:Jeet Kune Do

{{See also|Bruce Lee}}

Growing up in Hong Kong, Lee was a student of Wing Chun Grandmaster Ip Man. However, around 1964, following his duel with Wong Jack-man, Lee disavowed the rigidity of systematized martial arts.Dorgan, Michael. [http://www.kungfu.net/brucelee.html Bruce Lee's Toughest Fight], 1980 July. Official Karate{{Cite web |last=Rossen |first=Jake |date=August 10, 2015 |title=Bruce Lee: The Time Bruce Lee Was Challenged to a Real Fight |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/67108/time-bruce-lee-was-challenged-real-fight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711225623/http://mentalfloss.com/article/67108/time-bruce-lee-was-challenged-real-fight |archive-date=July 11, 2016 |access-date=July 10, 2016 |website=Mental Floss |location=New York}} Following this, Lee began a journey of research in order to refine his way of practicing martial arts. In 1965, he outlined the basic concepts of Jeet Kune Do in a press interview,{{Cite book |url=http://www.blurb.com/b/10483726-original-jeet-kune-do-quarterly-magazine-issue-11 |title=Original Jeet Kune Do Quarterly Magazine - Issue 11 by Lamar M. Davis II |date=2020-12-10 |publisher=Blurb Books |language=en}} but Lee resisted giving his school of thought a name. It was not until 1967 that he came up with the name Jeet Kune Do, but Lee's philosophy is still known by other names, such as Jun Fan Gung Fu.{{Efn|name="JunFan2"|As in Gung Fu of Jun-fan, Bruce Lee's birthname.}}{{harvnb|Thomas|1994|p=14}}{{Cite book |last1=Linda Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2NAuMRjSUSIC&pg=PA26 |title=The Bruce Lee Story |last2=Mike Lee |publisher=Black Belt Communications |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-89750-121-7 |pages=26– |access-date=November 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727141228/https://books.google.com/books?id=2NAuMRjSUSIC&pg=PA26 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live}}{{Cite book |last=Bruce Haines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4zTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 |title=Karate's History & Traditions |date=November 22, 2011 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0139-5 |pages=131– |access-date=November 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727154721/https://books.google.com/books?id=p4zTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live}} As Lee explained:

{{Blockquote|I have not invented a "new style," composite, modified or otherwise that is set within distinct form as apart from "this" method or "that" method. On the contrary, I hope to free my followers from clinging to styles, patterns, or molds. Remember that Jeet Kune Do is merely a name used, a mirror in which to see "ourselves". . . Jeet Kune Do is not an organized institution that one can be a member of. Either you understand or you don't, and that is that. There is no mystery about my style. My movements are simple, direct, and non-classical. The extraordinary part of it lies in its simplicity. Every movement in Jeet Kune Do is being so of itself. There is nothing artificial about it. I always believe that the easy way is the right way. Jeet Kune Do is simply the direct expression of one's feelings with the minimum of movements and energy. The closer to the true way of Kung Fu, the less wastage of expression there is. Finally, a Jeet Kune Do man who says Jeet Kune Do is exclusively Jeet Kune Do is simply not with it. He is still hung up on his self-closing resistance, in this case, anchored down to a reactionary pattern, and naturally is still bound by another modified pattern and can move within its limits. He has not digested the simple fact that truth exists outside all molds; pattern and awareness is never exclusive.

Again let me remind you Jeet Kune Do is just a name used, a boat to get one across, and once across it is to be discarded and not to be carried on one's back.|Bruce Lee{{Citation |last=Lee |first=Bruce |title=Liberate Yourself From Classical Karate |date=September 1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtcDAAAAMBAJ |work=Black Belt Magazine |volume=9 |issue=9 |page=24 |postscript=. |publisher=Rainbow Publications, Inc.}} |source=}}

File:The age of 18 Bruce Lee and Ye Wen.jpg with Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man]]

The metaphor Bruce Lee borrowed from Chan Buddhism was of constantly filling a cup with water, and then emptying it, used for describing Lee's philosophy of "casting off what is useless".{{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=Maxwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RM4DAAAAMBAJ |title=In Kato's Gung-fu Action is Instant |date=November 1967 |publisher=Black belt magazine |pages=14–20}} Lee considered traditional form-based martial arts, which practiced pre-arranged patterns, forms and techniques, to be restrictive and ineffective in dealing with chaotic self-defence situations. Bruce Lee believed that real combat was alive and dynamic and conceived Jeet Kune Do to enable its practitioners to adapt to the changes of live combat, believing that it was only through its use in real combat that a martial arts practitioner could judge a technique worthy of adoption.

