:Lesbian erotica

Sexual relations between women have been illustrated as well as narrated, but much of the written material from the early modern period has been destroyed.{{cite journal|last=Mourão|first=Manuela|year=1999|title=The Representation of Female Desire in Early Modern Pornographic Texts, 1660–1745|journal=Signs|volume=24|issue=3|pages=573–602|doi=10.1086/495366|pmid=22315732|jstor=3175319|s2cid=46259009 |url=http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=english_fac_pubs}} What seems clear from the historical record is that much of the lesbian material in pornographic texts was intended for a male readership.{{cite book|last=Faderman|first=Lillian|title=Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/surpassingloveof00fade|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=William Morrow|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/surpassingloveof00fade/page/38 38–46]}}

File:François Boucher - La Nymphe Callisto, séduite par Jupiter sous les traits de Diane (1759).jpg

File:Apollodoros (attr.), kylix attica con due etere alla toeletta, 490-480 ac.jpg

An Attic red figure vase in the collection of the Tarquinia National Museum in Italy shows a kneeling woman touching the genitals of another woman, a rare explicit portrayal of sexual activity between women in Greek art,{{cite book|last=Dover|first=Kenneth James|title=Greek Homosexuality|year=1978|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-7156-1111-1|page=173}} although it has also been interpreted as depicting one prostitute shaving or otherwise grooming the other in a non-sexual fashion.{{cite web|url=https://www.finestresullarte.info/en/works-and-artists/the-erotic-ceramics-of-the-national-archaeological-museum-in-tarquinia|title=The erotic ceramics of the National Archaeological Museum in Tarquinia.|website=Finestre sull' Arte|author=Federico Giannini, Ilaria Baratta}} Depictions of lesbianism are found among the erotic frescoes of Pompeii.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Having all but disappeared during the Middle Ages, they made a comeback after the Renaissance. François Boucher and J. M. W. Turner were among the forerunners of 19th century artists who featured eroticism between women among their work. Like other painters (such as Jean-Honoré Fragonard), Boucher found inspiration in classical mythology. He was one of many artists to use various myths surrounding the goddess Diana, including the often-depicted story of Callisto, Diana's nymph who was seduced by Jupiter, with the god taking Diana's form since Callisto had vowed chastity.

In the 19th century, lesbianism became more openly discussed and found its way into many fields of art. In France, the influence of Charles Baudelaire is considered crucial, on literature as well as on the visual arts, though according to Dorothy Kosinski it was a matter not for the high arts but mostly for popular erotica.{{cite journal|last=Kosinski|first=Dorothy M.|year=1988|title=Gustave Courbet's "The Sleepers": The Lesbian Image in Nineteenth-Century French Art and Literature|journal=Artibus et Historiae|volume=9|issue=18|pages=187–99|doi=10.2307/1483342|jstor=1483342}} Auguste Rodin's illustrations for Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal included lesbian scenes.{{cite book|last=Ladenson|first=Elisabeth|title=Dirt for Art's Sake: Books on Trial from Madame Bovary to Lolita|url=https://archive.org/details/dirtforartssakeb0000lade|url-access=registration|access-date=December 11, 2012|year=2007|publisher=Cornell UP|isbn=9780801441684|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dirtforartssakeb0000lade/page/75 75]–}} Gustave Courbet's {{Lang|fr|Le Sommeil}} (1866) illustrates a scene from the 1835 story "Mademoiselle de Maupin" by Théophile Gautier (though Baudelaire's "Delphine et Hippolyte" from Les fleurs is also cited as an inspiration), depicting two women asleep after love-making.{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Christopher|title=Art and Homosexuality: A History of Ideas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXZAkTaNuHYC&pg=PA77|access-date=December 11, 2012|year=2011|publisher=Oxford UP|isbn=9780195399073|page=77}}{{cite book|last=MacK|first=Gerstle|title=Gustave Courbet: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dx2G6f5iBYoC&pg=PA214|access-date=December 11, 2012|year=1951|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=9780306803758|page=214}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Its lesbian subject matter was controversial enough to be the subject of a police report in 1872,{{Cite book |last1=Faunce |first1=Sarah |title=Courbet reconsidered: exhibition held at the Brooklyn museum, November 4, 1988 – January 16, 1989, Minneapolis institute of arts, February 18 – April 30, 1989 |last2=Nochlin |first2=Linda |date=1988 |publisher=Brooklyn museum |others=Brooklyn museum, Minneapolis institute of arts |isbn=978-0-300-04298-6 |location=Brooklyn |page=176}} but Courbet's painting is credited with inspiring others to depict "sapphic couple[s]", which in turn led to "soften[ing] taboos by revealing love between women and forcing society to see those whom it regarded as deviants and sinners."{{sfn|Zimmerman|2000|page=311}} Nonetheless, the audience for such artwork was predominantly male (Courbet's painting was commissioned by a profligate Turkish diplomat), therefore "the term lesbian should perhaps be provided with quotation marks, insofar as we are dealing with images made by men, for men, and in which the very disposition of the women's bodies declares that they are arranged more for the eyes of the viewer than for those of one another."{{Cite book |last1=Faunce |first1=Sarah |title=Courbet reconsidered: exhibition held at the Brooklyn museum, November 4, 1988 – January 16, 1989, Minneapolis institute of arts, February 18 – April 30, 1989 |last2=Nochlin |first2=Linda |date=1988 |publisher=Brooklyn museum |others=Brooklyn museum, Minneapolis institute of arts |isbn=978-0-300-04298-6 |location=Brooklyn |page=175}} In the twentieth century the image's sensuality would appeal to lesbian viewers as well.{{sfn|Zimmerman|2000|page=69}}

