:Kateryna Skarzhynska

Kateryna Nikolaevna von Reiser, known as Katya, was born 19 February 1852 N.S.{{#tag:ref|Though other sources give other years for von Reiser's birth,{{sfn|Ільченко|2016|p=27}} Astryab states Katya was 7 years old when her father died, i.e. born 1852. He was the head archivist at Lubny from 1921 to 1925 and wrote that his information on the Reisers came from old documents stored in the Poltava provincial museum, where he consulted them between 1917 and 1920. The records were destroyed in 1941, and his manuscript was found in the archives of Pushkin House in St. Petersburg, where it had been sent for publication in 1923.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}|group="Notes"}} in Lubny, in the Russian Empire, to Ekaterina Petrovna (née Lodygyna/Lodigines-Cyrus) and Nikolai von Reiser.{{sfn|Піскова|2012|p=595}}{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=152}}{{sfn|Русская старина|1915|p=118}} Her father's family, though German in origin, had a long-standing history of service to the Tsars. Vincent-Martin Stepanovich von Reiser, a lawyer in the Swedish army, was taken as a prisoner of war by Peter the Great's army during the Battle of Poltava in 1711. He joined the tsar's service working as an artillery and mining specialist.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}{{sfn|Kiselev|2015}} His son, also Vincent, served as an aide-de-camp to Peter III of Russia and later was promoted to {{Interlanguage link|Lieutenant-General|ru|Генерал-поручик}} by Catherine the Great. Wilhelm Ulrich Vikentievich von Reiser also served in the Russian army, accompanying Suvorov to Switzerland, as did his son and Katya's father, Nikolai, who participated in the Battle of Warsaw.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} As her father spent much of his time away from the family, Katya and her brother Misha were raised mostly by her mother and maternal grandmother, Varvara Petrovna Lodygina.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}

File:Хутір Круглики на карті 1878 року.jpg

Von Reiser's early education was at home, where she drew on her parents' extensive library. Her parents had many intellectual friends and they were often visited by the geologist {{Interlanguage link|Konstantin Feofilaktov|uk|Феофилактов, Константин Матвеевич}}, who became an early mentor to von Reiser. She mastered both French and German.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=152}} The family lived on the Kruglik estate purchased by her father in Lubny, until his death from typhus at the fortress of Novogeorgievsk in 1859. When von Reiser was 10, they moved to the Lodygyn/Lodigine family estates in the Tver province, but within a few years moved to Moscow and then St. Petersburg in search of the best tutors for her home studies. These pedagogues were selected by her uncle, Alexander Apukhtin, who was a trustee of the Warsaw School District, and included {{Interlanguage link|Aleksey N. Ostrogorsky|ru|Острогорский, Алексей Николаевич}} and {{Interlanguage link|Pavel M. Shpilevsky|ru|Шпилевский, Павел Михайлович}}.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} Though her grandmother wanted Katya to become a maid of honour to the imperial court, at the age of 12, von Reiser decided she would dedicate her life to helping the poor.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}

When she turned 14, von Reiser set up a school for the former serfs on her grandparents' estate in Nikolskoye in the Vyshnevolotsky Uyezd and worked alongside the teacher she hired. She also established a hospital to treat local patients.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}{{sfn|Обелець|2016}} In 1869, she became acquainted with Nikolai Georgievich Skarzhynsky, a nobleman, who became a major general in the Russian Army, specializing in providing horses for the cavalry.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=152}} Skarzhynsky was descended of a noble-Cossack family of Polish-Ukrainian roots, through Ivan Mikhailovich Skarzhinsky, of the Lubny Regiment.{{sfn|Яловегіна|2018}} His friends, who were part of the Russian intelligentsia, inspired her to continue with her education and she passed the exams for the women's gymnasium in Lubny. She then attended the Bestuzhev Courses in St. Petersburg, visiting cultural landmarks, such as the Hermitage Museum and the Russian Academy of the Arts.{{sfn|Ilchenko|2016|p=153}}{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=152}} In 1874, she married Skarzhynsky at the Church of the Greatmartyr George in Kiev.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} The couple returned to St. Petersburg, where she continued her studies until 1879, when they were interrupted by her husband's transfer back to Ukraine.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=152}}

