:Japanese newspapers

Image:Osaka U-no-toshi-zu.jpg, 17th century]]

Japanese newspapers began in the 17th century as {{Lang|ja-latn|yomiuri}} ({{Lang|ja|読売}}, literally 'to read and sell') or {{Lang|ja-latn|kawaraban}} ({{Lang|ja|瓦版}}, literally 'tile-block printing', referring to the use of clay printing blocks), which were printed handbills sold in major cities to commemorate major social gatherings or events.

The first modern newspaper was the Nagasaki Shipping List and Advertiser, which was published bi-weekly by the Englishman A. W. Hansard. The first edition appeared on 22 June 1861. In November of the same year, Hansard moved the paper to Yokohama and renamed it the Japan Herald. In 1862, the Tokugawa shogunate began publishing the {{Lang|ja-latn|Kampan batabiya shinbun}}, a translated edition of a widely distributed Dutch government newspaper. These two papers were published for foreigners, and contained only foreign news. The first Japanese daily newspaper that covered foreign and domestic news was the Yokohama Mainichi Shinbun (横浜毎日新聞), first published in 1871.

Newspapers at this time can be divided into two types, {{Lang|ja-latn|Ōshinbun}} ({{Lang|ja|大新聞}}, 'large newspapers') and {{Lang|ja-latn|koshinbun}} ({{Lang|ja|小新聞}}, 'small newspapers'). People commonly referred to {{Lang|ja-latn|Ōshinbun}} as "political forums" because these papers were inextricably tied to the Popular Rights Movement ({{Lang|ja|自由民権運動}}, {{Lang|ja-latn|Jiyū minken undō}}) and its demands for establishing a Diet. After the government's official announcement of the formation of the Diet, these newspapers, such as the {{Lang|ja-latn|Yokohama Mainichi Shinbun}} and the {{Lang|ja-latn|Chūgai shinbun}}, became organs of the political parties. The early readers of these newspapers mostly came from the ranks of the former samurai class.

{{Lang|ja-latn|Koshinbun}}, on the other hand, were more plebeian, popular newspapers that contained local news, human-interest stories, and light fiction. Examples of {{Lang|ja-latn|koshinbun}} were the Tokyo {{Lang|ja-latn|nichinichi shinbun}} ({{Lang|ja|東京日日新聞}}), the predecessor of the present day {{Lang|ja-latn|Mainichi shinbun}}, which began in 1872; the {{Lang|ja-latn|Yomiuri shinbun}}, which began in 1874; and the {{Lang|ja-latn|Asahi shinbun}}, which began in 1879. In the 1880s, government pressure led to a gradual weeding out of {{Lang|ja-latn|Ōshinbun}}, and the {{Lang|ja-latn|koshinbun}} started becoming more similar to the modern, "impartial" newspapers.

Throughout their history, Japanese newspapers have had a central role in issues of free speech and freedom of the press. In the period of "Taishō Democracy" in the 1910s to the 1920s, the government worked to suppress newspapers such as the {{Lang|ja-latn|Asahi shinbun}} for their critical stance against government bureaucracy that favored protecting citizens' rights and constitutional democracy. In the period of growing militarism to the outbreak of total war in the 1930s to the 1940s, newspapers faced intense government censorship and control. After Japan's defeat, strict censorship of the press continued as the American occupiers used government control in order to inculcate democratic and anti-communist values. In 1951, the American occupiers finally returned freedom of the press to Japan, which is the situation today based on the Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan.

Listed below is an overview of reproductions of the three major Japanese daily newspapers, the {{Lang|ja-latn|Yomiuri shinbun}}, the {{Lang|ja-latn|Asahi shinbun}}, and the {{Lang|ja-latn|Mainichi shinbun}}.

These historical newspapers are available in three major forms, as CD-ROMs, as microfilm, and as {{Lang|ja-latn|shukusatsuban}} ({{Lang|ja|縮刷版}}, literally 'reduced-sized print editions'). {{Lang|ja-latn|Shukusatsuban}} is a technology popularized by {{Lang|ja-latn|Asahi shinbun}} in the 1930s as a way to compress and archive newspapers by reducing the size of the print to fit multiple pages of a daily newspaper onto one page. {{Lang|ja-latn|Shukusatsuban}} are geared towards libraries and archives, and are usually organized and released by month.