In 19th century French painting, lesbianism was often depicted within the context of orientalism, and was thus apt to be affected by the era's colonialism and imperialism; as a result, assumptions regarding race and class informed the images, especially when lesbianism was linked to harem and brothel scenes. Later depictions of lesbians in Western art may reflect like cultural mores, or merely borrow from formal pictorial conventions.{{sfn|Zimmerman|2000|page=68}}

In the second half of the 19th century, the lesbian theme was well-established, and its artists include Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Constantin Guys, Edgar Degas, and Jean-Louis Forain. Later artists include Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, Christian Schad,{{Cite web |last=Saltz |first=Jerry |date=May 23, 2003 |title=Lewd Awakening: Rediscovering a German Connoisseur of Sex |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/art/0322,saltz,44380,13.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328044818/http://www.villagevoice.com/art/0322,saltz,44380,13.html |archive-date=2007-03-28 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Village Voice}} Albert Marquet, Balthus, and Leonor Fini. More explicit depictions were an important part of the work of erotic illustrators such as Édouard-Henri Avril, Franz von Bayros, Martin van Maële, Rojan, Gerda Wegener, and Tom Poulton. Explicit depictions of lovemaking between women were also an important theme in Japanese erotic shunga, including the work of such masters as Utamaro, Hokusai, Katsukawa Shunchō, Utagawa Kunisada, Utagawa Kuniyoshi, Yanagawa Shigenobu, Keisai Eisen, and Kawanabe Kyōsai.

In art photography and fetish photography, notable artists to work with lesbian themes include David Hamilton, Steve Diet Goedde and Bob Carlos Clarke. More recently, lesbian and bisexual photographers such as Nan Goldin, Tee Corinne, and Judy Francesconi have focused on erotic themes, reclaiming a subject that has traditionally been mainly treated through the eye of male artists.

Lesbian and erotic themes were restrained or coded in early cinema. Even scenes suggestive of lesbianism were controversial, such as the presentation of women dancing together in Pandora's Box (1929) and The Sign of the Cross (1932). Pandora's Box is notable for its lesbian subplot with the Countess (Alice Roberts) being defined by her masculine look and because she wears a tuxedo. Lesbian themes were found in European films such as Mädchen in Uniform (1931). By the mid-1930s, the Hays Code banned any homosexual themes in Hollywood-made films and several pre-Code films had to be cut to be re-released. For example, The Sign of the Cross originally included the erotic "Dance of the Naked Moon",{{sfn|Vieira|1999|pp=106–109}} but the dance was considered a "lesbian dance" and was cut for a 1938 reissue. Even suggestions of a romantic attraction between women were rare, and the "L-word" was taboo. Lesbianism was not treated in American cinema until the 1962 release of Walk on the Wild Side in which there is a subtly implied lesbian relationship between Jo and Hallie. Depictions of lovemaking between women first appeared in several films of the late 1960s – The Fox (1967), The Killing of Sister George (1968), and Therese and Isabelle (1968).

