:John IV of Portugal

File:Pedro Américo - Retrato de Dom João IV, infante, duque de Bragança.jpg, 1879.]]

John IV was born at Vila Viçosa and succeeded his father Teodósio II as Duke of Braganza{{cite book | last=Dyer|first=Thomas Henry|title=1593–1721|year=1877|page=340|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA340}} when the latter died insane in 1630. He married Luisa de Guzmán (1613–66), the eldest daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia, in 1633. John was described as having blonde hair and an average height.{{sfn |Sousa 1741, Vol VII|p= 238}}

File:JoaoIV Google Arts Project.jpg, {{circa|1640s}}.]]

When Philip II of Portugal (III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by his son Philip III (IV of Spain), who had a different approach to Portuguese issues. Taxes on the Portuguese merchants were raised, the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence, and government posts in Portugal were increasingly occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, meaning Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power.

This situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and the bourgeoisie, executed on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the accession of Philip II of Spain to the throne of Portugal. A plot was planned by several associates, known as the Forty Conspirators, who killed the Secretary of State, Miguel de Vasconcelos, and imprisoned the king's cousin, Margaret of Savoy, the Vicereine of Portugal, governing the country in the King's name. Philip's troops were at the time fighting the Thirty Years' War and also dealing with a revolution in Catalonia, which severely hampered Spain's ability to quash the rebellion.

Within a matter of hours and with popular support, John, then the 8th Duke of Braganza, was acclaimed as King John IV of Portugal (as the legend goes, with the persuasion of his wife), claiming legitimate succession through his grandmother Catherine, Duchess of Braganza.{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Frances Gardiner|title=European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648|year=2004|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange|isbn=978-1584774228|page=324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDPF4ILESaUC&q=john+iv+King+philip+iv&pg=PA324}} The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years' War as, at least, a peripheral player. From 1641 to 1668, the period during which the two nations were at war, Spain sought to isolate Portugal militarily and diplomatically, and Portugal tried to find the resources to maintain its independence through political alliances and maintenance of its colonial income.

{{main|Portuguese Restoration War}}

His accession led to a protracted war with neighbouring Spain, a conflict known as the Portuguese Restoration War, which ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668).{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=John IV. of Portugal|display=John IV.|volume=15|page=444}} Portugal signed lengthy alliances with France (1 June 1641) and Sweden (August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the Thirty Years' War were in the field against Spain and against Dutch encroachments on the Portuguese colonies.

The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non-Iberian powers. Spain was involved in the Thirty Years' War until 1648 and the Franco-Spanish War until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the Dutch–Portuguese War until 1663. In Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at Montijo, near Badajoz, in 1644.

Abroad, the Dutch took Portuguese Malacca (January 1641), and the Imam of Oman captured Muscat (1650). Nevertheless, the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil, and Africa, managed to retake Luanda, in Portuguese Angola, from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered northern Brazil, which effectively ceased to be a Dutch colony. This was countered by the loss of Portuguese Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka) to the Dutch, who took Colombo in 1656.

King John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son Afonso VI. His daughter, Catherine of Braganza, married King Charles II of England. Bombay in India was given as dowry to the English.

John was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition to this, he was a composer. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, but it was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. Among his writings are a defense of Palestrina, and a Defense of Modern Music (Lisbon, 1649).{{cite book |last= John IV |first= King of Portugal |author-link= John IV of Portugal |editor-last= Ribeiro |editor-first= Mário de Sampayo |year= 1965 |orig-year= 1649 |title= Defensa de la musica moderna contra la errada opinion del Obispo Cyrilo Franco |language= Spanish |trans-title= Defense of modern music against the mistaken opinion of Bishop Cyrilo Franco |edition= reprint |series= Acta Universitatis Conimbrigensis |publisher= University of Coimbra |location= Portugal |isbn= 9789726160564 |oclc= 258290532 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2gQLAAAAMAAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=-TN0Vf9GwSMC 'View digitized copy of originai 1649 book'] One famous composition attributed to him is a setting of the Crux fidelis, a work that remains highly popular during Holy Week amongst church choirs. However, no known manuscript of the work exists, and it was first published only in 1869, in France. On stylistic grounds, it is generally recognized that the work was written in the 19th century.Grove Dictionary of Music: Doubtful: Crux fidelis, 4vv, D-Dlb; ed. G. Schmitt, Anthologie universelle de musique sacrée (Paris, 1869); ed. J. Santos, A polifonia clássica portuguesa (Lisbon, 1937)

