:Japan Labour-Farmer Party

The Japan Labour-Farmer Party was one of several proletarian parties that existed in Japan in the late 1920s.Scalapino, Robert A.

[https://books.google.com/books?id=WrjFsd9S_qIC The Japanese Communist Movement, 1920–1966]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. pp. 24, 33 It was founded in Tokyo on December 9, 1926, as a split from the Social Democratic Party (the founding occurred just four days after the founding of the Social Democratic Party).Large, Stephen S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zog8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA108 Organized Workers and Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan]. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1981. p. 108 The split had both personal and ideological dimensions. Amongst the founders of the Japan Labour-Farmer Party were Asanuma Inejirō and his followers in the Japan Peasant Union and leftwing socialist intellectuals such as Asō Hisashi, Kono Mitsu, Suzuki Mosaburō, Tanahashi Kotora and Kato Kanju.Garon, Sheldon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9AzS5nvdvX4C&pg=PA118 The State and Labor in Modern Japan]. United States: U CALIF BERKELEY PR (CA/NJ), 1987. p. 118Large, Stephen S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JD1iyqWwHQcC&pg=PA123 Shōwa Japan: Political, Economic and Social History, 1926–1989]. Vol. 2, 1941–1952. Routledge library of modern Japan. London: Routledge, 1998. p. 123Smith, Henry DeWitt. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9IDU-yYcXboC&pg=PA252 Japan's First Student Radicals]. Harvard East Asian series, 70. 1972. p. 252 Asō Hisashi became chairman of the party, whilst Miwa Jusō became its general secretary.

In terms of its programme, the party differed little from the Labour-Farmer Party which was essentially controlled by the Japanese Communist Party, although having non-Communists amongst the ranks. In fact several members of the Japan Labour-Farmer Party were former communists themselves (such as Kondo Eizo, the founder of the Enlightened People's Communist Party). However, in practice there was a clear political demarcation between the Japan Labour-Farmer Party and the Labour-Farmer Party.Scalapino, Robert A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=X9Wi2SI30uQC&pg=PA332 Democracy and the party movement in prewar japan: the failure of the first attempt]. Berkeley u.a: University of California Press, 1975. p. 332Beckmann, George M., and Genji Okubo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8IarAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA372 The Japanese Communist Party 1922–1945]. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1969. pp. 34, 49, 372 The Japan Labour-Farmer Party occupied a centrist position in the Japanese left at the time, between the Japanese Communist Party and the Labour-Farmer Party on the left and the Social Democratic Party on its right. The party sought to mobilize the working class masses in legal struggles.Beckmann, George M., and Genji Okubo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8IarAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102 The Japanese Communist Party 1922–1945]. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1969. pp. 102–104Hunter, Janet. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1MyP6i06z-4C&pg=PA79 Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. p. 79 The party opposed Japanese intervention in China.

Whilst the leadership of the Japan Labour-Farmer Party rejected links to the Communist International, they did identify themselves as revolutionary Marxists. The party stated that it had adopted the "correct line in the proletarian movement". In their discourse, the leftwing of the socialist movement suffered from an "infantile disorder" whilst the rightwing was "senile". However, the party was also criticized from its two flanks, the left characterizing it as "petty bourgeois" and the right claiming that the party was used by the communists. There were also some other, regional, proletarian parties, which also found themselves having centrist positions like the Japan Labour-Farmer Party.Colegrove, Kenneth. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945218 Labor Parties in Japan], in The American Political Science Review, Vol. 23, No. 2 (May, 1929), pp. 329–363

In its 1927 thesis the Communist Party stated that the role of the Japan Labour-Farmer Party was particularly "treacherous", and that the Japan Labour-Farmer Party differentiated itself from the right-wing Social Democrats merely by utilizing a fake leftist discourse.Beckmann, George M., and Genji Okubo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8IarAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA304 The Japanese Communist Party 1922–1945]. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1969. p. 304 In 1928, however, the Communist Party adopted a position to work for the unification of the Japan Labour-Farmer Party and the Labour-Farmer Party. The Communist Party directed cadres to work within the Japan Labour-Farmer Party. In practice, however, they could not establish any foothold inside the party like they had in the Labour-Farmer Party.Beckmann, George M., and Genji Okubo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8IarAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA143 The Japanese Communist Party 1922–1945]. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1969. pp. 143, 150