During the 1970s, depictions of sex between women were largely restricted to semi-pornographic softcore and sexploitation films, such as Cherry, Harry & Raquel! (1970), Score (1974), Emmanuelle (1974), Bilitis (1977) and Caligula (1979). Although semi-explicit heterosexual sex scenes had been part of mainstream cinema since the late 1960s, equivalent depictions of women having sex only began making their appearance in mainstream film during the 1980s. These were typically in the context of a film that was specifically lesbian-themed, such as Personal Best (1982), Lianna (1983), and Desert Hearts (1985). The vampire film The Hunger (1983) also contained a seduction and sex scene between Catherine Deneuve and Susan Sarandon. Jacques Saurel's film "Joy et Joan" (1985) also belongs to this new more-than-softcore film performance.

Henry & June (1990) had several lesbian scenes, including one that was considered explicit enough to give the film an NC-17 rating. (There was some controversy as to whether the MPAA had given the film a more restrictive rating than it normally would have because of the lesbian nature of the scene in question.) Basic Instinct (1992) contained mild lesbian content, but established lesbianism as a theme in the erotic thriller genre. Later, in the 1990s, erotic thrillers such as Showgirls, Wild Side (1995), Crash (1996) and Bound (1996) explored lesbian relationships and contained explicit lesbian sex scenes.{{Cite web |title=Sex in Cinema: Brief Historical Overview |url=https://www.filmsite.org/sexinfilms.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.filmsite.org}}

From the 1990s, depictions of sex between women became fairly common in mainstream cinema. Females kissing has increasingly been shown in films and on television, often as a way to include a sexually arousing element in a film without actually having the film gain a more restrictive rating by depicting sex or nudity.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}

The Showtime drama series The L Word (2004–2009) explores lesbian, bisexual, and transgender relationships, and contains numerous explicit lesbian sex scenes.

{{anchor|Lesbian pornography}}

{{Main|Lesbian pornography}}

Lesbianism is an important theme in both hardcore and softcore pornography, with many adult video titles, websites, and studios (such as Girlfriends Films and Sweetheart Video) devoted entirely to depictions of sexual activity between women.{{Cite news| pages = 80–88| last = Rutter| first = Jared| title = The New Wave of Lesbian Erotica| work = AVN| access-date =December 22, 2009| date = July 2008| url = http://www.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/index.php?i=4724&m=&l=&p=82}} In addition, many heterosexual adult videos include lesbian sex scenes as well as combine both hetero and lesbian sex acts in the same scene. In Japanese adult video, however, lesbianism is considered a fetish and is only occasionally included in heterosexual videos. Rezu (レズ—lesbian) is a specialized genre, though a large number of such videos are produced.{{Cite web |last=Tetsuwan Atom |date=2001 |title=Japanese AV FAQ |url=http://www.lezlovevideo.com/?aspxerrorpath=/help/help_japanese_av.asp |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Lezlovevideo.com}} Popular adult websites such as Pornhub, XVideos, and xHamster also include lesbian content under the "straight" user preference setting as opposed to the gay male and transgender content which are isolated into their own respective settings. Lesbian pornography is predominantly aimed at a male audience worldwide, with a smaller female audience in total. Although the percentage of female viewers who prefer lesbian porn is generally bigger than that of male viewers' with the same preference.{{cite web | url=https://www.pornhub.com/insights/?s=year+in+review | title=You searched for year in review - Pornhub Insights | date=5 December 2024 }}{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634607241292455 | title='Boys just ruin it': Exploring the popularity of lesbian pornography among straight women | date=17 October 2024 | doi=10.1177/13634607241292455 | last1=Avgar | first1=Rotem | journal=Sexualities }}