File:Old wooden home on Kruglik estate.png

Skarzhynska returned to her family estate at Kruglik,{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} where she and her husband lived in separate houses. They had an open relationship, each able to have other relationships, without hostility between the couple.{{sfn|Тимофеев|2016|pp=23-24}} She and Skarzhynsky would have five children: Kateryna, Volodymyr, Olga, Alexander, and Natalia.{{sfn|Яловегіна|2018}}{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}} Fascinated by the local folk art and handicrafts, she began collecting artifacts,{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} with the help of historian {{Interlanguage link|Grigory Kiryakov|uk|Кир'яков Григорій Степанович}}.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=152}} In 1880, Skarzhynska founded the first private museum in Ukraine,{{sfn|The Ukrainian History and Education Center|2013}} collaborating with the noted archaeologist and curator {{Interlanguage link|Fyodor Kaminsky|uk|Камінський Федір Іванович}} on its organization.{{sfn|Піскова|2012|p=596}} Kaminsky worked at the museum from 1881 to 1891 as the head curator.{{sfn|Юренко|2007|p=49}} The museum was originally housed in a room in the Skarzhynsky's home, but later expanded to a two-story structure with a lobby and six exhibit halls, adjacent to a park and greenhouse.{{sfn|Обелець|2016}} She corresponded with many scientists from throughout Russia and participated in archaeological seminars,{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} as well as fact-finding trips. In 1883, Skarzhynska traveled to Moscow and St. Petersburg, visiting the Polytechnic Museum, Rumyantsev Museum and State Historical Museum to study materials and acquire knowledge and equipment for running her own museum. That year she also met with officials from the Moscow Archaeological Society and Kiev University Archaeological Museum.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}}

File:Newer house on the Kruglik estate.png

Skarzhynska made archaeological excavations in the mountains near Lubny{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} and led expeditions to dig in the {{Interlanguage link|Posulli grounds|uk|Посульські кургани}}, an historic area covering the Sula River basin.{{sfn|Ilchenko|2016|p=154}} She also paid for excavations by Kaminsky and others, and established a program where she would pay a reward for the recovery of iconostasis and other artifacts, details of the history of rural churches, and items of local historic interest.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}} She amassed a large collection of Ukrainian folk art on Easter eggs known as pysanky.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}{{sfn|The Ukrainian History and Education Center|2013}} She tried to interest the city of Lubny in establishing a museum for her collection, but they felt the expense for such a luxury was unjustified.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} Skarzhynska went ahead and established the museum herself.{{sfn|The Ukrainian History and Education Center|2013}} Skarzhynska did not charge for entry to the museum, which contained over 35,000 items, including archaeological artifacts, coins, Cossack antiquities, personal archives and autographs of notable Ukrainian families, and 4,000 books, housed in a scientific library.{{sfn|Ільченко|2016|p=27}}{{sfn|Піскова|2012|p=596}} Her activities on behalf of the museum resulted in her election to several scientific societies, including the Moscow Numismatic Society and the Society of Devotees of Natural Science, Anthropology, and Ethnography.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=152}}{{sfn|Піскова|2012|p=596}}

