:John Thomson (photographer)

The son of William Thomson, a tobacco spinner and retail trader, and his wife Isabella Newlands, Thomson was born the eighth of nine children in Edinburgh in the year of Queen Victoria's accession. From 1841, the family lived at 6 Brighton Street in Edinburgh's South Side (now marked by a plaque).Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1850

After his schooling in the early 1850s, he was apprenticed to a local optical and scientific instrument manufacturer, thought to be James Mackay Bryson. During this time, Thomson learned the principles of photography and completed his apprenticeship around 1858.

During this time he also undertook two years of evening classes at the Watt Institution and School of Arts (formerly the Edinburgh School of Arts, later to become Heriot-Watt University). He received the "Attestation of Proficiency" in natural philosophy in 1857, and in junior mathematics and chemistry in 1858. In 1861, he became a member of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, but by 1862 he had decided to travel to Singapore to join his older brother William, a watchmaker and photographer.

File:Thomson, King Mongkut of Siam.jpg, Bangkok (European Dress), 1865–1866]]

In April 1862, Thomson left Edinburgh for Singapore, beginning a ten-year period spent travelling around the Far East. Initially, he established a joint business with William to manufacture marine chronometers and optical and nautical instruments. He also established a photographic studio in Singapore, taking portraits of European merchants, and he developed an interest in local peoples and places. He travelled extensively throughout the mainland territories of Malaya and the island of Sumatra, exploring the villages and photographing the native peoples and their activities.

File:Thomson, Angkor Wat.jpg, 1865]]

After visiting Ceylon and India from October to November 1864 to document the destruction caused by a recent cyclone, Thomson sold his Singapore studio and moved to Siam. After arrival in Bangkok in September 1865, Thomson undertook a series of photographs of the King of Siam and other senior members of the royal court and government.

Inspired by Henri Mouhot's account of the rediscovery of the ancient cities of Angkor in the Cambodian jungle, Thomson embarked on what would become the first of his major photographic expeditions. He set off in January 1866 with his translator H. G. Kennedy, a British Consular official in Bangkok, who saved Thomson's life when he contracted jungle fever en route. The pair spent two weeks at Angkor, where Thomson extensively documented the vast site, producing some of the earliest photographs of what is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Thomson then moved on to Phnom Penh and took photographs of the King of Cambodia and other members of the Cambodian royal family, before travelling on to Saigon. From there he stayed in Bangkok briefly, before returning to Britain in May or June in 1866. While back home, Thomson lectured extensively to the British Association and published his photographs of Siam and Cambodia. He became a member of the Royal Ethnological Society of London and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1866, and published his first book, The Antiquities of Cambodia, in early 1867.

File:Island Pagoda, about 1871, from the album, Foochow and the River Min.jpg and the River Min]]

After a year in Britain, Thomson again felt the desire to return to the Far East. He returned to Singapore in July 1867, before moving to Saigon for three months and finally settling in Hong Kong in 1868. He established a studio in the Commercial Bank building, and spent the next four years photographing the people of China and recording the diversity of Chinese culture.

Thomson traveled extensively throughout China, from the southern trading ports of Hong Kong and Guangzhou (Canton) to the cities of Beijing and Shanghai, to the Great Wall in the north, and deep into central China. From 1870 to 1871, he visited the province of Fujian, travelling up the Min River by boat with the American Protestant missionary Reverend Justus Doolittle, and then visited Amoy and Shantou.

He went on to visit the island of Taiwan with the missionary Dr. James Laidlaw Maxwell, landing first in Takau in early April 1871. The pair visited the capital, Taiwanfu (now Tainan), before travelling on to the aboriginal villages on the west plains of the island. After leaving Formosa, Thomson spent the next three months travelling 3,000 miles up the Yangtze River, reaching Hubei and Sichuan.

Thomson's travels in China were often perilous, as he visited remote, almost unpopulated regions far inland. Most of the people he encountered had never seen a Westerner or camera before. His expeditions were also especially challenging because he had to transport his bulky wooden camera, many large, fragile glass plates, and potentially explosive chemicals. He photographed in a wide variety of conditions and often had to improvise because chemicals were difficult to acquire. His subject matter varied enormously: from humble beggars and street people to Mandarins, Princes and senior government officials; from remote monasteries to Imperial Palaces; from simple rural villages to magnificent landscapes.