Several penile plethysmography studies have shown high levels of arousal in heterosexual men to pornography showing sexual activity between women.{{cite journal | last1 = Adams | first1 = HE | last2 = Wright | first2 = LW Jr | last3 = Lohr | first3 = BA | year = 1996 | title = Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? | url = http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf | journal = Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume = 105 | issue = 3| pages = 440–445 | doi = 10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440 | pmid=8772014}}{{cite journal | last1 = Chivers | first1 = ML | author-link4 = J. Michael Bailey | last2 = Rieger | first2 = G | last3 = Latty | first3 = E | last4 = Bailey | first4 = JM | year = 2004 | title = A sex difference in the specificity of sexual arousal | url = http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/ps/sex_difference.pdf | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = 736–744 | doi = 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00750.x | pmid = 15482445 | s2cid = 5538811 | access-date = June 28, 2006 | archive-date = October 13, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061013115340/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/ps/sex_difference.pdf | url-status = dead }} One study found heterosexual men to have the highest genital and subjective arousals to pornography depicting heterosexual activity, rather than lesbian activity, while another study reported that on average heterosexual men are more aroused by pornography showing sexual activity between women than they are by depictions of heterosexual activity. These findings correspond with reports in several earlier studies (summarized in Whitley et al. (1999);{{cite journal|last1=Whitley |first1=BE Jr |last2=Wiederman |first2=MW |last3=Wryobeck |first3=JM |year=1999 |title=Correlates of heterosexual men's eroticization of lesbianism |url=http://www.geocities.com/wikispace/whitley_etal.1999.html |journal=Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality |volume=11 |pages=25–41 |doi=10.1300/J056v11n01_02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001161751/http://www.geocities.com/wikispace/whitley_etal.1999.html |archive-date=October 1, 2009 }} see also anecdotal reports in Loftus (2002)).{{Cite book |last=Loftus |first=David |title=Watching sex: how men really respond to pornography |date=2020 |publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press |isbn=978-1-56025-360-0}}

{{cite journal |last=Kustritz |first=Anne |date=September 2003 |title=Slashing the Romance Narrative |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=371–384 |doi=10.1111/1542-734X.00098}}

Male perception of lesbianism as erotic has been shown to correspond with recent exposure to lesbian pornography; however, men who have recently viewed lesbian pornography are no more likely than others to perceive lesbians as hypersexual and/or bisexual. Bernard E. Whitley Jr., et al. hypothesized, upon reaching this conclusion, that "pornography may [...] lead heterosexual men to view lesbianism as erotic by means of a generalized association of female-female sexual activity with sexual arousal", but noted that "more research is needed to clarify the relationship between exposure to pornography and the perceived erotic value of lesbianism."

Enjoyment of lesbian pornography can have little connection to feelings towards homosexuals in real life. A heterosexual man may be aroused by pornographic depictions of lesbianism yet hold homophobic views. However, several studies suggest that men who perceive lesbianism as erotic may have less negative attitudes toward lesbians than they do toward gay men.{{Cite journal |last1=Louderback |first1=Laura A. |last2=Whitley |first2=Bernard E. |date=1997 |title=Perceived Erotic Value of Homosexuality and Sex-Role Attitudes as Mediators of Sex Differences in Heterosexual College Students' Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3813565 |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=175–182 |doi=10.1080/00224499709551882 |jstor=3813565 |issn=0022-4499}} Studies have further shown that, while men tend to correlate lesbianism with eroticism more often than women do, women perceive male homosexuality as erotic no more often than men do.

{{see also|Feminist views on pornography}}

Lesbian views on sex between women in erotica are complex. Historically, women have been less involved in the production and consumption of erotica in general and visual pornography in particular than have men. Since the late 1960s, radical feminist objections to pornography and the sexual objectification of women have influenced the lesbian community, with some feminists objecting to all pornography. However, since the end of the 1980s' "Feminist Sex Wars" and the beginning of the "women's erotica" movement, feminist views on pornography, both lesbian and heterosexual, have shifted.{{Cite book |last=Eisenberg |first=Daniel |url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Homosexuality |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |editor-last=Dynes |editor-first=Wayne R |editor-link=Wayne R. Dynes |chapter=Pornography |quote=A development of the 1980s is the birth of a true women's pornographic movement, in which women create and market erotic materials for female consumption, both homosexual and heterosexual |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024025928/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Pornography.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2021}}

Some lesbians are even consumers of mainstream pornography, but many dislike what they perceive as inaccurate and stereotypical depictions of women and lesbianism in mainstream pornography. Some are also uncomfortable with male interest in lesbians.{{Cite book |last=Bright |first=Susie |title=Susie Bright's Sexual Reality: A Virtual Sex World Reader |isbn=0-939416-58-1 |pages=93–98 |chapter=Men who love lesbians (who don't care for them too much)|date=April 14, 1992 |publisher=Cleis Press }} As of the early 2000s, there is a very strong lesbian erotic literature movement, as well as a small genre of pornography made by lesbians for a lesbian audience.