File:Sergiy Kulzhynskiy, Natalia, Igor, and Olga Skarzhynsky, 1895-1896.jpg

In 1891, Kaminsky left the museum, and died later that same year, after recommending hiring his assistant, {{Interlanguage link|Sergiy K. Kulzhynskiy|lt=Sergiy Klimentiyovich Kulzhynskiy|uk|Кульжинський Сергій Климентійович}} as replacement curator. Kulzhynskiy had originally arrived at Kruglik in 1889, and upon Kaminsky's recommendation became the tutor for the Skarzhynsky children,{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|pp=5, 8-9, 67}} Olga, Volodymyr, and Natalia.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}}{{sfn|Сафронова|2020}} That year, Skarzhynska established an agricultural school on land owned by her husband in the village of Terny, donating the land to the local Zemstvo. She next established a school in the city jail at Lubny and then a girls' gymnasium.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} In 1898, she built a school on the estate, which had two classrooms, a laboratory, library, museum, and a recreation hall, as well as quarters for the instructor. She hired an instructor from Moscow, Victor Vasilyevich Simonovsky, to teach at the school{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}{{sfn|Ільченко|2016|p=28}} and shared the expenses of its operation with the Zemstvo. The free, public, coeducational school offered courses for four grades in music, natural sciences, religion, Russian calligraphy and grammar, Russian literature, and Russian geography and history.{{sfn|Ільченко|2016|p=28}} She employed several former prisoners as clerk, night watchman, and gardener; in the 1905 revolution one of them became a local leader of the rebellion, and ordered her to be protected.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} Her husband had been made an honorary superintendent of the Lubny School District, and though he supported her collecting, he was not involved in her other philanthropic endeavors and did not support her publishing efforts or meetings with scientists.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}} Skarzhynska and the tutor, Kulzhynskiy, began an affair. He was the father of her youngest son Igor.{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=41}}{{sfn|Тимофеев|2016|p=24}}{{#tag:ref|Numerous sources allude to the relationship between Skarzhynska and Kulzhynskiy and their parentage of Igor.{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|pp=10, 13, 16}} Кулатова and Сидоренко in their article edited by Suprunenko, state «Сергей Климентьевич Кульжинский приехал молодым студентом в дом Скаржинских в качестве учителя детей. Здесь он ув-лекся красивой и умной Екатериной Николаевной, попадает в фавориты, имеет от нее сына...»{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=41}}|group="Notes"}} Her works in education were recognized by the Russian government with the gold medal and ribbon of the Order of Saint Anna.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}

File:Pysanka collected by Kateryna Skarzhynska.png

Skarzhynska offered evening adult education courses at the museum.{{sfn|Ільченко|2016|p=28}} She continued collecting pysanky and by 1898, her collection contained more than 2,100 eggs.{{sfn|The Ukrainian History and Education Center|2013}} These were catalogued by Skarzhynska and published in 1899 by Kulzhynskiy in a book Description of the Collection of Pysanky ({{langx|uk|Описаніе коллекціи народныхъ писанокъ}}).{{sfn|The Ukrainian History and Education Center|2013}} The collection attracted many visitors, both local people and visiting scientists. By 1901, there were up to 300 visitors a day.{{sfn|Ільченко|2016|p=27}} In both 1903 and 1905, Skarzhynska offered the museum to the city of Lubny, but her offers were refused.{{sfn|Обелець|2016}} She began making plans to leave Russia in 1905, recognizing that a revolution would make maintaining it impossible.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}}{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=13}} She operated the museum until she left for Europe, finally giving her collections to the Poltava Zemstvo in 1906,{{sfn|Ільченко|2016|p=27}} transferring over 37,000 objects in four railway boxcars.{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=83}}{{sfn|Супруненко|2018|p=137}} That year, the Museum of Natural History of Poltava Provincial Zemstvo made a second edition of her collection of pysanky, which included over 3,000 drawings. In 1943, the museum was looted and burned and only 458 specimens of her eggs survived.{{sfn|Обелець|2016}}