The 1926 split in the Social Democratic Party was followed by a split in the Sodomei trade union centre. The leaders of the Japan Labour-Farmer Party were asked to resign from their leadership positions in Sodomei, as they refused they were expelled from the organization. The Japan Labour-Farmer Party regrouped their followers in the labour movement and formed a new trade union centre of their own, the Japan Labour Union League. In February 1927, farmers sympathizing with the party broke away from the Social Democratic Party-led General Federation of Japanese Peasant Unions, and formed the All-Japan Peasant Union as the agrarian wing of the Japan Labour-Farmer Party.Wakukawa, Seiyei. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3022364 Japanese Tenant Movements], in Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Feb. 13, 1946), pp. 40–44 In October 1927, a women's organization connection to the party was formed, the National Women's League.Mackie, Vera C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rQzmUjiWedMC&pg=PA138 Creating Socialist Women in Japan: Gender, Labour and Activism, 1900–1937]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 138

According to a 1927 Communist Party document, the party was estimated to have around 6,000 members. The party won three seats in the prefectural elections in October 1927.Large, Stephen S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zog8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA124 Organized Workers and Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan]. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1981. pp. 124–125 In total it had presented 32 candidates, whom together got 34,718 votes.Banno, Junji. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NTG3Kmy9-KQC&pg=PA238 The Political Economy of Japanese Society]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. p. 238

Ahead of the 1928 national Diet elections the Japan Labour-Farmer Party proposed various far-reaching reforms, such as scrapping military education for students and introducing government regulations on food prices. The election was characterized by fierce confrontations not only between the governing side and the opposition, but also between the different proletarian parties. Moreover, the proletarian parties lacked well-known candidates and the financial resources of the established politicians. Bribery and coercion was common in several constituencies. In Ashio, where the Japan Labour-Farmer Party leader Asō Hisashi stood as a candidate, police used to break up electoral meetings of the party and the local mining company contributed financially to the campaigns of Asō Hisashi's opponents.

The party supported 14 candidates in the elections, whom together mustered 93,400 votes (0.9% of the nationwide vote). One of its candidates got elected.Beckmann, George M., and Genji Okubo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8IarAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA151 The Japanese Communist Party 1922–1945]. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1969. p. 151Colegrove, Kenneth. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945477 The Japanese General Election of 1928], in The American Political Science Review, Vol. 22, No. 2 (May, 1928), pp. 401–407 (Banno, however, states that the party had 13 candidates, with a combined vote of 86,698 votes, out of whom one was elected.)Banno, Junji. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NTG3Kmy9-KQC&pg=PA240 The Political Economy of Japanese Society]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. p. 240 The sole winner of a parliamentary seat of the Japan Labour-Farmer Party was Kawakami Jōtarō, a lawyer from Kobe.Stockwin, J. A. A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OElxkdTcuCAC&pg=PA136 Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan]. Routledge in Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. p. 136 The overwhelming majority of the votes for the party in these elections had come from urban areas (where most of its candidates had been launched).

Following the election the three proletarian parties in the assembly (the Japan Labour-Farmer Party, Labour-Farmer Party and the Social Democratic Party) managed to form a joint parliamentary committee, in spite of their political contradictions. The committee did however not last, as the government banned the Labour-Farmer Party. The Japan Labour-Farmer Party wanted the joint committee to protest against the ban, whilst the Social Democratic Party did not want neither to protest against the ban nor retain any contacts with the Labour-Farmer Party after the ban had been issued.

In December 1928, the party merged with the Proletarian Masses Party, the Japan Farmers Party and four regional political parties, forming the Japan Masses Party.Beckmann, George M., and Genji Okubo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8IarAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA173 The Japanese Communist Party 1922–1945]. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1969. p. 173International Labour Office. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BvtlHAj0Y04C&pg=PA114 Industrial Labour in Japan]. Japanese economic history, 1930–1960, v. 5. New York: Routledge, 2000. p. 114 However, even after the merger the leadership clique of the Japan Labour-Farmer Party maintained itself as a separate grouping throughout the 1930s.

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