:Regina Elena-class battleship

Starting in 1899, Vittorio Cuniberti began design work on a warship armed with a uniform battery of twelve {{convert|8|in|adj=on|0}} guns, armored with {{convert|6|in|abbr=on}} thick belt armor, and capable of a top speed of {{convert|22|kn|lk=in}}, on a displacement of {{convert|8000|LT|MT|lk=on}}. This proved to be the genesis of Cuniberti's later designs, which culminated in the British all-big-gun {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}. When the 1899 design project was not accepted, Cuniberti turned his attention to a new design requirement for a {{convert|13000|LT|MT|adj=on|-1}} battleship faster than all British and French battleships and stronger than the armored cruisers fielded by both navies. This resulted in a modified version of his earlier design, what came to be the Regina Elena class. The first two vessels—{{ship|Italian battleship|Regina Elena||2}} and {{ship|Italian battleship|Vittorio Emanuele||2}}—were ordered for the 1901 fiscal year, and the final pair—{{ship|Italian battleship|Roma|1907|2}} and {{ship|Italian battleship|Napoli||2}}—were authorized the following year.{{sfn|Fraccaroli|pp=336, 344}}{{sfn|Hore|p=81}} Due to their high speed, they are sometimes referred to as "forerunner[s] of the battlecruiser."{{sfn|Marshall|p=228}}

File:Regina Elena class diagrams Brasseys 1912.jpg

The ships of the Regina Elena class were {{convert|132.6|m|sp=us}} long at the waterline and {{convert|144.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long overall. They had a beam of {{convert|22.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and a draft of {{convert|7.91|to|8.58|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. They displaced {{convert|12550|to|12658|LT}} at normal loading and up to {{convert|13771|to|13914|LT}} at full combat load. The ships had a crew of 742–764 officers and enlisted men. The ships were initially fitted with two masts, but after refits early in their careers, Regina Elena{{'}}s and Napoli{{'}}s foremasts were removed. The ships had a slightly inverted bow and a long forecastle deck that extended past the main mast.{{sfn|Fraccaroli|p=344}}

The battleships' propulsion system consisted of two vertical four-cylinder triple expansion engines that drove a pair of screw propellers. Steam for the engines was provided by twenty-eight coal-fired Belleville boilers in the first two ships, and twenty-eight Babcock & Wilcox boilers in the last two, split between three boiler rooms. The boilers were trunked into three tall funnels. The ships' propulsion system was rated at {{convert|19299|to|21968|ihp|lk=in}} and provided a top speed in excess of {{convert|20|kn}}; Napoli, the fastest member of the class, reached {{convert|22.15|kn}} on her speed trials. The ships had a range of approximately {{convert|10000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. At the time of their completion, they were the fastest battleships in the world, faster even than the steam turbine-powered HMS Dreadnought.{{sfn|Fraccaroli|p=344}}{{sfn|Alger|p=345}}

File:VittorioEmanuele002.jpg

The Regina Elenas were armed with a main battery of two Armstrong Whitworth 12 inch /40 naval gun 40-caliber guns placed in two single gun turrets, one forward and one aft. The turrets were placed well clear of the superstructure, giving them a wide arc of fire, close to 300 degrees of rotation. Electric power was used for training and elevation of the turrets and ammunition handling. The lighter main battery, compared to other pre-dreadnought type battleships that typically carried twice as many heavy guns, was criticized by some observers, but Dr. Philip Alger, writing in Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute noted that "it should be borne in mind that a pair of guns in a turret do not make twice as good shooting as a single gun," and that given the limited displacement of the design, it "was the wisest choice that could be made."{{sfn|Alger|p=344}} Fire control for the guns was provided by Barr and Stroud rangefinders mounted on the conning tower. The ammunition magazines were fitted with refrigeration systems to minimize the risk of accidental explosions.{{sfn|Alger|pp=345–346}}

The ships were also equipped with a secondary battery of twelve EOC 8 inch 45 caliber 45-cal. guns in six twin turrets amidships,{{sfn|Fraccaroli|p=344}} which also used electrical operation. The central turrets were placed a deck higher than the others to permit them firing directly ahead and astern.{{sfn|Alger|p=A344}} Close-range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a battery of sixteen QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun 40-cal. guns, though Roma and Napoli both had an additional eight guns of this caliber. All four ships were also equipped with two {{cvt|450|mm|1}} torpedo tubes placed in the hull below the waterline.{{sfn|Fraccaroli|p=344}}

