:James Gayley

Gayley was born on October 11, 1855, in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, to Samuel and Agnes Gayley; Samuel was a Presbyterian minister who emigrated to the United States from Ireland at around 1840. Gayley spent much of his youth in West Nottingham, Maryland, where he attended West Nottingham Academy.{{cite book|title=Engineering and Mining Journal|date=1920|publisher=McGraw-Hill Publishing Company|page=613|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2McAQAAMAAJ&q=James+Gayley|edition=Volume 109|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en}} He entered Lafayette College at age 16, where he graduated with a degree in mining engineering in 1876.{{cite news|title=Prominent Alumnus Passes Away - College Loses Great Benefactor in James Gayley|url=http://digital.lafayette.edu/collections/newspaper/19200303|access-date=15 November 2017|work=The Lafayette|issue=16|date=March 3, 1920|volume=46}}

Gayley spent much of his early career working at various iron and steel companies throughout the northern United States. He began his career working for the Crane Iron Company as a chemist, a position he held for three years with an annual salary of $500.{{cite news|title=James Gayley of Steel Fame Dies|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15154394/gayley_death/|access-date=16 November 2017|work=The New York Herald|date=February 26, 1920|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}} After leaving he spent two and a half years as a superintendent at the Missouri Furnace Company. Gayley left this job to assume a management position at the E&G Brooke Iron Company in Birdsboro, where he worked for another three years.

In 1885, Gayley began working for Andrew Carnegie at the Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock, where he incorporated fuel saving strategies and introduced new appliances to the mills which significantly altered the steel making process. One such invention incorporated charging bins which would mix, rather than heap, the various materials used in steel processing, allowing the ingredients to burn more evenly while using less fuel.{{cite book |last1=Carey |first1=Charles W. |title=American Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and Business Visionaries |date=2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816068838 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKiGgl36bkgC&q=%22Missouri+Furnace+Company%22 |access-date=10 January 2019 |language=en}} Another was a compound condensing blowing engine to force more air into blast furnaces, enhancing combustion. Additionally, he installed the first mechanical ore loader and the vessels necessary for their use. These changes were described by the American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME) as "bringing American blast-furnace practice up to a plane never before attained." For leading these improvements, Gayley was given the post of General Superintendent to the entire Edger Thomson plant,{{cite book|last1=Nasaw|first1=David|title=Andrew Carnegie|date=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780143112440|pages=490, 516|language=en}} and by 1897 became the managing director of the Carnegie Steel Company.

One of the most important of Gayley's inventions was his device which prevented water vapor in the air from entering the furnace - a process he called the "dry-air blast". The dry air blast sought to prevent excess water vapor in the air from entering the furnace where pig iron was being produced. Humid air contains a certain amount of vapor which is detrimental to the quality of the pig iron produced; this is a particular problem in iron-producing centers in regions with high humidity. Gayley was the first to mount a condenser within the blast engine of a furnace which removed the moisture from the air. Using the dry-air blast, production yields increased by as much as 20%. After its inception, this process was described as one of the "greatest achievements in modern metallurgical chemistry" by members of the Perkin Medal committee.{{cite book|last1=Roeber|first1=Eugene Franz|last2=Parmelee|first2=Howard Coon|title=Metallurgical & Chemical Engineering|date=1913|publisher=Electrochemical Publishing Company|pages=71–74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RNEAAAAYAAJ&q=James+Gayley|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en}}

Gayley was closely connected with Carnegie for much of his professional life, and was part of Carnegie's board of managers during the final years of Carnegie Steel. Due to his prolific involvement and as recognition of his services, Gayley was appointed as the company's first vice president when Carnegie Steel merged to form the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. At his new position, he oversaw the shipping and transportation of ore, in upwards of 30,000,000 tons annually.{{cite news|title=James Gayley Quits Steel Corporation; Trust's Vice President Resigns Owing to His Health and a Desire for Rest.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/11/19/104770802.pdf|access-date=16 November 2017|work=New York Times|volume=LVIII|issue=18,562|date=November 19, 1908|language=en}} Gayley served in this capacity until his resignation in 1908 due to illness.{{cite news|title=James Gayley Tenders Resignation to Mr. Corey|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15151317/gayley_resigns_us_steel/|access-date=15 November 2017|work=The Pittsburgh Post|date=November 19, 1908|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}{{cite news|title=Steel Trust Officer Ill, Gives up Post|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15154199/gayley_resigns/|access-date=16 November 2017|work=The Altoona Times|issue=157|date=November 19, 1908|volume=25|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}

Gayley became a member of the AIME in 1880. Between 1896 and 1905, he acquired the positions of manager, vice president and president successively. He then assumed the role as president of the Board of Directors from 1905 to 1911. Gayley stayed on the board as a director until 1913.

Gayley was a member of both the American and the British Iron and Steel Institute, and the Lafayette College Board of Trustees from 1892 until his death in 1920.{{cite book|last1=Hatch|first1=Arthur D.|title=Biographical Record of the Men of Lafayette: 1832-1948|date=1948|publisher=Lafayette College|location=Easton, PA|page=48}}

Gayley made many contributions to the technical literature of metallurgy and other sciences, which were published three times per year in "transactions" by the American Institute of Mining Engineers.

