:Pōmare II

{{Infobox royalty

| name = Pōmare II

| succession = King of Tahiti

| image = Pomare II, engraving by R. Hicks (left).jpg

| caption =

| reign = 1782 – 7 December 1821

| coronation = 13 February 1791

| predecessor = Pōmare I

| regent = Pōmare I

| successor = Pōmare III

| spouse = Tetuanui Tarovahine
Teriʻitoʻoterai Teremoemoe
Teriʻitariʻa Ariʻipaea Vahine

| issue = Pōmare IV
Teinaiti
Pōmare III

| full name = Tū Tūnuiʻēʻaiteatua Pōmare II

| house = House of Pōmare

| father = Pōmare I

| mother = Tetua-nui-reia-i-te-ra'i-atea{{sfn|Henry|Orsmond|1928|page=249}}

| birth_date = c. 1782

| birth_place =

| death_date = 7 December 1821

| death_place = Motu Uta, Papeete, Tahiti

| burial_place = Pōmare Royal Cemetery, Papaʻoa, ʻArue

| religion = Tahitian
later Reformed

}}

Pōmare II (c. 1782 – 7 December 1821) (fully Tu Tunuieaiteatua Pōmare II or in modern orthography Tū Tū-nui-ʻēʻa-i-te-atua Pōmare II; historically misspelled as Tu Tunuiea'aite-a-tua), was the second king of Tahiti between 1782 and 1821. He was installed by his father Pōmare I at Tarahoi, 13 February 1791. He ruled under regency from 1791 to 1803.{{cn|date=August 2020}}

Life

According to the English missionaries' writings in 1806, Pōmare II had different names in various districts. In Pare, he was called "Tunu-e-ae-tɛ-tua" (Tu nui e ai te atua); in Faaʻa, "Tʻ-Ɛree vaɛ.ɛ.tua" (Te ariʻi vae atua); in Atehuru, "Tɛ-vahe-atua" (Te vahi atua); in Taiarapu, "Tʻ-Ɛree-navahoroa" (Te ariʻi na vaho roa); and in Eimeo (Moʻorea), "Punua-tɛ-rae-ɛ-tua" (Punua te raʻi atua). These names, given to the king, signified his authority as one invested with the power that traditionally belonged to the various chiefs presiding over different districts and were used on special occasions.{{sfn|Davies|1806|pages=left page, image 21, lines 13-18}}

Initially recognised as supreme sovereign and Ariʻi-maro-ʻura by the ruler of Huahine, he was subsequently forced from Tahiti and took refuge in Moʻorea on 22 December 1808, but returned and defeated his enemies at the Battle of Te Feipī, on 11 November 1815.{{sfn|Sissons|2014|pages=48–52}}[http://histoire.assemblee.pf/articles.php?id=310 1815 – La bataille de Fei Pi. Histoire de l'Assemblée de la Polynésie française]{{#tag:ref|Te Feipī translates as "the Ripe Plantain" in Tahitian.{{sfn|Adams|1901|page=158}} The British missionaries recorded that the Battle of Te Feipī occurred on the Sabbath 12 November 1815. However, the local Tahitian calendar was one day ahead of the rest of the world and was not corrected until 1848.{{sfn|Newbury|1980|pages=37, 124}}|group=note}}

He was thereafter recognised as undisputed king (Te Ariʻi-nui-o-Tahiti) of Tahiti, Moʻorea and its dependencies.

On 15 November 1815, he proclaimed himself King of Tahiti and Moʻorea in the name of the Christian God.{{sfn|Kirk|2012|page=51}}{{sfn|Layton|2015|page=131}}

Pōmare II extended his realm to land outside of the Society Islands. He inherited his father's dominion over the Tuamotus and settled many conflicts between the disparate local chieftains in 1817 and 1821. However, his family's rule only extended to the eastern and central portions of the Tuamotus archipelago. In 1819, the king took nominal possession of Raivavae and Tubuai in the Austral Islands, although control was relegated to the local chiefs.{{sfn|Gonschor|2008|pages=39–42}}{{sfn|Kirk|2012|pages=158-159}}

Conversion to Christianity

Pomare II believed that he lost favour with the god 'Oro, and, aided by the missionary Henry Nott, he began paying more attention to the God of the Christians.