Bruce Lee incorporated into Jeet Kune Do four universal combat truths that he felt were self-evident and would lead to combat success if followed. The "4 Combat Ranges" in particular are what he felt were instrumental in becoming a "total" martial artist. This is also the principle most related to mixed martial arts.{{Cite journal |last=Hochheim |first=W. Hoch |date=Jan 1995 |title=The Maze of Jeet Kune Do |journal=Black Belt Magazine |publisher=Rainbow Publications, Inc. |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=110}} These concepts help create a framework for adaptive, real-time decision-making in self-defence scenarios.

JKD practitioners also subscribe to the notion that the best defence is a strong offense, hence the principle of "Intercepting". Lee believed that in order for an opponent to attack someone they had to move towards them. This provided an opportunity to "intercept" that attack or movement. The principle of interception covers more than just intercepting physical attacks. Lee believed that many non-verbal and telegraphs (subtle movements that an opponent is unaware of) could be perceived or "intercepted" and thus be used to one's advantage. The "5 Ways of Attack" are attacking categories that help Jeet Kune Do practitioners organize their fighting repertoire and comprise the offensive portion of JKD. The concepts of Stop hits & stop kicks and simultaneous parrying & punching were borrowed from European fencing and Wing Chun's theory of simultaneous defending and attacking and comprise the defensive portion of JKD. These concepts were modified for unarmed combat and implemented into the JKD framework by Lee. These concepts also complement the other principle of interception.

Bruce Lee believed that martial systems should be as flexible as possible. He often used water as an analogy for describing why flexibility is a desired trait in martial arts. Water is infinitely flexible. It can be seen through, and yet at other times it can obscure things from sight. It can split and go around things, re-joining on the other side, or it can crash through things. It can erode the hardest rocks by gently lapping away at them or it can flow past the tiniest pebble. Lee believed that a martial system should have these attributes. JKD students reject traditional systems of training, fighting styles and the Confucian pedagogy used in traditional Kung Fu schools because of this lack of flexibility. JKD is claimed to be a dynamic concept that is forever changing, thus being extremely flexible. "Absorb what is useful; disregard that which is useless" is an often quoted Bruce Lee maxim. A JKD student is encouraged to study every form of combat possible, both to add to his arsenal and to know how to defend against such tactics.{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Bruce |title=Tao of Jeet Kune Do |publisher=Ohara Publications |year=1975 |isbn=0-89750-048-2 |language=English}}

JKD students are told to waste no time or movement. This technique can be called the technique of "Least action" thus strike the opponent with the least distance, time and energy possible but also giving a powerful and precise strike. When it comes to combat JKD practitioners believe the simplest things work best.{{cite web|title=What Makes Jeet Kune Do an Effective Fighting Art? |website=Las Vegas Shaolin Kung Fu Academy |date=March 25, 2023 |url=https://www.lvshaolin.com/what-makes-jeet-kune-do-an-effective-fighting-art/ |access-date=March 29, 2024}} "Efficiency, directness, and simplicity are the hallmark of Jeet Kune Do."

Adherents of JKD are taught to intercept an opponent's attack with an attack of their own, rather than simply blocking the attack. JKD practitioners consider this to be the most difficult defensive skill to develop. This strategy is a feature of some traditional Chinese martial arts, as well as an essential component of European épée fencing (known in fencing terminology as the "counter-attack"{{Cite book |last=Inosanto |first=Dan |title=Jeet Kune Do: The Art & Philosophy of Bruce Lee |publisher=Know Now Publishing |year=1980 |isbn=0-938676-00-8 |language=English}}).

When confronting an incoming attack, the attack is parried or deflected and a counterattack is delivered at the same time. This is not as advanced as a stop hit but is more effective than blocking and then counterattacking in sequence. This is also practiced by some Chinese martial arts.

JKD practitioners believe they should target their kicks to their opponent's shins, knees, thighs, midsection, and no higher, as these targets are the closest to the (kicking) foot, provide more stability, and are more difficult to defend against. However, as with all other JKD principles, nothing is written in stone, and if a target of opportunity above the midsection presents itself, one may take advantage of it without feeling hampered by this principle.{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Bruce |url=https://archive.org/details/tao-of-jeet-kune-do/Bruce%20Lees%20Fighting%20Method_%20The%20Complete%20Bruce%20Lee/page/n189/mode/2up |title=Bruce Lee's Fighting Method |date=April 8, 1975 |publisher=Ohara Publications, Inc. |edition= |volume= |pages=190–195}}

