:Pistoleer#British horse pistol

The earliest kind of pistoleer was the mounted German Reiter, who came to prominence in Europe after the Battle of St. Quentin in 1557. These soldiers were equipped with a number of single-shot, muzzle-loader wheel-lock or Snaphance horse pistols, amongst the most advanced weapons of the era. Although mounted Pistoleers were effective against heavy cavalry, they gradually fell out of use during the Thirty Years War. After this time, cavalry in Western armies used swords or lances as their primary arm, although they still generally carried a pistol as a sidearm.{{Cite book|last=Kinard|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVnuHX_6bG0C&q=english%20civil%20war%20pistol&pg=PA13|title=Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-470-7|language=en}}

During the English Civil War, the Roundhead Ironside cavalry were issued with a pair of flintlock pistols. Cavaliers used similar weapons, often ornately decorated, including an early breechloader with a barrel that could be unscrewed.{{Cite journal|last=Godwin|first=Brian|date=2013-03-01|title=English Firearms from the late 1500s to the English Civil Wars|url=https://doi.org/10.1179/1741612413Z.00000000019|journal=Arms & Armour|volume=10|issue=1|pages=51–70|doi=10.1179/1741612413Z.00000000019|s2cid=162336559|issn=1741-6124|url-access=subscription}}

Before 1700, cavalrymen were recruited from the wealthy gentry, and generally purchased their own nonstandard pistols. The Industrial Revolution enabled armies to mass-produce firearms with interchangeable parts, and cheaply issue large quantities of standardised firearms to enlisted personnel. However, officers in the British Army and Royal Navy continued to privately commission pistols from London gunsmiths such as Joseph Manton, Robert Wogdon, Henry Nock and Durs Egg until the mid 19th century.

Light cavalry of the early modern period were equipped with a sabre and specialised horse pistols, carried in saddle holsters.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} These large calibre single shot handguns, also known as holster pistols, horsemen's pistols, cavalry pistols, or musket calibre pistols, saw extensive use among the British and French armies during the Napoleonic Wars.{{Cite book|last=James|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pixOAAAAYAAJ&q=horse%20pistol&pg=RA39-PA7|title=A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary, Or, Alphabetical Explanation of Technical Terms: Containing, Among Other Matter, a Succinct Account of the Different Systems of Fortification, Tactics, &c. Also the Various French Phrases and Words ...|date=1802|publisher=T. Egerton at the Military Library|language=en}} These were deadliest at close range, but massed pistol fire from horseback proved moderately effective at medium range.{{Cite book|last=Kinard|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVnuHX_6bG0C&q=horseman's%20pistol&pg=PA39|title=Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-470-7|language=en}} Many were made in .71, .65 and .58 calibre, to enable the use of standard infantry musket balls.{{Cite web|title=Search the Collections {{!}} Canadian War Museum|url=https://www.warmuseum.ca/collections/artifact/1038957/|access-date=2021-01-26|language=en-US}}

During the early Victorian era, most horse pistols in the arsenals of England, France, and the United States were converted to caplock ignition. These remained in service until .44 calibre revolvers such as the Colt Dragoon of 1847 or the Adams revolver of 1851 were introduced.

Horse pistols made at the Tower of London used the same lock as the Brown Bess musket. Pistols made before 1790 had wooden ramrods, instead of steel ramrods.{{Cite web|title=Flintlock muzzle-loading holster pistol - Royal Horse Guards Pistol Ramrod missing|url=https://collections.royalarmouries.org/object/rac-object-596.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Royal Armouries collections|language=en}} The lock was stamped with the crown of George III of Great BritainEyewitness book of Arms and Armour by Michael Byan. 2011 and the barrel received arrow proof marks.{{Cite book|last=Kinard|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVnuHX_6bG0C&q=tower%20pistol&pg=PA40|title=Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-470-7|language=en}}

Due to the high demand for arms during the wars against France, regulation .71 calibre horse pistols were also manufactured in Birmingham, and by private gunsmiths.{{Cite web|title=NRA Museums|url=http://www.nramuseum.org/guns/the-galleries/road-to-american-liberty-1700-to-1780/case-4-shot-heard-round-the-world/tower-model-1760-flintlock-pistol.aspx|access-date=2021-01-26|website=www.nramuseum.org}} Britain's German allies produced similar pistols in .71 and .65 calibre,{{Cite book|last=Zabecki|first=David T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCWMBQAAQBAJ&q=prussian%20flintlock%20pistol&pg=PA646|title=Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History [4 volumes]: 400 Years of Military History|date=2014-10-28|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-981-3|language=en}} including the Prussian Potzdam horse pistols of 1733, 1774 and 1789.[https://collections.royalarmouries.org/object/rac-object-26603.html Royal armories collection]

British light cavalry such as the hussars fought as pistoliers during the Napoleonic Wars, being trained to draw and fire both pistols before closing in with the sabre.{{Cite book|last=James|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0pKAAAAYAAJ&q=horse%20pistol&pg=PP141|title=A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary: In French and English; in which are Explained the Principal Terms ... of All the Sciences that are ... Necessary for an Officer and Engineer|date=1810|publisher=T. Egerton|language=en}} Dragoons were issued with a pair, or brace, of pistols as secondary weapons to their carbines. Although designed for use by cavalry, horse pistols were also issued to mounted staff officers for personal defence, and it was a widespread if unauthorised practice for colour sergeants to carry a pistol in addition to the half-pike and spadroon. After the war, surplus horse pistols were issued to the coast guard, customs officers, and the Metropolitan mounted police.