File:Thomson, The crawlers.jpg

Thomson returned to England in 1872, settling in Brixton, London, and, apart from a final photographic journey to Cyprus in 1878, Thomson never left again. Over the coming years he proceeded to lecture and publish, presenting the results of his travels in the Far East. His publications started initially in monthly magazines, followed by a series of large, lavishly illustrated photographic books. He wrote extensively on photography, contributing many articles to photographic journals such as the British Journal of Photography. He also translated and edited Gaston Tissandier's 1876 History and Handbook of Photography, which became a standard reference work.

In London, Thomson renewed his acquaintance with Adolphe Smith, a radical journalist whom he had met at the Royal Geographical Society in 1866. Together they collaborated in producing the monthly magazine, Street Life in London,{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/list/collections/5/ |title=Street Life in London | LSE Digital Library |website=Digital.library.lse.ac.uk |access-date=2016-09-26}} from 1876 to 1877. The project documented in photographs and text the lives of the street people of London, establishing social documentary photography as an early type of photojournalism. The series of photographs was later published in book form in 1878.

He was elected a member of the Photographic Society, later the Royal Photographic Society, on 11 November 1879.{{cite web|author=Tarjana Yagnik |url=http://rpsmembers.dmu.ac.uk/rps_results.php?mid=1032 |title=Members of the Royal Photographic Society, 1853 - 1901 |website=Rpsmembers.dmu.ac.uk |access-date=2016-09-26}} With his reputation as an important photographer well established, Thomson opened a portrait studio in Buckingham Palace Road in 1879, later moving it to Mayfair. In 1881 he was appointed photographer to the British royal family by Queen Victoria, and his later work concentrated on studio portraiture of the rich and famous of "high society", giving him a comfortable living. From January 1886, he began instructing explorers at the Royal Geographical Society in the use of photography to document their travels.

After retiring from his commercial studio in 1910, Thomson spent most of his time back in Edinburgh, although he continued to write papers for the Royal Geographical Society on the uses of photography. He died of a heart attack in 1921 at the age of 84.

File:Plaque to John Thomson, Brighton Street, Edinburgh.jpg

Thomson was an accomplished photographer in many areas, including landscapes, portraiture, street photography, and architectural photography, and his legacy is one of outstanding quality and breadth of coverage. His photography from the Far East enlightened the Victorian audience of Britain about the land, people, and cultures of China and South-East Asia. His pioneering work documenting the social conditions of the street people of London established him as one of the pioneers of photojournalism, and his publishing activities mark him out as an innovator in combining photography with the printed word.

In recognition of his work, one of the peaks of Mount Kenya was named "Point Thomson" on his death in 1921.{{cite book|last=Ovenden|first=Richard|title=John Thomson (1837–1921) Photographer|year=1997|publisher=National Library of Scotland|location=Edinburgh|isbn=0114958335|page=42}} That same year, Henry Wellcome acquired a collection of glass negatives, totalling over 600, that were owned by Thomson. Today they are in the collection of the Wellcome Library.{{cite web|title=China: A Manchu Bride|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3958|publisher=World Digital Library|access-date=23 January 2013}} Some of Thomson's work may be seen at the Royal Geographical Society's headquarters in London. Other museums with Thomson's work in their collections include the Museum of Modern Art,{{Cite web|title=John Thomson. Old Furniture from the album Street Life in London. 1877 {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/92753|access-date=2021-07-02|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}} the Victoria and Albert Museum,{{Cite web|last=Museum|first=Victoria and Albert|title=The "Crawlers" {{!}} Thomson, John {{!}} V&A Explore The Collections|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O82956/the-crawlers-photograph-thomson-john/|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections|date=3 February 1877 |language=en}} the National Portrait Gallery,{{Cite web|title=John Thomson - National Portrait Gallery|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp68784/john-thomson|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.npg.org.uk|language=en}} the University of Michigan Museum of Art,{{Cite web|title=Exchange: Mongol Woman|url=https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/36066/view|access-date=2021-07-02|website=exchange.umma.umich.edu}} the National Science and Media Museum,{{Cite web|title=Coolies {{!}} Science Museum Group Collection|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8228969/coolies-photograph|access-date=2021-07-02|website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk|language=en}} and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.{{Cite web|title=Isabella Stewart Gardner {{!}} Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|url=https://www.gardnermuseum.org/experience/collection/33805|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.gardnermuseum.org|language=en}}