The financial collapse and chaos preceding and during the 1905 Russian Revolution, led Skarzhynsky to suffer a mental breakdown. Placing her husband in a private asylum in Kiev,{{sfn|Bax|1992|p=55}}{{#tag:ref|In Arnold Bax's memoirs, edited version by Foreman, note 62 explains that Bax used pseudonyms for Natalia "Skarginski", their companion Olga Antoniettі, and other family members.{{sfn|Bax|1992|p=175}} He referred to Natalia as Loubya Korolenko; her mother as Madame Korolenko;{{sfn|Сафронова|2020}}{{sfn|Bax|1992|p=55}} Antonietti as Fiammetta;{{sfn|Сафронова|2020}}{{sfn|Bax|1992|p=68}} and Olga and Lvov Klimov, as Olga and Lev Kiriloff.{{sfn|Сафронова|2020}}{{sfn|Bax|1992|p=66}}|group="Notes"}} Skarzhynska and the tutor, Kulzhynskiy, took the youngest two children, Igor and Natalia, and a foster child, Olga Kiryakova, to Italy for their education.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}}{{sfn|Сафронова|2020}} For five years, they moved throughout Europe living in various cities, like Budapest and Vienna,{{sfn|Bax|1992|p=55}} before settling in Lausanne, Switzerland.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}}{{sfn|Сафронова|2020}} Her husband died in 1910 and Skarzhynska sold her remaining land holdings, donating a portion to the continuation of the agricultural school.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}} Between 1906 and 1907, many Russians emigrated in the wake of the Revolution out of fear of persecution for their political beliefs or activities. Many of these emigrants realized that they would have to live abroad indefinitely.{{sfn|Levin|2013|pp=43-44}} To assist them, Skarzhynska purchased a four-storey house, known as the Russian Home, and made it available to any Russian immigrants and refugees needing a place to stay, while they sought housing or employment. She opened schools for Russian students, bringing in educational materials from Moscow. In Geneva, she founded the Union of Russian Emigrants, where Russians could meet and help each other. She established canteens in various Swiss cities, established a sanatorium for Russian tuberculosis patients in Davos, and set up Russian printing houses in Brussels, London and Paris. In Russian circles, she became widely known as the central contact person for assistance to Russians living abroad.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}

Skarzhynska's activities helped many political dissidents, drawing attention from the Swiss gendarmes and the Russian intelligence.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}} Among her acquaintances and correspondents in Switzerland were both Lenin and Stalin.{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=13}} She published a magazine in Russian, Зарубежом (Abroad), which carried articles of interest, like the forced exodus of Georgians from their homeland and information on the Balkan Wars (1912–1913).{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} She pressed the federal government of Switzerland to provide a nursery for the orphans of Bulgarian, Greek, Serbian, and Turkish soldiers who were killed during the Balkan wars and raised the funds to finance it. Though she was apolitical, her journal carried evaluations of various revolutionary movements,{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}} including from leaders of both the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks,{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}}{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=13}} in an attempt to explore the ideological thought of her time. In 1913, she broke off all relations with revolutionaries, believing they had used her dreams of improving education to advance their own agendas.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}}

File:Lubny, Gogolya 10 Plaque.jpg

With the outbreak of World War I, Skarzhynska and Kulzhynskiy returned to Ukraine. She initially went to Kiev and then moved to Poltava, before finally settling in Lubny in 1916.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=13}} She set about collecting books to establish children's libraries for Poltava and Lubny, but she had to abandon the project, when she lost her fortune during the chaos of World War I and the Russian Revolution.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}}{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}} In 1918, one of the military units occupied the coeducational gymnasium operated by Skarzhynska's daughter Olga, where Kulzhynskiy was teaching, and looted the premises, stealing the personal belongings and identity papers of the students and staff.{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=26}} In July 1923, the employees of the museum which she had founded, then known as the Poltava Proletarian Museum, sent her a one-time donation of ₽1,000{{#tag:ref|In 1923, $1 US was the equivalent of over 2 million rubles.{{sfn|Amos|2014}} Bread in the US averaged 9 to 12¢ per pound (loaf) in the 1920s.{{sfn|United States Bureau of Labor Statistics|1922|pp=77, 85-86}} The equivalent cost of bread in Ukraine during the period was ₽25 per kilogram (2 loaves).{{sfn|Velychenko|2011|p=314}}|group="Notes"}} while the employees of the Poltava Central Archive sent her a further ₽500. The head archivist wrote a letter to the Russian Academy of Sciences the following year, asking for the "government of the proletariat" to grant a pension to Skarzhynska, who had worked so long on behalf of common people.{{sfn|Астряб|1923}} The plea was successful as Lenin's Soviet government granted her a personal pension.{{sfn|Ільченко|2016|p=27}} In the late 1920s, the death of Lenin and the curtailment of his influence, along with her former noble status, resulted in the pension's cancellation.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}}{{sfn|Білоусько|2009}} Kulzhynskiy, who was working as an assistant professor of physics and headed the physics and mathematics department at the Institute of Social Education in Lubny ({{langx|uk|Інституту соціального виховання в Лубнах}}), provided for her care in her final years.{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}}{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=14}}{{#tag:ref|Suprunenko notes that Skarzhynska's son Igor abandoned his children in 1924, and she and Kulzhynskiy took in Vsevolod Igorevich and Vadim Igorevich Skarzhynsky, their mother Natalia Georgevna, and Natalia's mother, Alexandra Silvestrovna Kasyanenko.{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|pp=15, 33}} After Skarzhynska death, Kulzhynskiy devoted himself to their education and both of his grandchildren became noted geologists.{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=15}}|group="Notes"}}