An increasing amount of queer erotic literature has been released in recent decades, written by women and usually for women.{{cite journal|last=Ziv|first=Amalia|year=2014|title=Girl meets boy: Cross-gender queer and the promise of pornography|journal=Sexualities|volume=17|issue=7|pages=885–905|doi=10.1177/1363460714532937|s2cid=145460606 }} There is a large sub-category of this erotica that involves various queer relationships while also including bisexuality and transgender characters into the writing. By introducing various other identities and sexualities, it opens up the erotica world to more gender-fluidity and acceptance of other queer or non-heteronormative sexualities.

File:Louis Marie de Schryver - Lesbians, 1907.jpg|Louis Marie de Schryver - Lesbians, 1907

File:Ciągliński Symbolic dance.jpg|Jan Ciągliński - Symbolic dance, 1766 - National Museum in Warsaw

File:Maurice Ray - Aphrodite 03.jpg|Illustration de Maurice Ray pour le roman Aphrodite de Pierre Louÿs en 1931.

File:Les Deux Amies by Lagrenee.jpg|"Les Deux Amies" par Jean-Jacques Lagrenée (1739-1821).

File:Maxmilian Pirner - potok (1903).jpg|Maxmilian Pirner - potok (1903

File:Chantron - Pleasures of Summer.png|Alexandre Jacques Chantron - Pleasures of Summer

File:Édouard-Henri Avril (27).jpg|Late 19th-century painting by Édouard-Henri Avril showing the use of a strap-on dildo

File:Édouard-Henri Avril (24).jpg|On Lesbos, Sappho partakes in cunnilingus (by Édouard-Henri Avril)

File:La lutte des baigneuses - Etienne Dinet.jpg|La lutte des baigneuses - Etienne Dinet

File:J Scalbert - The Bath.png|J Scalbert - The Bath

File:Virgílio Maurício - L'heure du Gouter, 1914.jpg|Virgílio Maurício - L'heure du Gouter, 1914

File:Sappho and Erinna in a Garden at Mytilene.jpg|Sappho and Erinna in a Garden at Mytilene by Simeon Solomon, 1864

File:Martin van Maele 10.jpg|Dessins de Martin van Maele

File:Amours, galanteries, intrigues, ruses et crimes des capucins et des religieuses, 1788, T2-06.png|Amours, galanteries, intrigues, ruses et crimes des capucins et des religieuses, 1788

File:George Hare - Victory of Faith.jpg|Victory of Faith - Saint George Hare

File:Viola and the Countess - Frederick Richard Pickersgill.jpg|Viola and the Countess - Frederick Richard Pickersgill

File:Two Japanese women make love.jpg|A historic shunga woodblock printing from Japan depicting two women having sex.

File:George Barbier - Les Liaisons dangereuses (1).jpg|Les Liaisons dangereuses, Scène du lit par George Barbier, 1920.

File:Édouard-Henri Avril (26).jpg|Plate XV from "De Figuris Veneris"

File:Nicolas Poussin - L'Empire de Flore (détail).jpg|Nicolas Poussin - L'Empire de Flore

File:Qingero09.jpg|清代秘戲圖

File:Qingero12.jpg|清代秘戲圖

File:"Deux jeunes amies qui s'embrassent" de L.L. Boilly (musée Cognacq-Jay, Paris) (51992741281).jpg|"Deux jeunes amies qui s'embrassent" de L.L. Boilly

File:Femdom Spanking Art.jpg|S/M lesbian sexuality

File:Otto Schoff, Siesta.png|Otto Schoff, Siesta

File:Negresco Nymphes playing the flute by François Boucher.jpg|Negresco Nymphes playing the flute by François Boucher

File:Les Confidences Pastorales LACMA 47.29.17.jpg|Les Confidences Pastorales

File:OttomanCunnilingusOrientalism.jpg|An Orientalist depiction (cunnilingus as exotica)

File:Two women embracing and using carrots as dildoes. Gouache Wellcome L0033073.jpg|Two women embracing and using carrots as dildoes, Gouache

File:Fanny Hill and Phoebe (BM 2010,7081.526).jpg|Fanny Hill and Phoebe, circa 1787

File:Kamas1.jpg|Kama Sutra lesbian

File:1925 Wegener Les Delassements dEros 03 anagoria.JPG|Les Délassements d'Eros, 1925

File:1925 Wegener Les Delassements dEros 09 anagoria.JPG|A 1925 Gerda Wegener painting of two women engaging in mutual manual stimulation

File:George Barbier - Les Chansons de Bilitis (3).jpg|Les Chansons de Bilitis par George Barbier, 1922