He was baptised on 16 May 1819 at the Royal Chapel, Papeʻete – Christianity and the support of English missionaries aided the centralisation of monarchic power.

Three London Missionary Society missionaries, Henry Bicknell, William Henry, and Charles Wilson preached at the baptism of King Pōmare II. Afterwards, "Henry Bicknell stood on the steps of the pulpit, took water from a basin held by William Henry, and poured it" on King Pōmare's head.{{citation | title = The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle | volume = 28| title-link = The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle}}.

Today a majority of 54% of the French Polynesian population belongs to various Protestant churches, especially the Maohi Protestant Church which is the largest and accounts for more than 50% of the population.{{cite news |title=126th Maohi Protestant Church Synod to last one week |url=http://en.tahitipresse.pf/2010/07/126th-maohi-protestant-church-synod-to-last-one-week/ |work=Tahitipresse |date=26 July 2010 |access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729164942/http://en.tahitipresse.pf/2010/07/126th-maohi-protestant-church-synod-to-last-one-week/ |archive-date=29 July 2010 |df=dmy }} It traces its origins to Pomare II, the king of Tahiti, who converted from traditional beliefs to the Reformed tradition brought to the islands by the London Missionary Society.

Family

Pōmare II was married first before March 1797 (betrothed January 1792) to his double first cousin Tetua-nui Taro-vahine, Ariʻi of Vaiari (now Papeari), who died at ʻArue, on 21 July 1806. Around 1809, he married two sisters: Teriʻitoʻoterai Teremoemoe and Teriʻitariʻa who were daughters of Tamatoa III, Ariʻi Rahi of Raiatea.{{sfn|Teissier|1978|pages=50–54}}

With his second wife Teriʻitoʻoterai Teremoemoe, he had three children:{{sfn|Teissier|1978|pages=50–54}}{{sfn|Henry|Orsmond|1928|page=249}}

ʻAimata (28 February 1813 – 17 September 1877), who ruled as Pōmare IV
Teinaiti (21 November 1817{{cite book|title=The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2GIHLV93IcC&pg=PA545|year=1818|page=545}} – 20 March 1818), who died young
Teriʻitariʻa (25 June 1820 – 8 January 1827), who ruled as Pōmare III

Death

Pōmare died of alcohol-related causes at Motu Uta, Papeete, Tahiti on 7 December 1821.{{cn|date=August 2020}}

He was succeeded by his son Pōmare III, who reigned 1821–1827.

Ancestry

{{ahnentafel

|collapsed=yes |align=center

|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;

|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;

|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;

|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;