Jeet Kune Do students train in each of these ranges equally: Kicking, Punching, Trapping, and Grappling. According to Lee, this range of training differentiates JKD from other martial arts, as most traditional martial systems specialize in training at one or two ranges. Lee's theories have been especially influential in the field of Mixed Martial Arts, as the MMA Phases of Combat are essentially the same concept as the JKD combat ranges. As a historical note, the ranges in JKD have evolved over time. Initially the ranges were categorized as short or close, medium, and long range.{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Linda |title=The Tao of Jeet Kune Do |date=1975 |publisher=Ohara Publications Inc. |isbn=0-89750-048-2 |author-link=Linda Lee Cadwell}} These terms proved ambiguous and eventually evolved into their more descriptive forms although there may still be others who prefer the three categories.{{Cite web |date=25 May 2025 |title=The Philosophy of Jeet Kune Do |url=https://wheecorea.com/ra-masia-project/the-philosophy-of-jeet-kune-do/ |website=WHEE Korea}}

• Single Angular Attack (SAA) and its converse Single Direct Attack (SDA).
• Hand Immobilization Attack (HIA) and its counterpart Foot Immobilization attack, which make use of trapping to limit the opponent's function with that appendage.
• Progressive Indirect Attack (PIA). Attacking one part of the opponent's body followed by attacking another part as a means of creating an opening.
• Attack By Combinations (ABC). This is using multiple rapid attacks, with volume of attack as a means of overcoming the opponent.
• Attack By Drawing (ABD). This is creating an opening with positioning as a means of counterattacking.{{Cite book |last=Inosanto |first=Dan |title=Jeet Kune Do: The Art & Philosophy of Bruce Lee |date=1980 |publisher=Know Now Publishing Co. |isbn=0-938676-00-8 |pages=104–106 |author-link=Dan Inosanto}}

JKD practitioners believe that techniques should contain the following properties:

• Efficiency - An attack that reaches its mark
• Directness - Doing what comes naturally in a learned way.
• Simplicity - Thinking in an uncomplicated manner; without ornamentation.{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Bruce |title=Tao of Jeet Kune Do |publisher=Ohara Publications |year=1975 |isbn=0-89750-048-2 |publication-date=1975 |pages=4 |language=English}}

The centreline refers to an imaginary line running down the centre of one's body. The theory is to exploit, control and dominate your opponent's centreline. All attacks, defences and footwork are designed to preserve your own centreline and open your opponent's. Lee incorporated this theory into JKD from Wing Chun. This notion is closely related to maintaining control of the centre squares in the strategic game chess.

The three guidelines for centreline are:

• The one who controls the centreline will control the fight.
• Protect and maintain your own centreline while you control and exploit your opponent's.
• Control the centreline by occupying it.{{Cite web |date=25 May 2025 |title=The Centerline Theory of JKD and Wing Chun |url=https://dragonsedgeacademy.com/2019/03/08/the-centerline-theory-of-jkd-and-wing-chun/ |website=Dragon's Edge Academy}}

Although Bruce Lee officially closed his martial arts schools two years before his death, he allowed his curriculum to be taught privately. Since his death, Jeet Kune Do is argued to have split into different groups. They are:{{Cite web |date=25 May 2025 |title=About JKDC |url=https://sites.google.com/site/jeetkunedoconcepts/about-jkdc |website=Jeet Kune Do Concepts}}

• The Original (or Jun Fan) JKD branch, whose proponents include Taky Kimura, James Lee, Jerry Poteet, and Ted Wong; these groups claim to teach what was believed to be only what was taught by Bruce Lee and encourage the student to further develop his or her abilities through those teachings. The inherent training principles of this branch are shaped by the static concept of what was "originally taught", just as the training systems of "traditional" martial arts have been taught for centuries and become recognizable as "styles", except it is referred to as a philosophy of "style without style".

• The JKD Concepts branch, whose proponents include Dan Inosanto, Richard Bustillo, and Larry Hartsell; these groups strive to continue the philosophy of individual self-expression through re-interpretation of combat systems through the lens of Jeet Kune Do, under the concept that it was never meant to be a static art but rather an ongoing evolution, and have incorporated elements from many other martial arts into the main fold of its teachings (most notably, grappling and Kali / Escrima material) based on the individual's personal preferences and physical attributes. The entire JKD "system" can be described through a simple diagram, and the concepts can then be applied to a variety of contexts in a "universal" way.