The ships were protected with Krupp cemented steel manufactured in Terni. The main belt was {{cvt|250|mm|1}} thick amidships, reduced to {{cvt|152|mm|0}} abreast of the main battery turrets, and {{cvt|102|mm|0}} thick at the bow and stern. The deck was {{cvt|38|mm}} thick. The conning tower was protected by {{cvt|254|mm|0}} of armor plating. The main battery guns had 203 mm thick plating, and the secondary turrets had 152 mm thick sides.{{sfn|Fraccaroli|p=344}}{{sfn|Alger|p=345}}

File:Italian battleship Napoli.jpg

File:Italian battleship Roma (1907).jpg in 1918]]

The four ships of the Regina Elena class served in the active duty squadron after their commissioning through 1911 and participated in the peacetime routine of fleet training.{{sfn|Brassey|p=56}} On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire, starting the Italo-Turkish War. The four ships saw action during the war in the 1st Division of the 1st Squadron. They participated in the operations off North Africa in the first months of the war, including escorting the crossing of the Italian expeditionary army sent to conquer Cyrenaica. Later in the war, they took part in the seizure of Rhodes and the Dodecanese.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=6, 9, 27–29, 74–76}}

Italy initially remained neutral during World War I, but by 1915, had been convinced by the Triple Entente to enter the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Both the Italians and Austro-Hungarians adopted a cautious fleet policy in the confined waters of the Adriatic Sea, and so the four Regina Elena-class battleships did not see action.{{sfn|Halpern 1995|pp=140–142}} They spent the war rotating between the naval bases at Taranto, Brindisi, and Valona.{{sfn|Halpern 2004|p=20}} After the end of the war, the ships of the class were included amongst the battleships that Italy could keep in service (by the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty{{cite web|title=Conference on the Limitation of Armament |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pre-war/1922/nav_lim.html|website=ibiblio - The Public's Library and Digital Archive|access-date=19 June 2015}}), but they were retained only for a few years. Between February 1923 and September 1926, all four ships were stricken from the naval register and broken up for scrap.{{sfn|Fraccaroli|p=344}}

{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Alger

|first=Philip R.

|title=Professional Notes

|pages=333–379

|journal=Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute

|volume=34

|number=125

|location=Annapolis

|publisher=Naval Institute Press

}}

• {{Cite book

|last=Beehler

|first=William Henry

|title=The History of the Italian-Turkish War: September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

|year=1913

|location=Annapolis

|publisher=United States Naval Institute

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWcoAAAAYAAJ

|ref={{sfnref|Beehler}}

|oclc=1408563

}}

• {{cite journal

| last = Brassey

| first = Thomas A.

| title = Comparative Strength

| pages = 55–62

| year = 1911

| journal = The Naval Annual

| publisher = J. Griffin & Co.

| location = Portsmouth

|ref={{sfnref|Brassey}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Fraccaroli

| first=Aldo

| editor-last=Gardiner

| editor-first=Robert

| chapter=Italy

| pages=334–359

| title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905

| year=1979

| location=Annapolis

| publisher=Conway Maritime Press

| isbn=978-0-85177-133-5

| url-access = registration

| url = https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2

| ref = {{sfnref|Fraccaroli}}

}}

• {{Cite book

|last=Halpern

|first=Paul G.

|title=A Naval History of World War I

|year=1995

|location=Annapolis

|publisher=Naval Institute Press

|isbn=978-1-55750-352-7

|ref={{sfnref|Halpern 1995}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Halpern

|first=Paul G.

|title=The Battle of the Otranto Straights: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in World War I

|year=2004

|location=Bloomington

|publisher=Indiana University Press

|isbn=978-0-253-34379-6

|ref={{sfnref|Halpern 2004}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Hore

| first=Peter

| title=The Ironclads

| year=2006

| location=London

| publisher=Southwater Publishing

| isbn=978-1-84476-299-6

| url-access=registration

| url=https://archive.org/details/ironcladsillustr0000hore

|ref={{sfnref|Hore}}

}}

• {{cite book

|editor-last=Marshall

|editor-first=Chris

|title=The Encyclopedia of Ships: The History and Specifications of Over 1200 Ships

|year=1995

|publisher=Blitz Editions

|location=Enderby

|isbn=1-85605-288-5

|ref={{SfnRef|Marshall}}

}}

• {{cite book|last=Fraccaroli|first=Aldo |title=Italian Warships of World War I|location=London|publisher=Ian Allan|year=1970|isbn=978-0-7110-0105-3}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/mezzi/mezzi-storici/Pagine/PQRS/regina_elena.aspx Regina Elena] Marina Militare website

{{Portal bar|Italy|Engineering}}

{{Regina Elena class battleship}}

{{WWI Italian ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Regina Elena Class Battleship}}

Category:Battleship classes