|1= 1. Pōmare II

|2= 2. Pōmare I

|3= 3. Tetua-nui-reia-i-te-raʻi-atea

|4= 4. Teu Tunuieaite Atua

|5= 5. Tetupaia-i-Hauiri

|6= 6. Teihotu-i-Ahura’i

|7= 7. Vave’a Tetua-nui-rei-a-ite Ra’iatea

|8= 8. Tu-moe-hania

|9= 9. Tetua-huria

|10= 10. Tamatoa III

|11= 11. Mai-he’a

|12= 12. Teri’i-Vaetua-i-Ahura’i

|13= 13. Airoro-ana’a-i-Farepu’a

|14= 14. Punua Teraitua-i-Nu’urua

|15= 15. Fetefete-te-ui

}}

Notes

References

Bibliography

{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Adams|title=Tahiti: Memoirs of Arii Taimai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jLXAAAAMAAJ|year=1901|publisher=The Gregg Press|location=Ridgewood, NJ|oclc=21482}}
{{cite web|last=Davies|first=John|series=South Seas journals/File 27 (Box 2)/John Davies, John Youl and others, Tahiti|year=1806|title=The different names of Pomare II. Journal of John Davies and al. 03 March 1806 – 11 August 1806. Entry on May 24, 1806 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2713328793|page=left page, image 21, lines 13-18}}
{{cite book|last=Davies|first=John|editor-last=Newbury|editor-first=Colin W.|title=The History of the Tahitian Mission, 1799–1830, Written by John Davies, Missionary to the South Sea Islands: With Supplementary Papers of the Missionaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAgkDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|orig-year=1961|publisher=The Hakluyt Society|location=London|isbn=978-1-317-02871-0|doi=10.4324/9781315557137|oclc=992401577|ref={{harvid|Davies|1961}}}}
{{cite book|last=Dodd|first=Edward|title=The Rape of Tahiti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uhx1AAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-396-08114-2|oclc=8954158}}
{{cite journal|last=Dening|first=Greg|title=Possessing Tahiti|journal=Archaeology in Oceania|volume=21|issue=1|date=April 1986|publisher=Wiley for Oceania Publications, University of Sydney|location=Sydney|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4453.1986.tb00130.x|jstor=40386717|oclc=5697479565|pages=103–118}}
{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=William|author-link=William Ellis (British missionary)|title=Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in the Society and Sandwich Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOYRAAAAYAAJ|edition=2nd|volume=II|year=1834|publisher=Fisher, Son, & Jackson|location=London|oclc=1061902349}}
{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=William|author-link=William Ellis (British missionary)|title=Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in The Society and Sandwich Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZADAAAAQAAJ|edition=2nd|volume=III|year=1831|publisher=Fisher, Son & Jackson|location=London|oclc=221587368|ref={{harvid|Ellis|1831a}}}}
{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=William|title=A Vindication of the South Sea Missions from the Misrepresentations of Otto Von Kotzebue, Captain in the Russian Navy: With an Appendix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j6qyP07FoWAC|year=1831|publisher=F. Westley and A.H. Davis|location=London|oclc=14184834|ref={{harvid|Ellis|1831b}}}}
{{cite news|author=Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle|title=South Sea Mission|work=The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005768870|date=October 1816|publisher=Williams and Son|location=London|oclc=682032291|pages=405–409}}
{{cite book|last=Garrett|first=John|title=To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7HYexAnWCoC|year=1982|publisher=Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific|location=Suva, Fiji|isbn=978-2-8254-0692-2|oclc=17485209}}
{{cite journal|last=Gunson|first=Niel|title=An Account of the Mamaia or Visionary Heresy of Tahiti, 1826–1841|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_71_1962/Volume_71%2C_No._2/An_account_of_the_Mamaia_or_Visionary_Heresy_of_Tahiti%2C_1826-1841%2C_by_Niel_Gunson%2C_p_208-243/p1|volume=71|issue=2|date=June 1962|publisher=The Polynesian Society|location=Wellington|jstor=20703998|oclc=5544737364|pages=209–243}}