To understand the branches of JKD it is important to understand the difference between the two "types" or viewpoints of Jeet Kune Do:

1. JKD framework: This type of JKD provides the guiding principles. Bruce Lee experimented with many styles and techniques to reach these conclusions. To Lee these principles were truisms. The JKD framework is not bound or confined by any styles or systems. This type of JKD is a process.
2. JKD Personal Systems: This type of JKD utilizes the JKD framework along with any techniques from any other style or system to construct a "personal system". This approach utilizes a "building blocks" manner in which to construct a personalized system that is especially tailored to an individual. Lee believed that only an individual could determine for themselves what the usefulness of any technique should be. This type of JKD is thus a product.

Lee believed that this freedom of adoption was a distinguishing property from traditional martial arts.

There are many who confuse the JKD Framework with a JKD Personal System (e.g., Bruce Lee's personal JKD) thinking them to be one and the same. The system that Bruce Lee personally expressed was his own personal JKD; tailored for himself. Before he could do this, however, he needed to first develop the "JKD Framework" process. Many of the systems that Bruce Lee studied were not to develop his "Personal JKD" but rather was used to gather the "principles" for incorporation in the JKD Framework approach. The uniqueness of JKD to Lee is that it was a "process" not a "product" and thus not a "style" but a system, concept, or approach. Traditional martial arts styles are essentially a product that is given to a student with little provision for change. These traditional styles are usually fixed and not tailored for individuals. Bruce Lee claimed there were inherent problems with this approach and established a "Process" based system rather than a fixed style which a student could then utilize to make a "tailored" or "Personal" product of their own.

The two branches of JKD differ in what should be incorporated or offered within the "JKD Framework". The Original (or Jun Fan) JKD branch believes that the original principles before Bruce Lee died are all that is needed for the construction of personalized systems.{{Cite book |last=Vunak |first=Paul |title=Jeet Kune Do: Its Concepts and Philosophies |publisher=Unique Publications |year=1988 |isbn=978-0865681491 |language=English}}

JKD Concepts branch believe that there are further principles that can be added to construct personalized systems. The value of each Branch can be determined by individual practitioners based on whatever merits they deem important.

Original JKD is further divided into two points of view - OJKD and JFJKD both hold Wing Chun, Western boxing and fencing as the cornerstones on Bruce's JKD.

• OJKD follows all Bruce's training from early Jun Fan Gung Fu (Seattle period) and focuses on trapping with Wing Chun influence.{{Cite book |last=Vunak |first=Paul |title=Jeet Kune Do: Its Concepts and Philosophies |publisher=Unique Publications |isbn=978-0865681491 |publication-date=1988 |language=English}}
• Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do is a signature version of JKD as Bruce taught privately to Ted Wong. This is a later time period and practices a greater emphasis on elusiveness and simplified trapping unique to Bruce's later approach to combat. The focus is with fencing and Western boxing.

Some of the exercises Lee did included Da Sam Sing or Gak Sam Sing, a traditional method of forearm conditioning practiced in classical Kung Fu. He also did exercises simulating a fight against a four-limbed human using the traditional Mook Yan Jong used in Wing Chun. Lee was also an avid follower of Indian wrestler Great Gama's training routine. He read articles about him and how he employed his exercises to build his strength for wrestling, incorporating them into his own routine. The training routines Lee used included isometrics as well as "the cat stretch", "the squat" (known as "baithak"), and also known as the "deep-knee bend."Little, John, Bruce Lee – The Art of Expressing The Human Body (Tuttle Publishing, 1998), p. 58

Kato from Green Hornet is the first fictional character to use Jeet Kune Do, as he was portrayed by Bruce Lee in the 1966 TV series. In the aforementioned TV series, Lee would demonstrate various techniques associated with Jeet Kune Do.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cM4DAAAAMBAJ&dq=black+belt+october+1967&pg=PA1 |title=Black Belt |date=October 1967 |publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc. |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Polly |first=Matthew |title=Bruce Lee: A Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5011-8769-6 |language=English}} Following Lee's impact and death, Kato would utilize JKD in subsequent incarnations of Green Hornet media.{{Cite book |last=Nitz |first=Jai |title=The Green Hornet: Parallel Lives |publisher=Dynamite Entertainment |publication-date=2010 |language=English}}

In Arrow, Jeet Kune Do is the martial arts style of the League of Assassins.{{Cite news |last=Bamford |first=James |date=October 2015 |title=Arrow – Fight Choreography Interview |work=ComicBook.com}}

Various video game characters utilize Jeet Kune Do as their choice way of fighting. These include:

