:Romanichal

The word "Romanichal" is derived from Romani chal, where chal is Angloromani for "fellow".Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition 1989, "Romany³, n. and a."{{sfn|Borrow|2007|page=85}}

Nearly all Romanichal in Great Britain live in England, with smaller communities in South Wales, Northeast Wales, and the Scottish Borders.{{cite web |title=Gypsies and Traveller Policy in Wales |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/roma_uk_strategy_en.pdf |website=European Commission}}

The Romanichal diaspora emigrated from Great Britain to other parts of the English-speaking world.

In Great Britain, there is a sharp north–south divide among Romanichal. Southern Romanichal live in the Southeast, Southwest, Midlands, East Anglia, and South Wales; Northern Romanichal live in the Northwest, Yorkshire, Scottish Borders, and Northeast of Wales. The two groups' dialects differ in accent and vocabulary.{{cite web |title=Migrant Roma in the United Kingdom: population size and experiences of local authorities and partners |url=https://www.salford.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/1155666/Migrant_Roma_in_the_UK_final_report_October_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504200816/https://www.salford.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/1155666/Migrant_Roma_in_the_UK_final_report_October_2013.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2019 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=University of Salford}}

{{main|Angloromani language}}

The Romani people in England are thought to have spoken the Romani language until the 19th century, when it was largely replaced by English and Angloromani, a mixed language that combines the syntax and grammar of English with the Romani lexicon.{{cite web|url = http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/Research/Projects/romani/files/21_angloromani.shtml|author = University of Manchester Romani Project|title = The Anglo-Romani project|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://archive.today/20070218153756/http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/Research/Projects/romani/files/21_angloromani.shtml|archive-date = 18 February 2007}} Today, many Romanichal speak both English and Angloromani, with a small minority believed to speak the traditional Romani language.{{Cite web |title=Voices – Multilingual Nation – Romani |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/romani.shtml |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=BBC}}

There are two dialects of Angloromani: Southern Angloromani (spoken in the Southeast, Southwest, Midlands, East Anglia, and South Wales) and Northern Angloromani (spoken in the Northeast, Northwest, Yorkshire, Scottish Borders, and Northeast of Wales). These two dialects, along with the accents that accompany them, have led to two regional Romanichal identities forming, these being the Southern Romanichal identity and the Northern Romanichal identity.{{cite web|url=https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/ERR8_Brian_Foster_and_Peter_Norton.pdf|title=Educational Equality for Gypsy, Roma and Traveller Children and Young People in the UK|author1=Brian Foster|author2=Peter Norton|website=Equalrightstrust.org|access-date=10 May 2021}}

Many Angloromani words have been incorporated into English, particularly in the form of British slang.{{cite book|author=John Ayto|title=Movers and Shakers: A Chronology of Words that Shaped Our Age|url=https://archive.org/details/moversshakerschr0000ayto|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-861452-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/moversshakerschr0000ayto/page/232 232]}}

{{further|History of the Romani people}}

File:Movimiento gitano.jpg and Northern Africa to Europe]]