Through the Lens of John Thomson: China and Siam, a selection of Thomson's photographs from the Wellcome Library, London, is currently touring internationally.{{cite web|title=Through The Lens of John Thomson - Worldwide Exhibition Tour|url=http://www.johnthomsonexhibition.org/}}

In August 2024, English Heritage unveiled a blue plaque in Thomson's honour at his former home, 15 Effra Road, Brixton, London, SW2 1BX.{{Cite web |title=New blue plaques for photography trailblazers Christina Broom and John Thomson |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/new-blue-plaques-for-trailblazing-photographers-christina-broom-and-john-thomson/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=English Heritage}}

In 2001, Phiphat Phongraphiphon, a Thai independent researcher in historical photography, published claims that Thomson took works by Thai court photographer Khun Sunthornsathitsalak (Christian name: Francis Chit) and published them as his own. Evidence to Phiphat's claims include an analysis of a photograph in which the temple Wat Ratchapradit, which was built before Thomson arrived in Bangkok, is missing.{{cite book|last=Phongraphiphon|first=Phiphat|title=ภาพมุมกว้างของกรุงเทพมหานครในสมัยรัชกาลที่ 4: การค้นพบใหม่ (Panorama of Bangkok in the reign of King Rama IV: a new discovery)|year=2001|publisher=Muang Boran|location=Bangkok|isbn=974-7383-00-4|language=th}}{{Page number needed|date=January 2024}}{{Verification needed|date=January 2024}}

{{Page numbers needed|date=January 2024}}

• File:Street Life in London, book cover.jpgThe Antiquities of Cambodia (1867){{cite book|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1063841 |title=The Antiquities of Cambodia : A series of photographs taken on the spot / With letterpress description by John Thomson, F.R.G.S., F.E.S.L. |language=fr |publisher=Gallica |date=2007-10-15 |access-date=2016-09-26}}
• Views on the North River (1870)
• Foochow and the River Min (1873)
• Illustrations of China and Its People, Four Volumes (1873–1874){{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010849434 |title=Illustrations of China and its people : a series of two hundred photographs, with letterpress descriptive of the places and people represented. : Thomson, J. (John), 1837-1921 |website=Archive.org |year=1873 |access-date=2016-09-26}}{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010851760 |title=Illustrations of China and its people : a series of two hundred photographs, with letterpress descriptive of the places and people represented. : Thomson, J. (John), 1837-1921 |website=Archive.org |year=1873 |access-date=2016-09-26}}{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010851281 |title=Illustrations of China and its people : a series of two hundred photographs, with letterpress descriptive of the places and people represented. : Thomson, J. (John), 1837-1921 |website=Archive.org |year=1873 |access-date=2016-09-26}}{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010851562 |title=Illustrations of China and its people : a series of two hundred photographs, with letterpress descriptive of the places and people represented. : Thomson, J. (John), 1837-1921 |website=Archive.org |year=1873 |access-date=2016-09-26}}
• The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China, and China (1875){{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/straitsofmalacca00thomuoft |title=The straits of Malacca, Indo-China and China; or, Ten years' travels, adventures and residence abroad : Thomson, J. (John), 1837-1921 |website=Archive.org |year=1875 |access-date=2016-09-26}}
• Street Life in London (1877){{cite web|url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/list/collections/5|title=Street Life in London | LSE Digital Library |website=Digital.library.lse.ac.uk |access-date=2016-09-26}}
• Through Cyprus with a Camera in the Autumn of 1878 (1879)
• Through China with a Camera (1898){{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/throughchinawith00thomrich |title=Through China with a camera, by John Thomson .. : Thomson, J. (John), 1837-1921 |website=Archive.org |year=1898 |access-date=2016-09-26}}

