:Katchatheevu

The oldest known name of the island, Kacci (modern Kaccativu), is mentioned in the Rameswaram Inscription of King Nissanka Malla (1187–1196 CE), the king of Sri Lanka, along with other nearby islands including Puvagu (modern Pungudutivu), Mininak (Maninaga), and Kara (modern Karaitivu).{{cite journal|last=Paranavitana|first=S.|title=Ramesvaram inscription of Nissankamalla|journal=Epigraphia Indica|volume=XXXVI|pages=23–32|year=1970}}{{cite book|last=Ranawella|first=S.|title=Inscription of Ceylon|volume=VI|publisher=Department of Archaeology|isbn=978-955-91-59-61-2|pages=117–125|year=2007}}{{cite book |last=Ranawella |first=S. |author-link= |date=2007 |title=Inscriptions of Ceylon, Volume VI |url= |location= |publisher=Department of Archaeology (Sri Lanka) |page=117-125 |isbn=}}{{cite web|author=Manjula, H.A.K.L. |url=https://www.lankapradeepa.com/2024/02/kachchativu-island.html |title=Kachchativu Island and Church (Sri Lanka) |publisher=Lankapradeepa |date=2024-02-10 |access-date=2024-03-31}} The inscription states that Nissankamalla visited these islands during his expeditions within his realm. Historical evidence suggests that Kachchativu Island has been under the jurisdiction of Sri Lanka since the era of the Portuguese, Dutch, and British.{{cite book|last=De Silva|first=S.|title=Sharing Maritime Boundary with India Sri Lankan Experience|publisher=Faculty of Defence & Strategic Studies, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University|pages=3–4, 7–9|year=2008}}{{cite journal|last=Mayilvaganan|first=M.|title='Trouble waters': Maritime issues in Palk Strait, Indian Ocean|journal=Samudera-Journal of Maritime and Coastal Studies|volume=1|issue=1|pages=35–48|year=2019|doi=10.22452/samudera.vol1no1.3 }} The British occasionally used the island as a naval gunnery practice range from 1920 onwards.{{cite journal|last=Muni|first=S. D.|title=Kachchativu settlement: Befriending neighbouring regimes|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|pages=1119–1122|year=1974}}{{cite book|last=Raju|first=A. S.|chapter=The (in) security of fishermen in South Asia|title=Fisheries exploitation in the Indian Ocean: Threats and opportunities|pages=163–174|year=2009}} During the medieval period, this island along with Pamban Island was in the possession of the Jaffna kingdom{{Source needed|date=April 2024|reason=No reference for Jaffna's Kingdom "real" or "true" control of both Pamban Island and Katchatheevu ; Outside of traditionnal Jaffna Tamil Historians claim of it based on the title of Jaffna's Kings (Sethukavalar)}}. From the 17th century onwards, the island was part of the Ramnad Kingdom which existed in Madurai (Madura) district or region of India. Later, with British rule on the Indian subcontinent, the island became part of the Madras Presidency.

The dispute over the island between the Ceylonese and Indian colonial governments arose in 1920. While the Indian view was that the island was part of India because it belonged to a landlord of the Raja of Ramnad, B. Horsburgh opposed this view and cited evidence that Katchatheevu, along with St. Anthony's Church on the island, belonged to the Diocese of Jaffna. By 1921, both sides had agreed on a border that put the island within Ceylonese territory.