File:Полтавський краєзнавчий музей.jpg

Skarzhynska died in the summer of 1932, during the Holodomor, though accounts differ as to where she died or where she was buried.{{#tag:ref|Sergienko indicates she died and was buried in Kruglik,{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}} which is confirmed by Obelets.{{sfn|Обелець|2016}} Belusko identifies her place of death as Lubny and her burial at the Lubny City Cemetery.{{sfn|Білоусько|2009}} Ilchenko notes that sources are divided with some saying her place of burial is unknown and her death occurred in Lubny, while other sources indicate the death occurred in Kruglik.{{sfn|Ilchenko|2016|p=154}}|group="Notes"}} There is a plaque located on the house at 10 Gogol Street in Lubny which marks her residence there during the 1920s and 1930s.{{sfn|Супруненко|2018|p=135}} Her activities had a "significant impact on the development of cultural and scientific life in Ukraine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries".{{sfn|Сергієнко|2015|p=153}} Her oldest daughter and namesake Kateryna Nikolaevna Skarzhynska died of starvation soon after her mother.{{sfn|Супруненко|2017|p=45}} Many years after her death, in 1989, a street in the city of Lubny was named in her honor.{{sfn|Піскова|2012|p=595}}{{sfn|Ilchenko|2016|p=154}} Her papers, including her books, historical documents, and manuscripts are housed at the {{Interlanguage link|Poltava Museum of Local History|uk|Полтавський краєзнавчий музей}}, in Poltava, Ukraine.{{sfn|Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine|2013}}

File:Plaque at Kruglik School.jpg

The elementary school Skarzhynska founded on the Kruglik estate, operated until 1943 and her daughter, Olga Skarzhynska (later Klimova), followed in her footsteps. Olga founded "one of the first Ukrainian-language high schools in Luben" (Lubny), open to students of any nationality or gender.{{sfn|Ільченко|2016|p=28}} The agricultural school Skarzhynska founded in Terny became an agricultural and technical college in 1917. Students were trained in blacksmithing, coopering, and carpentry, in addition to studying farming techniques.{{sfn|Ilchenko|2016|pp=153–154}} In 2005, the school was transformed into the Lubny Forestry College, a leading institution in Ukraine for training in forestry production.{{sfn|Ilchenko|2016|p=154}} Her daughter Natalia was a romantic interest of the English composer Arnold Bax and his May Night in the Ukraine was dedicated to her. He also wrote about her and her family in his memoir, "Farewell My Youth", published in 1943.{{sfn|Сафронова|2020}}

