:Mogroside
{{Short description|Group of chemical compounds}}
A mogroside is a triterpene glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine Siraitia grosvenorii (known as monkfruit or luohan guo).{{cite journal |pmc=5127336|year=2016|last1=Itkin|first1=M.|title=The biosynthetic pathway of the nonsugar, high-intensity sweetener mogroside V from Siraitia grosvenorii|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=113|issue=47|pages=E7619–E7628|last2=Davidovich-Rikanati|first2=R.|last3=Cohen|first3=S.|last4=Portnoy|first4=V.|last5=Doron-Faigenboim|first5=A.|last6=Oren|first6=E.|last7=Freilich|first7=S.|last8=Tzuri|first8=G.|last9=Baranes|first9=N.|last10=Shen|first10=S.|last11=Petreikov|first11=M.|last12=Sertchook|first12=R.|last13=Ben-Dor|first13=S.|last14=Gottlieb|first14=H.|last15=Hernandez|first15=A.|last16=Nelson|first16=D. R.|last17=Paris|first17=H. S.|last18=Tadmor|first18=Y.|last19=Burger|first19=Y.|last20=Lewinsohn|first20=E.|last21=Katzir|first21=N.|last22=Schaffer|first22=A.|pmid=27821754|doi=10.1073/pnas.1604828113|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016PNAS..113E7619I }}Subhuti Dharmananda (January 2004), [http://www.itmonline.org/arts/luohanguo.htm "Luo han guo - Sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb"]. Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Mogrosides are extracted from S. grosvenorii and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes.
Mogrosides
Mogrosides include:{{not in citation given|date=September 2023}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
- Mogrol
- Mogroside II A1
- Mogroside II B
- 7-Oxomogroside II E
- 11-Oxomogroside A1
- Mogroside III A2
- 11-Deoxymogroside III
- 11-Oxomogroside IV A
- Mogroside V
- 7-Oxomogroside V
- 11-Oxo-mogroside V
- Mogroside VI
- Siamenoside I
The total content of mogrosides in Siraitia grosvenorii fruit is 3.8% with Mogroside V having the highest content (0.8% to 1.3% w/w).{{cite journal | vauthors=Huang H, Peng Z, Wang W | title=A comprehensive review of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey: chemical composition, pharmacology, toxicology, status of resources development, and applications | journal= Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume=15 | pages=1388747 | year=2024 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2024.1388747 | doi-access=free | pmc=11024725 | pmid=38638866 }}
Biosynthesis
One analysis of 200 candidate genes of Siraitia grosvenorii revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthesis of mogroside V: squalene epoxidases, triterpenoid synthases, epoxide hydrolases, cytochrome P450s, and UDP-glucosyltransferases. The metabolic pathway for mogroside biosynthesis involves an initial stage of fruit development when squalene is metabolized to di-glucosylated, tetra-hydroxycucurbitadienols, then during fruit maturation, branched glucosyl groups are added and catalyzed, leading to the sweet M4, M5, and M6 mogrosides.
Stability
Mogroside V appears to be heat stable in the range of 100 to 150 degrees Celsius for 4 hours and up to 8 hours in boiling water. It is stable at a pH of between 3 and 12 when stored from 2 to 8 degrees Celsius.{{Cite journal |last1=Younes |first1=Maged |last2=Aquilina |first2=Gabriele |last3=Engel |first3=Karl-Heinz |last4=Fowler |first4=Paul |last5=Frutos Fernandez |first5=Maria Jose |last6=Fürst |first6=Peter |last7=Gürtler |first7=Rainer |last8=Gundert-Remy |first8=Ursula |last9=Husøy |first9=Trine |last10=Mennes |first10=Wim |last11=Moldeus |first11=Peter |last12=Oskarsson |first12=Agneta |last13=Shah |first13=Romina |last14=Waalkens-Berendsen |first14=Ine |last15=Wölfle |first15=Detlef |last16=Degen |first16=Gisela |last17=Herman |first17=Lieve |last18=Gott |first18=David |last19=Leblanc |first19=Jean-Charles |last20=Giarola |first20=Alessandra |last21=Rincon |first21=Ana Maria |last22=Tard |first22=Alexandra |last23=Castle |first23=Laurence |date=11 December 2019 |title=Safety of use of Monk fruit extract as a food additive in different food categories |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=e05921 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5921 |doi-access=free |pmc=7008860 |pmid=32626208}}
Uses
References
{{Reflist}}