{{cite journal|last=Gunson|first=Niel|title=Journal of a Visit to Raivavae in October 1819: By Pomare II, King of Tahiti|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|volume=1|issue=1|date=January 1966|publisher=Australian National University|location=Canberra|doi=10.1080/00223346608572091|jstor=25167875|oclc=5543899233|pages=199–203}}
{{cite journal|last=Gunson|first=Niel|title=Manuscript XXX: The Letters of Pā|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|volume=51|issue=3|date=July 2016|publisher=Australian National University|location=Canberra|doi=10.1080/00223344.2016.1230076|oclc=6835510203|pages=330–342|s2cid=163709722}}
{{cite journal|last=Gunson|first=Niel|title=Pomare II of Tahiti and Polynesian Imperialism|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|volume=4|issue=1|date=January 1969|publisher=Australian National University|location=Canberra|doi=10.1080/00223346908572146|jstor=25167978|oclc=4655132074|pages=65–82}}
{{cite journal|last=Gunson|first=Niel|title=Sacred Women Chiefs and Female 'Headmen' in Polynesian History|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|volume=22|issue=3|date=July 1987|publisher=Australian National University|location=Canberra|doi=10.1080/00223348708572563|jstor=25168930|oclc=5543864601|pages=139–172}}
{{cite book|last1=Henry|first1=Teuira|author-link1=Teuira Henry|last2=Orsmond|first2=John Muggridge|title=Ancient Tahiti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adorAAAAMAAJ|volume=48|year=1928|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum|location=Honolulu|oclc=3049679}}
{{cite book|last=Kirk|first=Robert W.|title=Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klglH_7KkxsC|year=2012|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers|location=Jefferson, NC|isbn=978-0-7864-9298-5|oclc=1021200953}}
{{cite thesis|last=Gonschor|first=Lorenz Rudolf|title=Law as a Tool of Oppression and Liberation: Institutional Histories and Perspectives on Political Independence in Hawaiʻi, Tahiti Nui/French Polynesia and Rapa Nui|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/20375/HAWN%20CB5.H3_3524_r.pdf|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|date=August 2008|hdl=10125/20375|oclc=798846333|type=MA thesis}}
{{cite book|last=Layton|first=Monique|title=The New Arcadia: Tahiti's Cursed Myth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_sdhCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=FriesenPress|location=Victoria, BC|isbn=978-1-4602-6860-5|oclc=930600657}}
{{cite book|author=London Missionary Society|title=Narrative of the Mission at Otaheite, and other islands in the South Seas; commenced by the London Missionary Society in the year 1797, with a map, etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzlfAAAAcAAJ|year=1818|publisher=London Missionary Society|location=London|oclc=228695988}}
{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Henry Byam|author-link=Henry Byam Martin|title=The Polynesian Journal of Captain Henry Byam Martin, R. N.|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/114833/2/b12536696.pdf|year=1981|publisher=Australian National University Press|location=Canberra|hdl=1885/114833|isbn=978-0-7081-1609-8|oclc=8329030}}
{{cite book|last=Matsuda|first=Matt K.|chapter=Society Islands: Tahitian Archives|title=Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_BBr0sZM5kC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-534747-0|oclc=191036857|pages=91–112}}
{{cite book|last=Moerenhout|first=Jacques Antoine|title=Voyages aux îles du Grand Océan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-esxAQAAMAAJ|year=1837|publisher=Arthur Bertrand|location=Paris|oclc=962425535}}
{{cite book|last1=Moerenhout|first1=Jacques Antoine|last2=Borden|first2=Arthur R.|title=Travels to the islands of the Pacific Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ygxAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=University Press of America|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-8191-8898-4|oclc=26503299}}
{{cite book|last=Mortimer|first=Favell Lee|author-link1=Favell Lee Mortimer|title=The Night of Toil; or, A Familiar Account of the Labors of the First Missionaries in the South Sea Islands|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsEAAAAQAAJ|year=1838|publisher=J. Hatchard & Son|location=London|oclc=752899081}}