File:Toulouse Lautrec In bed the kiss.jpg|In bed - the kiss by Toulouse Lautrec

{{Portal|Erotica and pornography|LGBTQ}}

{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• Bisexual pornography
• Erotica
• Femslash
• Gay pornography – male counterpart
• History of erotic depictions
• Media portrayal of lesbianism
• Slash fiction
• Sex-positive feminism
• Women's pornography
• Yuri (genre)

}}

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• {{cite book |last=Vieira |first=Mark A. |year=1999 |title=Sin in Soft Focus: Pre-Code Hollywood |publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc |location=New York |isbn=0-8109-4475-8}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Zimmerman|editor-first=Bonnie|title=Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvt8el4QtPwC|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780815333548}}

• {{cite web |last1=Aron |first1=Nina Renata |title=This was the first pornography magazine for lesbians by lesbians—and it was a vital feminist voice |url=https://timeline.com/on-our-backs-lesbian-9e1422a140b9 |website=Timeline |date=July 19, 2017 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=January 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108045356/https://timeline.com/on-our-backs-lesbian-9e1422a140b9 |url-status=dead }}

;Books

• {{cite book |last1=Bonnet |first1=Marie-Jo |title=Les Deux Amies: Essai sur le couple de femmes dans l'art |date=2000 |publisher=Blanche |location=Paris, France |isbn=978-2911621949}}
• {{cite book |last1= Bunch |first1=Charlotte | author-link = Charlotte Bunch | chapter=Lesbianism and erotica in pornographic America |editor-last1=Lederer |editor-first1=Laura |title=Take back the night: women on pornography |year=1982 |publisher=Bantam |location=Toronto London |isbn= 9780553149074 |url=https://archive.org/details/takebacknight00laur}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kitzinger |first1=Jenny |last2=Kitzinger |first2=Celia |author-link2=Celia Kitzinger and Sue Wilkinson#Celia Kitzinger |chapter="Doing it": Representations of lesbian sex |editor-last1=Griffin |editor-first1=Gabriel |title=Outwrite: Lesbianism and popular culture |year=1993 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |isbn=9780745306889 |url=https://archive.org/details/outwritelesbiani00grif}}
• {{cite book |last1=Rodgerson |first1=Gillian |chapter=Lesbian erotic explorations |editor-last1=Segal |editor-first1=Lynne |editor-last2=McIntosh |editor-first2=Mary |editor-link1=Lynne Segal |title=Sex exposed: Sexuality and the pornography debate |year=1993 |pages=275–279 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location = New Brunswick |isbn=9780813519388}}
• {{cite book |last1=Russo |first1=Anne |last2=Torres |first2=Lourdes |chapter=Lesbian porn stories: Rebellion and/or resistance? |editor-last1=Russo |editor-first1=Anne |title=Taking back our lives: A call to action for the feminist movement |year=2001 |pages=101–118 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9780415927116 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/takingbackourliv0000russ/page/101}}
• {{cite book |last1=Sheldon |first1=Caroline |chapter=Lesbians and film: Some thoughts |editor-last1=Dyer |editor-first1=Richard |editor-link=Richard Dyer |title=Gays and Film |year=1984 |pages=5–26 |publisher=Zoetrope |location=New York |isbn = 9780918432582}}

;Journals

• {{cite journal |last1=Conway |first1 = Mary T. | title = Spectatorship in lesbian porn: The woman's woman's film | journal = Wide Angle | date = July 1997 | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 91–113 | doi = 10.1353/wan.1997.0011|s2cid = 167693847 }}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Duncker | first1 = Patricia | author-link = Patricia Duncker | title = "Bonne excitation, Orgasme Assuré": The representation of lesbianism in contemporary French pornography | journal = Journal of Gender Studies | date = 1995 |volume = 4 | issue = 1| pages = 5–15 | doi=10.1080/09589236.1995.9960588}}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Dunn | first1 = Sara | title = Voyages of the Valkyries: Recent lesbian pornographic writing | journal = Feminist Review |date =Spring 1990 | volume = 34 | issue = 34| pages = 161–170 | doi = 10.2307/1395316 | jstor = 1395316}}
• {{cite journal | last = Henderson | first = Lisa | title = Lesbian pornography: Cultural transgression and sexual demystification | journal = Women and Language | date = 1991 | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–12 | url = http://www.womenandlanguage.org/category/current-issue/ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150403025225/http://www.womenandlanguage.org/category/current-issue/ | archive-date = April 3, 2015 | df = mdy-all}}