• A Chilled Blast-furnace Hearth (1886), James Gayley{{cite book|last1=Engineers|first1=American Institute of Mining|title=Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers|date=1886|publisher=The Institute|pages=779–784|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFLAAAAYAAJ&q=a+chilled+blast-furnace+hearth+gayley|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en}}
• Development of American Blast Furnaces, with Special Reference to Large Yields (1891), James Gayley{{cite book |last1=Engineers |first1=American Institute of Mining |title=Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers |date=1891 |publisher=The Institute |pages=932–995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWhDAQAAMAAJ&q=Development+of+American+Blast+Furnaces,+with+Special+Reference+to+Large+Yields |access-date=10 January 2019 |language=en}}
• The Preservation of the Heart and Bosh Walls of the Blast Furnace (1893), James Gayley{{cite book|last1=Engineers|first1=American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum|title=Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers|date=1893|pages=102–121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz8yAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Preservation+of+the+Heart+and+Bosh+Walls+of+the+Blast+Furnace,|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en}}
• Application of Dry-air Blast to the Manufacture of Iron (1906), James Gayley{{cite book|last1=Engineers|first1=American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum|last2=AIME|first2=Society of Mining Engineers of|last3=Engineers|first3=American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical|last4=AIME|first4=Society of Petroleum Engineers of|last5=AIME|first5=Metallurgical Society of|title=Transactions|date=1906|pages=315–324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lwJAQAAMAAJ&q=Application+of+Dry-air+Blast+to+the+Manufacture+of+Iron+gayley+transactions|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en}}

File:Gayley Hall.jpg

For his inventions and techniques developed in iron and steel, Gayley was recognized by his peers as one of the "most highly qualified technical experts in the steel industry." He was described by the New York Times as the "pig iron king" for holding the "world's record for making the most iron with the least coke." Additionally, metallurgist {{ill|Hermann Alexander Brassert|de}} described him as the "father of modern American blast-furnace practice".{{cite book|title=Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (Incorporated).|date=1922|publisher=The Institute|pages=641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWlDAQAAMAAJ&q=James+Gayley|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en}}

Gayley was awarded with an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the University of Pennsylvania in 1906,{{cite web|title=Penn: Office of the University Secretary: Chronological Listing of Honorary Degrees|url=https://secure.www.upenn.edu/secretary/hondegchron.html#1906|website=www.upenn.edu|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116082112/https://secure.www.upenn.edu/secretary/hondegchron.html#1906|url-status=dead}} and from Lehigh University in 1912.{{cite book|title=The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|date=1913|publisher=American Chemical Society|page=241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jJOAAAAYAAJ&q=james+gayley+lehigh+university|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en}} In 1909, he was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal by the Franklin Institute in engineering for his invention of the dry-air blast.{{cite book|title=Iron Trade Review|date=1909|page=823|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGk-AQAAMAAJ&q=elliott+cresson+medal+james+gayley|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en}} Four years later, in 1913, he received the Perkin Medal from the Society of Chemical Industry (American Section).{{cite book|title=Iron Age|date=1913|publisher=Chilton Company|pages=300–301|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9IcAQAAMAAJ&q=perkin+medal+james+gayley|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en}}

Gayley donated a building, Gayley Laboratory of Chemistry and Metallurgy, to his alma mater Lafayette College on April 5, 1902.{{cite book|last1=Skillman|first1=David Bishop|title=The Biography of a College: Being the History of the First Century of the Life of Lafayette College|date=1932|publisher=Lafayette College|location=Easton, Pennsylvania}}{{cite journal|title=Prominent Alumnus Passes Away|journal=The Lafayette|date=March 3, 1920|volume=46|issue=16|pages=1–3|url=http://digital.lafayette.edu/collections/newspaper/19200303|access-date=22 July 2017}} His father gave the dedication prayer at the ceremony. Known commonly as Gayley Hall, it was razed in 1960 to make room for a new campus library building.{{cite news|last1=Brekus|first1=Pete|title=Lafayette College's Gayley Hall was razed 50 years ago - Almanac May 4, 2012|url=http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/entertainment-general/index.ssf/2012/05/lafayette_colleges_gayley_hall.html|access-date=15 November 2017|work=lehighvalleylive.com|date=May 4, 2012}}

In 1884 Gayley married Julia Thurston, a descendant of Myles Standish.{{cite book |last1=Derby |first1=George |last2=White |first2=James Terry |title=The National Cyclopædia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time |date=1910 |publisher=J. T. White |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZToOAQAAMAAJ&q=james+gayley+julia+thurston+miles+standish |access-date=9 January 2019 |language=en}}{{cite book |title=History of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Including its Early Settlement and Progress to the Present Time, VOLUME 2 PART 2 |date=2008 |publisher=Heritage Books |isbn=9780788446153 |page=521 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmis_PrJ0eMC&q=james+gayley+julia+thurston |access-date=9 January 2019 |language=en}} They had three children together, Mary Thurston, and Agnes Malcolm, and Florence. The couple divorced in 1908.{{cite news|title=Steel Magnate Asks Decree of Divorce|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15154561/gayley_divorce/|access-date=16 November 2017|work=The Salt-Lake Herald Republican|issue=71|date=February 5, 1910|volume=16|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}

Gayley was an active Presbyterian his entire life.{{cite book|last1=Cushing|first1=Thomas|title=A Genealogical and Biographical History of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|date=1889|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com|isbn=9780806306865|page=521|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IDdaF-3HBsC&q=James+Gayley|access-date=15 November 2017|language=en}} He died in 1920 in New York City following complications from heart trouble.

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Category:1855 births

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Category:American manufacturing businesspeople

Category:Andrew Carnegie

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Category:American metallurgists

Category:U.S. Steel people

Category:People from Lock Haven, Pennsylvania

Category:19th-century American businesspeople

Category:20th-century American businesspeople

Category:American Presbyterians

Category:People from Cecil County, Maryland

Category:Businesspeople from Pennsylvania

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