{{reflist|group=Notes}}

{{Reflist}}

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• {{cite book |last1=Levin |first1=Vladimir |editor-last1=Lewinsky |editor-first1=Tamar |editor-last2=Mayoraz |editor-first2=Sandrine |title=East European Jews in Switzerland |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zv3oBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |date=2013 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin, Germany |isbn=978-3-11-030071-0 |chapter=Jewish Political Emigration from Imperial Russia |pages=35–52}}
• {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|Обелець|2016}}|last1=Обелець (Obelets) |first1=Юлія (Yulia) |title=Меценатка Катерина Скаржинська померла у злиднях |url=http://kolo.news/category/suspilstvo/3946 |access-date=2 March 2020 |date=3 June 2016 |newspaper=Коло |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806133515/http://kolo.news/category/suspilstvo/3946 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |location=Poltava, Ukraine |language=Ukrainian |trans-title=Patroness Kateryna Skarzhynska Died in Poverty}}
• {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Піскова|2012}}|last1=Піскова (Piskova) |first1=Е. М. |editor1-last=Смолій |editor1-first=В. А. |title=Енциклопедія історії України |date=2012 |volume=9. Прил – С |publisher=National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |location=Kiev, Ukraine |isbn=978-966-00-1290-5 |pages=595–596 |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-00-1290-5/978-966-00-1290-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629052610/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-00-1290-5/978-966-00-1290-5.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2019 |language=Ukrainian |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History |chapter=Скаржинська Катерина Миколаївна [Skarzhynska Kateryna Nikolaevna]}}
• {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|Сафронова|2020}}|last1=Сафронова (Safronova) |first1=Тетяна (Tatyana) |title=Лубенське кохання англійського композитора |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/poshta-dnya/lubenske-kohannya-angliyskogo-kompozytora |access-date=24 March 2020 |date=6 February 2020 |newspaper=День |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200324161951/https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/poshta-dnya/lubenske-kohannya-angliyskogo-kompozytora |archive-date=24 March 2020 |location=Kiev, Ukraine |language=Ukrainian |trans-title=Lubny Love of an English Composer}}
• {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Сергієнко|2015}}|last1=Сергієнко (Sergienko) |first1=Д. В. (D. V.) |title=Меценатське подвижництво Катерини Скаржинської (1852–1932) |journal=Наукові праці історичного факультету Запорізького національного університету |date=2015 |issue=43 |pages=151–154 |url=http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=PDF/Npifznu_2015_43_31.pdf |access-date=2 March 2020 |trans-title=Patronage of Kateryn Skarzhynska (1852–1932) |publisher=Zaporizhzhya National University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302202842/http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=PDF%2FNpifznu_2015_43_31.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2020 |location=Zaporizhia, Ukraine |language=Ukrainian |issn=2076-8982}}
• {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Супруненко|2017}} |editor-last1=Супруненко (Suprunenko) |editor-first1= О. Б. (O. B.) |title=Старожитності Посулля. Збірник наукових праць Пам'яті С. К. Кульжинського (1867–1943) |url=http://www.vgosau.kiev.ua/load_period-sb/Posulla-2017.pdf |date=2017 |publisher=Центр пам’яткознавства Національної Академії наук України |location=Kiev, Ukraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831134922/http://www.vgosau.kiev.ua/load_period-sb/Posulla-2017.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2019 |language=Ukrainian | isbn=978-966-8999-84-0 |trans-title=Earning the Message: Collection of Scientific Works in Memory of S. K. Kulzhynskiy(1867–1943)}}
• {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Супруненко|2018}} |last1=Супруненко (Suprunenko) |first1= О. Б. (O. B.) |title=Пам'яті С.К. Кульжинського |url=https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/download/11/11 |journal=Археологія |date=2018 |issue=1 |publisher=Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |location=Kiev, Ukraine |access-date=31 March 2020 |language=Ukrainian |issn=0235-3490|trans-title=In Memory of S. K. Kulzhinsky}}
• {{cite book |author=United States Bureau of Labor Statistics |title=Retail Prices, 1913 to December 1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKomAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA48 |year=1922 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D. C.}}