{{cite journal|last=Newbury|first=Colin W.|title=Aspects of Cultural Change in French Polynesia: The Decline of the Ari'i|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_76_1967/Volume_76%2C_No._1/Aspects_of_cultural_change_in_French_Polynesia%3A_The_decline_of_the_Ari%26apos%3B%26%2339%3Bi%2C_by_Colin_Newbury%2C_p_7-26/p1|volume=76|issue=1|date=March 1967|publisher=The Polynesian Society|location=Wellington|jstor=20704439|oclc=6015277685|pages=7–26}}
{{cite journal|last=Newbury|first=Colin W.|title=Pacts, Alliances and Patronage: Modes of Influence and Power in the Pacific|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|volume=44|issue=2|date=September 2009|publisher=Australian National University|location=Canberra|doi=10.1080/00223340903142108|jstor=40346712|oclc=4648099874|pages=141–162|s2cid=142362747}}
{{cite journal|last=Newbury|first=Colin W.|title=Resistance and Collaboration in French Polynesia: the Tahitian War: 1844–7|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._1/Resistance_and_collaboration_in_French_Polynesia%3A_the_Tahitian_war%3A_1844-7%2C_by_Colin_Newbury%2C_p_5-27/p1|volume=82|issue=1|date=March 1973|publisher=The Polynesian Society|location=Wellington|jstor=20704899|oclc=5544738080|pages=5–27}}
{{cite book|last=Newbury|first=Colin W.|title=Tahiti Nui: Change and Survival in French Polynesia, 1767–1945|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/62908/9780824880323.pdf|hdl=10125/62908|year=1980|publisher=University Press of Hawaii|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-8032-3|oclc=1053883377}}
{{cite journal|last1=Newbury|first1=Colin W.|last2=Darling|first2=Adam J.|title=Te Hau Pahu Rahi: Pomare II and the Concept of Interisland Government in Eastern Polynesia|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_76_1967/Volume_76%2C_No._4/Te_Hau_Pahu_Rahi%2C_by_Colin_Newbury%2C_p_477_-_514/p1|volume=76|issue=4|date=December 1967|publisher=The Polynesian Society|location=Wellington|jstor=20704508|oclc=6015244633|pages=477–514}}
{{cite book|last=Oliver|first=Douglas L.|title=Ancient Tahitian Society|year=1974|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-8453-6|doi=10.2307/j.ctvp2n5ds|hdl=1885/114907|s2cid=165869849 |oclc=1126284798}}
{{cite book|last1=O'Reilly|first1=Patrick|last2=Teissier|first2=Raoul|title=Tahitiens: répertoire bio-bibliographique de la Polynésie française|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIobAAAAIAAJ|edition=1st|year=1962|publisher=Musée de l'homme|location=Paris|oclc=1001078211}}
{{cite journal|last1=Orsmond|first1=John Muggridge|last2=Smith|first2=S. Percy|title=The Genealogy of the Pomare Family of Tahiti, from the Papers of the Rev. J. M. Orsmond. With Notes Thereon by S. Percy Smith|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_2_1893/Volume_2%2C_No.1%2C_March_1893/The_genealogy_of_the_Pomare_Family_of_Tahiti%2C_from_the_papers_of_the_Rev._J._M._Orsmond%2C_with_notes_thereon_by_S._Percy_Smith%2C_p_25-_42/p1|volume=2|issue=1|date=March 1893|publisher=The Polynesian Society|location=Wellington|jstor=20701269|oclc=5544732839|pages=25–43}}
{{cite book|last=Perkins|first=Edward T.|title=Na Motu, or, Reef-Rovings in the South Seas: a Narrative of Adventures at the Hawaiian, Georgian and Society Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjQBAAAAQAAJ|year=1854|publisher=Pudney & Russell|location=New York|isbn=9785870949536|oclc=947055236}}
{{cite news|author=Pōmare II|title=Translation of a Letter from Pomarre, King of Otaheite, to the Rev. W. Henry, one of the Missionaries who had long resided on that Island, and who has, with several others, lately returned to it|work=The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA281|date=July 1812|publisher=Williams and Son|location=London|oclc=682032291|pages=281–282}}
{{cite news|author=Pōmare II|title=Translation Of A Letter From Pomare, King of Otaheite, &c. To Mr. John Eyre, At Paramatta|work=The American Baptist Magazine, and Missionary Intelligencer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AIPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA70|volume=2|year=1819|publisher=James Loring, and Lincoln & Edmands|location=Boston|oclc=1047669001|pages=69–70|ref={{harvid|Pōmare II|1817}}}}