Similar weapons, issued to the Royal Navy as the Sea Service pistol,{{Cite book|last1=Blake|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I59v6rkg8egC&q=sea%20service%20pistol&pg=PA143|title=The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy|last2=Lawrence|first2=Richard|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8117-3275-8|location=|pages=|language=en}} had brass rather than steel barrels to prevent corrosion, a belt hook, and a brass butt cap for close quarters fighting.{{Cite web|title=Sea Service Pistol - National Maritime Museum|url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/2439.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=collections.rmg.co.uk}} Blackbeard the pirate was infamous for carrying seven pistols of this type in a bandolier.

An improved variant of the regulation .71 Tower horse pistol, known as the Indian pattern, was manufactured in British India from 1787 to 1832,[https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/east-india-company-flintlock-pistol-in-15-bore-0-665%E2%80%9D/-QFEciAnQrx5Kw East India flintlock] for use by officers of the East India Trading Company and British Indian Cavalry.[https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/items/373562 Indian horse pistol] Indian or New Land Pattern pistols produced after 1802[https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1975-06-65-1 1802 India Pattern pistol] had captive ramrods, raised waterproof frizzens for use in India's monsoons, and an attachment on the buttcap for a lanyard.Antique guns to 1865, by Robert Wilkinson-Latham (1978). Page 201. These features would later be retro-fitted to the Tower Model 1835 and Model 1840 pistols.[http://www.gunhistoryindia.com/2009/04/guns-of-indian-mutinee-first-war-of.html Guns of Indian Mutiny]

Indian horse pistols in .65 and later .577 calibre were produced at British-controlled arsenals such as Lucknow from 1796[https://ageofrevolution.org/200-object/new-land-pattern-pistol/ Age of Revolution] to 1856,[https://books.google.com/books?id=n1ABAAAAQAAJ&dq=india%20pattern%20pistol&pg=PA42 Strength composure and organisation of British army] and were favoured by big game hunters before the invention of the double barreled howdah pistol. Additionally, many were exported to England and saw use during the later years of the Napoleonic Wars. During the Indian Mutiny, caplock conversions of the India pattern pistol with rifled barrels were used by British forces[https://books.google.com/books?id=9IADAAAAQAAJ&dq=india%20pattern%20pistol&pg=PA45 Strength composition and organization of the British army] and mutinous sepoys alike.

File:Two unidentified soldiers in Confederate uniforms, one with flintlock pistol LCCN2012646141.jpg soldier armed with Harpers Ferry pistol]]

The French army first issued horse pistols to their cavalry in 1733, with an improved model introduced in 1764. French horse pistols were used primarily by cuirassiers, and as a secondary weapon by lancers.[https://books.google.com/books?id=yavibfG7iuUC&dq=french+cavalry+pistol&pg=PA343 The armies of Europe] During the Napoleonic Wars, the most commonly issued pistols were the Pistolet Modele An. IX of 1798, and the Pistolet Modele An. XIII in service from 1806 to 1840.[http://armesfrancaises.free.fr/pist%20mle%20an%20XIII.html French Model An. XIII pistol] The latter was half-stocked, had a bird's head grip, and included an attachment for a lanyard. An improved model was introduced in 1822, and was converted to caplock ignition in 1842.[https://books.google.com/books?id=A-u208UrjWwC&dq=french+cavalry+pistol&pg=PA227 United Service Magazine] Copies of the French An. XIII pistol were manufactured in Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Prussia and were issued to the armies of those countries from the 1820s onwards.

During the Revolutionary War[https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_438574 Revolutionary wars pistol] the Americans manufactured copies of the British horse pistol, and its likely that the 1804–1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition procured horsemen's pistols of this type.[https://www.lewis-clark.org/article/2380 Lewis and Clark pistols] British and American horse pistols were also acquired by indigenous American warriors either from dead white men, or through trade.[https://books.google.com/books?id=puyYpoReH4YC&dq=horseman's%20pistol&pg=PA31 Into the unknown][https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ8AAAAAQAAJ&dq=horseman%27s+pistol&pg=PA38 John Tanner][https://truewestmagazine.com/weapons-of-the-indian-wars/ Indian Wars weapons]

