l-decade=193|title=Japanese Consulate in Ruins|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|publisher=Trove|date=18 August 1937|page=15|access-date=25 April 2015}}

Still in Shanghai at the beginning of the Pacific War on 8 December 1941, Izumo captured the American river gunboat {{USS|Wake|PR-3|6}} and assisted in sinking the British river gunboat {{HMS|Peterel|1927|6}}.Rohwer, p. 123 On 31 December, the cruiser struck a mine in Lingayen Gulf while supporting Japanese forces during the Philippines Campaign. During this period, Iwate was still serving as a training ship in home waters. The sisters were briefly re-classified as 1st-class cruisers on 1 July 1942Hackett & Kingsepp, Iwate before they became training ships in 1943. Izumo returned to Japan late that year and joined her sister in training naval cadets.Fukui, p. 4

In early 1945, the sisters were rearmed when their 8-inch guns were replaced by four 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun dual-purpose guns in two twin mounts and four of their remaining 6-inch guns were removed. When firing at surface targets, the Type 89 gun had a range of {{convert|14700|m|yd|sp=us|order=flip}}; they had a maximum ceiling of {{convert|9440|m|ft|sp=us|order=flip}} at an elevation of +90 degrees. Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute, but their sustained rate of fire was around 8 rounds per minute.Campbell 1985, pp. 192–93 Their light anti-aircraft armament was significantly reinforced by the addition of 9 (Iwate) and 14 (Izumo) license-built Hotchkiss 25-millimeter Type 96 light AA guns in single, double and triple mounts and two 13.2-millimeter Hotchkiss machine guns in single mounts. The {{convert|25|mm|in|abbr=on}} weapon was the standard Japanese light anti-aircraft gun during World War II, but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it a largely ineffective weapon. The twin and triple mounts lacked sufficient speed in train or elevation; the gun sights were unable to handle fast targets; the gun exhibited excessive vibration; the magazine was too small and, finally, the gun produced excessive muzzle blast. The weapon had a maximum range of {{convert|7500|m|ft|sp=us|order=flip}}, but effective range was only about {{convert|1500|-|3000|m|ft|sp=us|order=flip}}.Campbell 1985, p. 200

The sisters were attacked, but not hit, during the American aerial attack on Kure in July 1945. However, the shockwaves from near misses caused extensive flooding in both ships. Iwate sank in shallow water on 25 July and Izumo capsized three days later. Both ships were removed from the navy list on 20 November and their wrecks were raised and scrapped in 1946–47.

{{reflist|group=Note}}

{{reflist|30em}}

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{{Commons category |Izumo class armored cruisers}}

{{Izumo class cruiser}}

{{Russo-JapaneseWarJapaneseShips}}

{{WWI Japanese ships}}

{{WWII Japanese ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Izumo-class}}

Category:Cruiser classes

Category:Cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy

Category:Ships with Belleville boilers