In 1646, John IV proclaimed Mary, in her conception as the Immaculate Conception (the 'Immaculata'), the Patroness of Portugal by royal decree of the House of Braganza. The doctrine had appeared in the Middle Ages and had been fiercely debated in the 15th and 16th centuries, but a bull issued in 1616 by Pope Paul V finally "[forbade] anyone to teach or preach a contrary opinion."Bartomomé Estebán Murillo and Nancy Coe Wixom, "The Immaculate Conception", The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, Vol. 47, No. 7 (Sept, 1960), p. 163. Three years later, in 1649, the iconography of the Immaculata was established by Francisco Pacheco (1564–1654), a Spanish artistic advisor to the Inquisition, based on Revelation XII:1.Anna Jameson, Legends of the Madonna, Boston & New York, 1895, p. 14.

John married Luisa de Guzmán,{{cite book|last=Bourn|first=Thomas|title=A Concise Gazetteer of the Most Remarkable Places in the World; with brief notices of the principal historical events ... connected with them, etc.|year=1815|page=413|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrdCAAAAcAAJ&q=john+iv+of+portugal+married+louisa&pg=PA413}} daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina-Sidonia. From that marriage several children were born. Because some of John's children were born and died before their father became king they are not considered infantes or infantas (heirs to the throne) of Portugal.

{{ahnentafel

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|1= 1. John IV of Portugal

|2= 2. Teodósio, 7th Duke of Braganza

|3= 3. Ana de Velasco y Girón

|4= 4. João, 6th Duke of Braganza{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Henry Morse |title=The story of Portugal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139 |access-date=11 July 2018 |year=1903 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |pages=125, 279, 303|isbn=9780722224731 }}

|5= 5. Catherine of Portugal

|6= 6. Juan, 5th Duke of Frías

|7= 7. María Téllez-Girón y Guzmán

|8= 8. Teodósio, 5th Duke of Braganza

|9= 9. Isabel of Lencastre

|10= 10. Edward, Duke of Guimarães

|11= 11. Isabel of Braganza

|12= 12. Íñigo, 4th Duke of Frías

|13= 13. Ana de Guzmán y Aragón

|14= 14. Pedro, 1st Duke of Osuna

|15= 15. Leonor de Guzmán y Aragón

}}

{{reflist|20em}}

• {{cite book

| last = Sousa

| first = António Caetano de

| year =

| language = Portuguese

| title = História genealógica da Casa Real portuguesa

| volume = VII

| publisher = Silviana

| location = Lisbon

| isbn =

| ref = {{sfnRef|Sousa 1741, Vol VII}}

}}{{ISBN?}}

{{commons category|John IV of Portugal}}

• {{ChoralWiki|John IV of Portugal}}
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxEU3VXiAqY Crux fidelis] Recording of John IV's best-known choral work

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{{Monarchs of Portugal}}

{{Dukes of Braganza}}

{{House of Braganza}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:John 04 Of Portugal}}

Category:1604 births

Category:1656 deaths

Category:17th-century Portuguese classical composers

Category:17th-century Portuguese monarchs

Category:Burials at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora

Category:Constables of Portugal

Category:Dukes of Barcelos

Category:Dukes of Braganza

Category:Dukes of Guimarães

Category:House of Braganza

Category:Portuguese male classical composers

Category:People from Vila Viçosa

Category:Portuguese Baroque composers

Category:Portuguese infantes

Category:Portuguese monarchs

Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics

Category:Rebel princes

Category:Royal reburials