These resources are available at many leading research universities throughout the world (usually universities with reputable Japanese studies programs). One will need to check each individual library's collection for information about the availability of these sources. WorldCat{{cite web|url=http://firstsearch.oclc.org/ |title=FirstSearch Login Screen|website=firstsearch.oclc.org|accessdate=7 July 2017}} is a good starting point.

In 1999, the {{Lang|ja-latn|Yomiuri shinbun}} released a CD-ROM titled The {{Lang|ja-latn|Yomiuri shinbun}} in the Meiji Era, which provides a searchable index of news articles and images from the period. Subsequent CD-ROMs, The Taisho Era, The Prewar Showa Era I and The Prewar Showa Era II, were completed eight years after the project was first conceived. Postwar Recovery, the first part of a postwar Showa Era series that includes newspaper stories and images until 1960, is forthcoming. Issues of {{Lang|ja-latn|Yomiuri shinbun}} printed since 1998 are also available as an online resource through Lexis-Nexis Academic.

The {{Lang|ja-latn|Asahi shinbun}} has a CD-ROM database consisting of an index of headlines and sub-headlines from the years 1945–1999. A much more expensive full-text searchable database is available only at the Harvard-Yenching Library at Harvard University, which notably includes advertisements in its index. Researchers using other university libraries would probably have to first use the CD-ROM index, and then look into the microfilm or {{Lang|ja-latn|shukusatsuban}} versions. Microfilm versions are available from 1888; {{Lang|ja-latn|shukusatsuban}} versions are available from 1931. Issues of the {{Lang|ja-latn|Asahi shinbun}} printed since August 1984 are available through Lexis-Nexis Academic.

Microfilm versions of the Mainichi shinbun are available for the years 1984–2005, and {{Lang|ja-latn|shukusatsuban}} are available from 1950 to 1983. Issues of the {{Lang|ja-latn|Mainichi shinbun}} printed since 27 March 1998, are available through Factiva.

1. Yomiuri : conservative, 5,850,000
2. Asahi : center-left, 3,390,000
3. Chunichi Shimbun/Tokyo Shinbun : left, 2,100,000
4. Nikkan Gendai : left (tabloid), 1,680,000 (Nominal)
5. Nikkan Sports: 1,660,000 (Nominal)
6. Mainichi : center-left,{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/01/japans-media-accuse-carlos-ghosn-of-cowardly-act-after-flight-to-lebanon |title=Japan's media accuse Carlos Ghosn of 'cowardly act' after flight to Lebanon |quote=The centre-left Mainichi Shimbun quoted a senior prosecutor as saying: “This is what we predicted. This has ruined the prosecutors’ painstaking work.”|date=1 January 2020|accessdate=20 February 2020|work=The Guardian}} social liberal, 1,490,000
7. Tokyo Sports : sports, 1,390,000 (Nominal)
8. Nikkei (Jp: {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Keizai}}) : economy, conservative, 1,370,000
9. Houchi Shinbun : sports, 1,350,000
10. Sankei Sports: 1,230,000
11. Shimbun Akahata : Japanese Communist Party media, 900,000
12. Sankei : right, conservative, 840,000
13. Hokkaido Shinbun : left, 750,000
14. Daily Sports: 640,000

• List of newspapers in Japan

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book | first = William | last = De Lange | title = A History of Japanese Journalism: State of Affairs and Affairs of State | publisher = Toyo Press | year=2023 | isbn = 978-94-92722-393 }}

• {{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~hds2/BIB95/ch08.htm|title=Japanese-language periodicals|website=Columbia University|accessdate=9 March 2020}}
• {{cite Encyclopedia|title=Newspapers|encyclopedia=Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan|location=Tokyo and New York|publisher=Kodansha|year=1983}}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.abyznewslinks.com/japan.htm|title=Japan Newspapers and News Media Guide|website=ABYZ News Links|accessdate=9 March 2020}}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/japan.htm|title=Japan Newspapers|website=onlinenewspapers.com|accessdate=9 March 2020}}
• {{cite web|url=http://nihongoup.com/aggregator/|title=Japan news aggregator|website=NihongoUp|accessdate=9 March 2020}}

{{Media of Japan}}

Category:17th-century establishments in Japan

Category:Publications established in the 17th century

*

Category:Lists of newspapers by language