• {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Тимофеев|2016}}|last1=Тимофеев (Timofeev) |first1=Сергей Александрович (Sergiy Alexandrovich) |editor1-last=Сиченко |editor1-first=А. В. |title=Воспоминания провинциального хирурга |date=2016 |volume=1 |publisher=Інтер Парк |location=Lubny, Ukraine |isbn=978-966-2773-58-3 |chapter=Memoirs of a Provincial Surgeon}}
• {{cite book |last=Velychenko |first=Stephen |title=State Building in Revolutionary Ukraine: A Comparative Study of Governments and Bureaucrats, 1917-1922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frswJEsLnSwC&pg=PA314 |date=2011 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto, Ontario |isbn=978-1-4426-4132-7}}
• {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|Яловегіна|2018}}|last1=Яловегіна (Yalovegina) |first1=Ганна (Hanna) |title=Аристократка, меценатка, музейниця |url=http://zorya.poltava.ua/aristokratka-mecenatka-muzejnicja/ |access-date=31 March 2020 |date=23 March 2018 |newspaper=Зоря Полтавщини |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815223052/http://zorya.poltava.ua/aristokratka-mecenatka-muzejnicja/ |archive-date=15 August 2019 |location=Poltava, Ukraine |language=Ukrainian |trans-title=Aristocrat, Patron, Museum Worker}}
• {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Юренко|2007}}|last1=Юренко (Yurenko) |first1=С. П. (S. P.) |editor1-last=Смолій |editor1-first=В. А. |title=Енциклопедія історії України |date=2007 |volume=4: Ка – Ком |publisher=National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |location=Kiev, Ukraine |isbn=978-966-00-0692-8 |page=49 |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/ehu/4.pdf |language=Ukrainian |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History |chapter=Камінський Федір Іванович [Kaminsky Fyodor Ivanovich]}}
• {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Русская старина|1915}} |author= |title=Прекратившійся родъ (изъ воспоминаній А. Д. Бутовскаго) |journal=Русская старина [Russian Antiquity] |date=October–December 1915 |volume=CLXIV |issue=10–12 |url=https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/426/Russkaya%20starina%20164.pdf |access-date=1 March 2020 |trans-title=Discontinued Lineage (From the Memoirs of A.D. Butovsky) |publisher=М. И. Семевским |location=St. Petersburg, Russia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301175426/https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/426/Russkaya%20starina%20164.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2020 |language=Russian |pages=96–146}}
• {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|The Ukrainian History and Education Center|2013}} |author=|title=Fearsome Easter Egg Birds |url=https://ukrhec.org/blog/fearsome-easter-egg-birds |website=The Ukrainian History and Education Center |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301001357/https://ukrhec.org/blog/fearsome-easter-egg-birds |archive-date=1 March 2020 |location=Somerset, New Jersey |date=2013}}
• {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine|2013}} |author=|title=Poltava Regional Studies Museum |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoltavaRegionalStudiesMuseum.htm |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Toronto |date=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928004903/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoltavaRegionalStudiesMuseum.htm |archive-date=28 September 2019 |location=Toronto, Ontario}}

{{refend}}

• {{cite book |last1=Кульжинский |first1=С. К. |title=Описание коллекции народных писанок |date=1899 |publisher=А. А. Левенсон |location=Moscow |url=http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_ir/cgiirbis_64.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=ELIB&P21DBN=ELIB&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=online_book&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=FF=&S21STR=00000416 |language=Russian |postscript=. (Sketches of the pysanky in Skarzhynska's collection begin immediately following page 176).}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Skarzhynska, Kateryna}}

Category:1852 births

Category:1932 deaths

Category:Ethnographers from the Russian Empire

Category:Philanthropists from the Russian Empire

Category:Russian women philanthropists

Category:Ukrainian ethnographers

Category:Ukrainian philanthropists

Category:Ukrainian women philanthropists

Category:Ukrainian nobility

Category:Nobility from the Russian Empire

Category:People from the Russian Empire of German descent

Category:Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire

Category:People from Lubny