Ownership of the island was a dispute between India and Sri Lanka up until 1974 as it had been during British rule. It was never demarcated by the Indian government.{{what?|date=May 2024}} India recognized Sri Lanka's ownership of the island in 1974. The legality of the transfer was challenged in the Indian Supreme Court since the recognition had not been ratified by the Indian Parliament. This recognition of an island that is culturally important to fishermen of Tamil Nadu state in India has led to some agitations by Tamil Nadu politicians that India should claim sovereignty over it. The island is also important as fishing grounds used by fishermen from both countries. The Indo-Sri Lankan agreement allows Indian fishermen to fish around Katchatheevu and to dry their nets on the island. As part of the Sri Lankan Civil War, the arrangement led to many difficulties with the Sri Lankan Navy, which was deployed to prevent smuggling of weapons by the rebel group LTTE. The island has a Catholic shrine that attracts devotees from both countries.{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/29/stories/03290006.htm|title=The Hindu : 'Cannot return Kachchativu'|access-date=2007-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707024711/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/29/stories/03290006.htm|archive-date=2011-07-07|url-status=usurped}}

The main problem continues to grow as more fisherman move into the Sri Lankan sea area for poaching. In 2010 the Sri Lankan government issued a notice to the Tamil Nadu government saying the Indian court cannot nullify the 1974 agreement.{{cite web|author=Gamini Gunaratna, Sri Lanka News Paper by LankaPage.com (LLC)- Latest Hot News from Sri Lanka |url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_11/Apr17_1303053302JR.php |title=Sri Lanka : Sri Lankan minister says Indian court cannot nullify accord on Kachchativu Island |publisher=Colombopage.com |date=2011-04-17 |access-date=2012-06-18}}

In June 2011 the new Tamil Nadu government led by the chief minister of Tamil Nadu, J. Jayalalithaa, filed a petition in the Supreme Court that the declaration of the 1974 and 1976 agreements between India and Sri Lanka on ceding of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka were unconstitutional.{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2092329.ece |title=Today's Paper News : Resolution passed on Katchatheevu |work=The Hindu |date=2011-06-10 |access-date=2012-06-18}} The court ruled in the Berubari case that the cession of Indian territory to another country had to be ratified by parliament through amendment of the Constitution.

The Indian government in February 2014 stated, "No territory belonging to India was ceded nor sovereignty relinquished since the area was in dispute and had never been demarcated." The government added that the agreements did not require a constitutional amendment because no territory was ceded.{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/71517|title=Kachatheevu was not ceded to Sri Lanka & can't be retrieved – Government Of India |work=The Hindu |date=2014-02-08 |access-date=2014-02-18}}

A motion of the Katchatheevu dispute was reopened by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ahead of the general elections in India, which are set to start on April 19, 2024. The BJP brought this issue to the forefront as part of its election campaign, particularly targeting the discontent of Indian fishermen affected by the 1976 agreement that barred them from fishing in the waters around the island. Sri Lanka's Foreign Minister, Ali Sabry, has publicly dismissed the motion of reopening discussions about Katchatheevu, stating the issue was resolved 50 years ago.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=Sri Lanka sees no need for talks with India on Katchatheevu island it ceded decades ago |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/katchatheevu-island-issue-sri-lanka-foreign-minister-response-9250860/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}} In March 2025, Tamil Nadu Assembly passed a resolution to reclaim the Katchatheevu Island from Sri Lanka.{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=TN Assembly passes resolution seeking retrieval of Katchatheevu island |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-katchatheevu-island-resolution-9920715/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}

St Antony's Shrine is the only structure on the island. It is a shrine-church named after Antony of Padua, considered a patron saint of seafarers by Christians. It was built by a prosperous Indian Catholic (Tamilian) fisherman Srinivasa Padaiyachi in the early 20th century. The annual church festival runs for three days. Christian priests from both India and Sri Lanka conduct the worship services (Mass) and procession. Pilgrims from India are ferried mostly from Rameswaram. According to the agreement between the Indian and Sri Lankan governments, the citizens of India are not required to possess an Indian passport or Sri Lankan visa to visit Kachchatheevu.

• Extreme points of Sri Lanka
• India–Sri Lanka maritime boundary agreements
• Palk Strait bridge
• India - Sri Lanka land border

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{{Geography of Sri Lanka}}

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Category:Uninhabited islands of Sri Lanka

Category:India–Sri Lanka relations