File:Thomson, Carving from Angkor Wat Temple.jpg|Carving from Angkor Wat Temple, 1866

File:Manchu women being sold hair ornaments. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|Manchu women being sold hair ornaments. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London

File:A Cantonese boat girl. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|A Cantonese boat girl. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London

File:Manchu lady having her hair styled. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|Manchu lady having her hair styled. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London

File:Old Chinese woman with elaborate hair style. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|Old Chinese woman with elaborate hair style. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London

File:Mandarin and son. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|Mandarin and son. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London

File:A painter at work. John Thomson. Honk Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London

File:A Pekingese chiropodist. John Thomson. China,1869. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|A Pekingese chiropodist. John Thomson. China, 1869. The Wellcome Collection, London

File:A Baksa woman and child, Formosa 1871. Wellcome L0056719 (cropped).jpg|A Baksa woman and child, Formosa 1871

File:Formosa (Taiwan) Wellcome L0055961.jpg|Formosa, 1871

File:Takow harbour, Formosa by John Thomson Wellcome L0056431.jpg|Takow harbour, 1871

File:Thomson, Street Gamblers.jpg|Street Gamblers, c. 1868–1871

File:China- A Manchu Bride WDL3958.png|China: A Manchu Bride, 1871

File:Prince Gong.JPG|Prince Kung, 1872

File:Thomson, Hookey Alf.jpg|"Hookey Alf" of Whitechapel, 1876–1877

File:London Nomades.jpg|London Nomades, from Thomson's 1877 book Street Life in London, which features Mary Pradd sitting on a caravan's steps

• Wilhelm J. Burger

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite web

| url = https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/list/collections/5

| title = Street Life in London

| access-date = 15 January 2016

}}

• {{cite web

| url = http://digital.nls.uk/thomson/

| title = The Photographs of John Thomson – Digital Library – National Library of Scotland

| access-date = 14 March 2008

}}

• {{cite web

| url = http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/texts/thomsonbio.html

| title = Thomson Biography, The Reed Institute

| access-date = 27 May 2006

| archive-date = 20 February 2009

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220163818/http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/texts/thomsonbio.html

| url-status = dead

}}

• {{cite web

|url = http://photography.about.com/cs/documentary/a/a041504.htm

|title = John Thomson: China and London

|access-date = 27 May 2006

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060214185544/http://photography.about.com/cs/documentary/a/a041504.htm

|archive-date = 14 February 2006

|df = dmy-all

}}

{{commons category|John Thomson (photographer)|John Thomson}}

• [http://www.nls.uk/thomson/ The photographs of John Thomson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909154120/http://www.nls.uk/thomson/ |date=9 September 2020 }} at National Library of Scotland
• [http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/photography/photographerframe.php?photographerid=ph054 Photographs at The Victoria & Albert Museum]
• [https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/search?keyword=Thomson%2C%20John%20(1837-1921)&page=1 Photographs at the University of Cambridge Digital Library]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140519114204/http://www.wellcomecollection.org/explore/time--place/topics/john-thomsons-china/john-thomsons-china.aspx Biography and photographs from the Wellcome Library]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060429033703/http://www.10chancerylanegallery.com/exhibitions/catalog/2002/JohnThomsonCollection/page1/ Photographs from an exhibition, 10 Chancery Lane Gallery]
• [https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/list/collections/5 Street Life in London photographs and downloadable version of the book] available through the [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk LSE Digital Library]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomson, John}}

Category:1837 births

Category:1921 deaths

Category:19th-century Scottish photographers

Category:20th-century Scottish photographers

Category:Alumni of Heriot-Watt University

Category:Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London

Category:Photographers from Edinburgh

Category:Photography in Cambodia

Category:Photography in China

Category:Photography in Thailand

Category:Pioneers of photography

Category:Social documentary photographers

Category:British documentary photographers

Category:Photography in the Dutch East Indies

Category:British street photographers

Category:Angkor Wat