::Reprinted in: {{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Lisa |chapter=Lesbian pornography: Cultural transgression and sexual demystification |editor-last1=Munt |editor-first1=Sally R. |editor-link1=Sally Rowena Munt |title=New lesbian criticism: literary and cultural readings |year=1992 |pages=173–191 |publisher=Harvester Wheatsheaf |location=New York London |isbn=9780745011677}}

::Reprinted in: {{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Lisa |chapter=Lesbian pornography: Cultural transgression and sexual demystification |editor-last1=Gross |editor-first1=Larry P. |editor-last2=Woods |editor-first2=James D. |title=The Columbia reader on lesbians and gay men in media, society, and politics |year=1999 | pages = 506–516 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York | isbn = 9780231104470}}

• {{cite journal | last1 = Jenefsky | first1 = Cindy | last2 = Helene Miller | first2 = Diane | title = Phallic intrusion: Girl–girl sex in Penthouse | journal = Women's Studies International Forum | date = July–August 1998 | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 375–385 | doi = 10.1016/S0277-5395(98)00042-9}}
• {{cite journal | last = McDowell | first = Kelly | title = The politics of lesbian pornography: Towards a chaotic proliferation of female sexual imagery | journal = Xchanges |date = September 2001 | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | url=http://xchanges.org/xchanges_archive/xchanges/1.1/mcdowell.html}}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Morrison | first1 = Todd G | last2 = Tallack | first2 = Dani | title = Lesbian and bisexual women's interpretations of lesbian and ersatz lesbian pornography | journal = Sexuality & Culture | date=2005 | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 3–30 | doi = 10.1007/s12119-005-1005-x| s2cid = 143930511 }}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Packard | first1 = Tamara | last2 = Schraibman | first2 = Melissa | title = Lesbian pornography: Escaping the bonds of sexual stereotypes and strengthening our ties to one another | url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5rt282k7 | journal = UCLA Women's Law Journal | date=1993 | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 299–328}}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Penelope | first1 = Julia | last2 = Hoagland | first2 = Sarah Lucia | author-link1 = Julia Penelope | author-link2 = Sarah Hoagland | title = Lesbianism, sexuality and power: the patriarchy, violence and pornography | journal = Sinister Wisdom | date = 1980 | volume = 15 | pages = 76–91 | url = http://www.sinisterwisdom.org/issues |oclc=70961358}}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Smyth | first1 = Cherry | title = The pleasure threshold: Looking at lesbian pornography on film | journal = Feminist Review | date =Spring 1990 | volume = 34 | issue = 34| pages = 152–159 | doi = 10.2307/1395314 | jstor = 1395314}}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Swedberg | first1 = Deborah | title = What do we see when we see woman/woman sex in pornographic movies? | journal = NWSA Journal | date =Summer 1989 | volume = 1 | issue = 4| pages = 602–616 | jstor = 4315957}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060517052047/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/erotic_art_lesbian.html Erotic and Pornographic Art: Lesbian] by Tasmin Wilton, glbtq, 2002.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060628215647/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/porn_lesbian.html Pornographic Film and Video: Lesbian] by Teresa Theophano, glbtq, 2002.
• [http://www.newstatesman.com/nssubsfilter.php3?newTemplate=NSArticle_NS&newDisplayURN=200602270013 "Kira Cochrane wishes Keira and Scarlett would stop it"] by Kira Cochrane, New Statesman, February 27, 2006
• [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/10/arts/television/10heff.html It's February; Pucker Up, TV Actresses] by Virginia Heffernan, New York Times, February 10, 2005. (requires login)
• [http://languageisavirus.com/michelle-tea/modules/xfsection/article.php?articleid=449 "Boogie Dykes: How two San Francisco independent filmmakers are changing the world of mainstream porn"] by Michelle Tea, San Francisco Bay Guardian, January 31, 2001.
• [http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue12/welker2.html "Celebrating Lesbian Sexuality: An Interview with Inoue Meimy, Editor of Japanese Lesbian Erotic Lifestyle Magazine Carmilla"] interview by Katsuhiko Suganuma and James Welker, Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context 12, January 2006.

{{LGBTQ fiction}}

{{Pornography}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lesbianism In Erotica}}

Category:Pornography by genre