File:Gipsy Essex QE1 142.jpg

The Romani people have origins in South Asia, likely in the regions of present-day Punjab, Rajasthan, and Sindh.{{Cite journal |last1=Ena |first1=Giacomo Francesco |last2=Aizpurua-Iraola |first2=Julen |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Comas |first5=David |date=8 November 2022 |title=Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review |journal=Genes |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2068 |doi=10.3390/genes13112068 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9690732 |pmid=36360305 |quote=Based on genome-wide SNP arrays and whole-genome sequences, it has been determined that the Romani people carry approximately 20–35% South Asian ancestry [4,7], and North-West India constitutes the major source of this component [4,7,54]{{nbsp}}[...] In general, Romani people carry approximately 65–80% West Eurasian (European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian) ancestry, estimated to have been acquired by extensive gene flow. |doi-access=free}}{{Cite web |last=Hernández-Arrieta |first=Stefany |date=7 August 2023 |title=The definition of being Romani |url=https://ellipse.prbb.org/the-definition-of-being-romani/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) – El·lipse |quote=This population{{nbsp}}[...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago{{nbsp}}[...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.}}{{Cite news |last=Beňo |first=Matúš |date=5 November 2022 |title=Romani disappearing from Roma communities |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23061966/romani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=The Slovak Spectator |quote=What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.}} They are believed to have migrated westwards in waves beginning in the 5th century.{{Cite web |last=Popov |first=Shakir M. |date=2023 |editor-last=Marushiakova |editor-first=Elena |editor2-last=Popov |editor2-first=Vesselin |editor3-last=Kovacheva |editor3-first=Lilyana |title=History of the Gypsies in Bulgaria and Europe: Roma |url=https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/28142/Marushiakova_Popova_2023_Shakir_M_Pashov_History_CC.pdf;jsessionid=E5C04B2635D5C17D562DE4FD75B0E37D?sequence=1 |website=University of St. Andrews |pages=8–10}}{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |date=6 December 2012 |title=Origin of the Romani people pinned down – it's India |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna50107632 |website=NBC News}} Travelling through West Asia, they settled in Armenia and Turkey, before arriving in Europe via the Balkans in the 9th century.{{Cite web |title=Migration Overview |url=https://rroma.org/roma-history/migration-map/#:~:text=There%20was%20one%20and%20only,in%20their%20pre-Islamic%20forms. |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=rroma.org}}{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Introduction to Roma Culture |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM192.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027043640/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM192.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 October 2011 |website=USAID |page=6}}{{Cite web |title=Migrations of the Romani People |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=The National Geographic Society}} Due to conflicts in the Balkans, particularly the Ottoman conquest of southeastern Europe, they continued their migration farther north and west in the 15th century, arriving in England by the early 16th century.{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Becky |title=Romani gypsies in sixteenth-century Britain |url=https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/romani-gypsies-in-16th-century-britain |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=Our Migration Story}} There are also records of Romani people who migrated from Spain to Scotland before arriving in England in 1512.{{cite book|last1=Smart|first1=B C|last2=Crofton|first2=H T|title=The Dialect of the English Gypsies|url=https://archive.org/details/dialectenglishg01crofgoog|edition=2nd|year=1875|publisher=Asher & Company|location=Covent Garden}}

File:Romanichal family.jpg

File:Gypsy family with varda wagon on Epsom Downs 1938.JPG

During the reign of Henry VIII, the Egyptians Act 1530 banned Romani from entering the country and required those already living there to leave within sixteen days. Failure to do so could result in confiscation of property, imprisonment, and deportation. During the reign of Mary I, the Act was amended by the Egyptians Act 1554, which removed the threat of punishment if Romani people abandoned their "naughty, idle and ungodly life and company" and adopted a sedentary lifestyle, but increased the penalty for non-compliance to death.{{Cite web |title=Historical Laws affecting Gypsies and Travellers – Friends, Families and Travellers |url=https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/resource/historical-laws-affecting-travellers/#:~:text=The%20historical%20relationship%20between%20Gypsies,the%20country%20within%20sixteen%20days |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=gypsy-traveller.org| date=22 July 2016 }}

In 1562, a new law offered Romani born in England and Wales the possibility of becoming English subjects if they assimilated into the local population. Despite this new option, the Romani were forced into a marginal lifestyle and subjected to discrimination by the authorities and by many non-Romani. In 1596, 106 men and women were condemned to death at York for being Romani, and nine were executed.{{cite book|last=Timbers|first=Frances|title=The Damned Fraternitie: Constructing Gypsy Identity in Early Modern England, 1500–1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh4FDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT96|date=20 April 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-03651-7|page=96}} Samuel Rid wrote two books about them in the early 17th century.{{cite journal|journal=Notes and Queries|volume=Eleventh|issue=287|title=Gypsies in England|publisher=George Bell|date=28 April 1855|location=London|page=326}}

From the 1780s onwards, the anti-Romani laws were gradually repealed. The identity of the Romanichal was formed between 1660 and 1800, as a Romani group living in Britain.{{Cite web|title=Gypsy and Travellers in Britain – History Timeline {{!}} Romani Cultural & Arts Company|url=http://www.romaniarts.co.uk/gypsy-travellers-in-britain-history-timeline-2/|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810051352/http://www.romaniarts.co.uk/gypsy-travellers-in-britain-history-timeline-2/|url-status=dead}}

{{main|Anti-Romani sentiment}}

Hostility and discrimination against Romani people is still present in the UK.{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/no-blacks-no-dogsno-gypsies-860873.html|title="No Blacks, No Dogs, No Gypsies"|last=Shields|first=Rachel|date=6 July 2008|work=The Independent|location=London}}{{Cite web|title=Gypsy, Roma and Irish Traveller ethnicity summary |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/summaries/gypsy-roma-irish-traveller#:~:text=It%20noted%20that%20other%20sources,high%20as%20500%2C000%20(PDF) |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=27 June 2023}} In 2008, it was reported that the Romani experienced a higher degree of racism than any other group in the United Kingdom, including asylum-seekers, and a Mori poll indicated that a third of UK residents admitted to being prejudiced against Romani.