{{cite book|last=Pritchard|first=George|author-link=George Pritchard (missionary)|title=The Aggressions of the French at Tahiti: And Other Islands in the Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKUAAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-647994-1|oclc=10470657}}
{{cite book|last=Pritchard|first=George|author-link=George Pritchard (missionary)|title=Queen Pomare and Her Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OG4BAAAAQAAJ|year=1878|publisher=Elliot Stock|location=London|oclc=663667911}}
{{cite journal|last=Richards|first=Rhys|title=Manuscript XVII: Who Taught Pomare to Read? Unpublished Comments by a Missionary Surgeon on Tahiti in May 1807 to October 1810, and Journal Entries by an Able Seaman at Tahiti in 1811|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|volume=40|issue=1|date=June 2005|publisher=Australian National University|location=Canberra|doi=10.1080/00223340500082467|jstor=25169732|oclc=6015502414|pages=105–115|s2cid=219625801}}
{{cite book|last=Salmond|first=Anne|title=Aphrodite's Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNomAQAAMAAJ|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-26114-3|oclc=317461764}}
{{cite journal|last=Sissons|first=Jeffrey|title=Heroic History and Chiefly Chapels in 19th Century Tahiti|journal=Oceania|volume=78|issue=3|date=November 2008|publisher=Wiley for Oceania Publications, University of Sydney|location=Sydney|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.2008.tb00044.x|jstor=40495590|oclc=5154119332|pages=320–331}}
{{cite journal|last=Sissons|first=Jeffrey|title=History as Sacrifice: The Polynesian Iconoclasm|journal=Oceania|volume=81|issue=3|date=November 2011|publisher=Wiley for Oceania Publications, University of Sydney|location=Sydney|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.2011.tb00110.x|jstor=23209537|oclc=5156601630|pages=302–315}}
{{cite book|last=Sissons|first=Jeffrey|title=The Polynesian Iconoclasm: Religious Revolution and the Seasonality of Power|year=2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-78238-414-4|oclc=885451227|jstor=j.ctt9qcvw9}}
{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Thomas|title=The History and Origin of the Missionary Societies, Etc. (Appendix.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2PFhAC4ozQC&pg=PA91|year=1825|location=London|oclc=1063996422}}
{{cite book|last1=Stevenson|first1=Karen|last2=Rousseau|first2=Cécile|title=Artifacts of the Pomare Family|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RdSAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=University of Hawaii Commons Gallery, Punaauia : Le musée de Tahiti et des îles, 1981|location=Honolulu|oclc=490711845}}
{{cite journal|last=Stevenson|first=Karen|title=ʻAimata, Queen Pomare IV: Thwarting Adversity in Early 19th Century Tahiti|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document.php?wid=5576|volume=123|issue=2|date=June 2014|publisher=The Polynesian Society|location=Wellington|pages=129–144|doi=10.15286/jps.123.2.129-144|jstor=43286236|oclc=906004458|doi-access=free}}
{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Charles Samuel|title=A Visit to the South Seas, in the U.S. Ship Vincennes, During the Years 1829 and 1830: With Notices of Brazil, Peru, Manilla, the Cape of Good Hope, and St. Helena|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd8NAAAAYAAJ|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son, & Jackson|location=London|oclc=1021222101}}
{{cite journal|last=Teissier|first=Raoul|title=Chefs et notables des Établissements Français de l'Océanie au temps du protectorat: 1842–1850|journal=Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes |issue=202|url=http://bibnum.upf.pf/items/show/758|year=1978|publisher=Société des Études Océaniennes|location=Papeete|oclc=9510786}}
{{cite book|last1=Tyerman|first1=Daniel|last2=Bennet|first2=George|title=Journal of Voyages and Travels by the Rev. Daniel Tyerman and George Bennet, Esq: Deputed from the London Missionary Society, to Visit Their Various Stations in the South Sea Islands, China, India, &c. Between the Years 1821 and 1829|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNjs8BHH5EC|year=1832|publisher=Crocker and Brewster|location=Boston|oclc=847088}}