The Americans manufactured their first standardised horse pistol at Harpers Ferry in 1805, copied from the French An. IX pattern.[https://books.google.com/books?id=AcXDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT75 Guns of the Old West] Improved models of the Harpers Ferry pistol were produced in 1806, 1807, 1812, 1818, and 1835.[https://books.google.com/books?id=BJRJZZIxrmkC&dq=horse%20pistol&pg=PA203 Military arms of the fur trade period] These were issued to the US Army during the War of 1812, Indian Wars and Mexican War,[https://books.google.com/books?id=5SuCDwAAQBAJ&dq=horseman%27s+pistol&pg=PT59 US martial pistols] and were used by gunfighters, fur trappers, and mountain men in the early days of the Old West, including Kit Carson.[https://books.google.com/books?id=BJRJZZIxrmkC&dq=horse+pistol&pg=PA88 Military arms of the fur trade period] The US Navy used similar pistols from 1813 until after the American Civil War, and the Confederate army issued large quantities of Harpers Ferry horse pistols.[https://books.google.com/books?id=XqREDwAAQBAJ&dq=horseman's%20pistol&pg=PA104 NRA Museum]

The hussars of the Tsarist army filled a similar role to their British counterparts, being trained to fight with sword and pistol. Before the standardised Model 1808 horse pistol in 7 Line (.71-inch) caliber was introduced, the Tsarist cavalry were equipped with a mixture of weapons in different calibers, some made before 1700.[http://russianrevolvers.com/rp1a.html Russian pistols] The Model 1808 pistol was full-stocked, with a brass barrel band, belt hook and the initials of Tsar Alexander I stamped on the buttplate. New pistols were manufactured at Tula, Izhevsk, Sestroretsk, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Kiev[http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/1812CARD.html Marks Russian military history] in 1818, 1824 and 1836, and most older weapons were converted to percussion from 1844 to 1848.[http://russianrevolvers.com/rp1b.html Russian revolvers] Many were painted black as thermal insulation from the Russian winter, and leather wrapped grips were not uncommon.[http://russianrevolvers.com/rp1c.html Russian revolvers][http://www.russianwarrior.com/STMMain.htm?1830_weapon.htm&1 Russian warrior]

Ukrainian Cossacks were equipped with their own distinctive horse pistol, featuring a miquelet lock imported from Spain or Italy, a stock carved from an elm root, a bulbous ivory or bone butt,[https://collections.royalarmouries.org/object/rac-object-1856.html Royal Armories collection] and niello silver decoration.[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/30511 Caucasian pistol] These were in use among the Cossacks, Chechens, Georgians, Abkhazians and other inhabitants of the Caucasus[https://books.google.com/books?id=epaMx7jSZjIC&dq=caucasian%20miquelet%20pistol&pg=PA199 Firearms of the Islamic world] from the Russo Turkish Wars of the 17th century until after the Crimean War.[http://www.forensicfashion.com/1845ChechenWarrior.html Chechen warrior][https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/24496 1846 Cossack pistol][http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/1297683 National Trust 1875 Cossack pistol]

Some Cossack tribes of the early 1800s scorned the pistol as the weapon of an inexperienced recruit or coward,[https://books.google.com/books?id=GbBbAAAAcAAJ&dq=cossack+pistol&pg=PA41 The Cossacks a memoir] but others celebrated the skilled pistoleers and assigned the best marksmen to elite companies of dismounted skirmishers. By the 1840s, it had become mandatory for every Ukrainian youth to be as competent in the use of the pistol and carbine as he was with the sabre, lance, wolf hunting, and horse-breaking.[https://books.google.com/books?id=dSsEAAAAQAAJ&dq=cossack%20pistol&pg=PA254 The Cossacks of the Ukraine] Unlike regular cavalry, Cossacks carried their pistols on the left side of their belt[https://books.google.com/books?id=IInfAAAAMAAJ&dq=cossack%20pistol&pg=PA665 Literary panorama] or around their neck rather than in a saddle holster so they would never be unarmed if attacked while away from their horses.[https://books.google.com/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC&dq=caucasian+miquelet+pistol&pg=PA503 Construction, decoration and use of arms and armour]

Horse-mounted pistoleers of a kind, made a brief comeback in North America during the American Civil War (particularly by the Confederate Army), as well as in the Indian Wars of the 1860s and 1870s.Time Life The Old West: The Soldiers (1973) This was a consequence of the adoption of the multi-shot Colt revolver, which gave horsemen greater range and firepower.

File:Pappenheim Curassiers.PNG|Cuirassiers of the early 1600s armed with flintlock horse pistols

File:Mounted horseman loading gun.jpg|Turkish empire pistolier from the early 19th century

File:Madras cavalry.jpg|Indian cavalry trooper armed with a sabre and two pistols

File:USCavalryFieldUniforms1876.gif|The US Cavalry of the American Civil War were equipped with a carbine for dismounted skirmishing and a pair of revolvers for use in the saddle.

File:Pistolet période révolutionnaire Ateliers Nationaux IMG 3200.jpg|French cavalry pistol from the early 19th century

File:Birmingham Borough Police flint action gun issued 1840.jpg|Birmingham mounted police pistol of 1840, based on the 1832 Indian Pattern

File:Miquelet Pistol MET DP158632.jpg|Cossack horse pistol with Italian miquelet lock

File:Пистолет драгунский образца 1798.jpg|Russian dragoon pistol model 1798

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Category:Cavalry