• Liu Kang, Johnny Cage and Mokap in Mortal Kombat
• K' in the King of Fighters uses a style notably similar to Jeet Kune Do, although his fighting style is listed in official profiles as "pure violence."
• Jacky Bryant and Sarah Bryant{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2002 |title=The Virtua Fighter of the Day: Sarah |url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2002/03/13/the-virtua-fighter-of-the-day-sarah}}{{additional citation needed|date=November 2020}} from Virtua Fighter
• Marshall Law, Forest Law, and Lee Chaolan from Tekken
• Midknight from Eternal Champions{{Cite web |last=Bobinator |date=May 2, 2014 |title=Eternal Champions |url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/eternal-champions/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Hardcore Gaming 101 |quote=Midknight;A vampire who uses Jeet Kune Do. Formerly a scientist commissioned to create a biochemical weapon to end the Vietnam War, he ended up falling into a vat of his own formula after having a change of heart. The mixture somehow turned him into a vampire, with hypnotism powers and all. Then he ended up getting staked by a government agent 133 years later.}}
• Jann Lee from Dead or Alive{{cite web|title=Jann Lee DOA6 Character Bio|url=https://teamninja-studio.com/doa6/uk/chara_jann.html|access-date=2024-04-16|quote=Master of Jeet Kune Do, nicknamed "Dragon."}}
• Fei Long from Super Street Fighter II{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
• Jon Talbain from Darkstalkers{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
• Chou from Mobile Legends: Bang Bang{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
• Clair Andrews from Ehrgeiz{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
• Iron Fist from Marvel Rivals

{{more citations needed section|date=October 2023}}

{{For|practitioners of Jeet Kune Do|Category:Jeet Kune Do practitioners}}

{{Dynamic list}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Ben Saunders{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/369207-ufc-111-ben-saunders-harnessing-his-inner-bruce-lee-for-jon-fitch|title=UFC 111: Ben Saunders Harnessing His Inner Bruce Lee for Jon Fitch|first=Tom|last=Ngo|website=Bleacher Report}}
• Brandon Lee
• Dan Inosanto
• Erik Paulson{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
• Ernest EmersonCombs, Roger (2004), "Emerson Knives", Knives Illustrated, 18 (2): 36–41, 65–69{{Cite news |last=Emerson |first=Ernie |year=2006e |title=IMB Academy News |publisher=IMB Academy |url=http://www.imbacademy.com/archive/ernie-emerson-torrance-ca/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704030026/http://www.imbacademy.com/news-2006testimonial2.html |archive-date=July 4, 2007 |quote=I first met Richard Bustillo as a fledgling student at the Filipino KALI Academy in Torrance, California in the 1970s. I had moved from Northern Wisconsin just to train at what was at the time the only full-contact fighting school in the world. This was a fighter's school and needless to say I was more than a little intimidated at our first encounter. After all, here I was in a school filled with some of Bruce Lee's original equipment in front of someone who had trained with Bruce.}}
• Glenn Danzig{{Cite web |date=November 10, 1999 |title=Glenn Danzig Satan's Child |url=http://www.the7thhouse.com/news/Articles/d6_art6.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705013840/http://www.the7thhouse.com/news/Articles/d6_art6.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2008 |access-date=October 9, 2009 |publisher=the7thhouse.com}}{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=Glenn Danzig trained in Jeet Kune Do by Bruce Lee |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlBcD8qqGT8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513103730/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlBcD8qqGT8 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |access-date=August 23, 2007 |website=YouTube}}
• James Wilks
• Jang Hyuk
• Jason David Frank
• Jason Scott Lee
• Jeff Imada
• Jerry Poteet
• Joe Lewis
• Junichi Okada
• Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
• Patrick Marcil
• Richard Bustillo
• Nick Irving
• Ron Balicki
• Shannon Lee
• Taky Kimura
• Tim Boetsch{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/ufc/ufc-155-fight-card-preview|title=UFC 155 fight card preview | Fox Sports|website=amp.foxsports.com}}
• Tim Tackett
• Yorinaga Nakamura

{{div col end}}

• Tao of Jeet Kune Do
• Bruce Lee's Fighting Method
• Chinese Gung Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self-Defense
• Bruce Lee filmography
• Bruce Lee Library
• List of awards and honors received by Bruce Lee
• Bruceploitation
• Bruce Lee (comics)
• Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do

{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Reflist}}

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• [https://archive.org/details/tao-of-jeet-kune-do/Bruce%20Lees%20Fighting%20Method_%20The%20Complete%20Bruce%20Lee/mode/2up Bruce Lee's Fighting Method Complete Edition] on Internet Archive
• [https://archive.org/details/tao-of-jeet-kune-do/Tao%20Of%20Jeet%20Kune%20Do/ Tao of Jeet Kune Do] on Internet Archive

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Category:Buddhist martial arts

Category:Wing Chun

Category:1967 introductions