The authorities began to deport Romanichal, principally to Norway, as early as 1544.{{Cite book|title=Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture|last=Weyrauch|first=Walter Otto|year=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520924277|location=Berkeley|oclc=49851981}}{{Cite book|title=Slang och hemliga språk|last=Bergman|first=Nils Gösta|year=1964|publisher=Stockholm : Prisma|language=sv}} The process was continued and encouraged by Elizabeth I and James I.{{Cite book|title=Scottish Gypsies under the Stewarts|last=MacRitchie|first=David|year=1894|publisher=David Douglas|isbn=0766175839|location=Edinburgh|oclc=1083268040|hdl = 2027/mdp.39015027038119}}

The Finnish Kale, a Romani group in Finland, maintain that their ancestors were originally a Romani group who travelled from Scotland,{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmf|title=Romani, Kalo Finnish|website=Ethnologue}} supporting the idea that they and some of the Scandinavian Travellers/Romani are distantly related to Scottish Romani and English Romanichal.{{Cite book|title=The Gypsies|last=Fraser|first=Angus M|year=1995|publisher=Blackwell|others=Mazal Holocaust Collection.|isbn=0631196056|edition=2nd|location=Oxford, UK|pages=120|oclc=32128826}}{{cite book|author=Allan Etzler|title=Zigenarna och deras avkomlingar i Sverige: Historia och språk|year=1944|publisher=H. Geber}} cited in: Fraser (1995)

In the years following the American War of Independence, Australia was the preferred destination for penal transportation of Romanichal. The exact number of Romanichal deported to Australia is unknown. It has been suggested that three Romanichal were carried by the First Fleet, one of whom is thought to have been James Squire, who founded Australia's first commercial brewery in 1798, and whose grandson, James Farnell, became the first native-born premier of New South Wales in 1877. The total Romani population of Australia seems to have been extremely low, reflecting the fact that British Romani people probably made up just 0.01 per cent of the original convict population of 162,000. However, it has been suggested that Romanichal were discriminated against under the transportation laws and may well have been undercounted.{{Cite book|title=The Forgotten Australians: The Non Anglo or Celtic Convicts and Exiles|last=Donohoe|first=James Hugh|year=1991|publisher=J.H. Donohoe|isbn=0731651294|location=North Sydney|oclc=29430393}} Fragmentary records suggest that at least fifty British Romani may have been transported to Australia. It has been suggested that transportation was particularly harsh for Romanies:

For Romani convicts, transportation meant social and psychological death; exiled, they had little hope of returning to England to re-establish family ties, cultural roots, continuous expression, and validation that would have revived their Romani identity in the convict era.{{Cite book|title=Romani Culture and Gypsy Identity|last1=Acton|first1=Thomas Alan|last2=Mundy|first2=Gary|year=1997|publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press|isbn=0900458763|location=Hatfield, Hertfordshire|oclc=37396992}}

At least one Romani returned from Australia to England: Henry Lavello (or Lovell) was repatriated with a full pardon and was accompanied to England by a son born to an Aboriginal woman.

In the 17th century, Oliver Cromwell's government shipped Romanichals as indentured labourers to plantations in North America.{{Cite book|title=The Pariah Syndrome: An Account of Gypsy Slavery and Persecution|last=Hancock|first=Ian F|year=1988|publisher=Karoma Publishers|isbn=0897200799|edition=2nd rev.|location=Ann Arbor|oclc=16071858}} From a later period, there is documentation of English Romanichal being enslaved by freed blacks in Jamaica, Barbados, Cuba and Louisiana.{{Cite book|title=Domestic Annals of Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution.|last=Chambers|first=Robert|year=1858|publisher=W. & R. Chambers|volume=II|location=Edinburgh|hdl = 2027/mdp.39015011674614}}

File:Great Dorset Steam Fair 2007 - 1331363507.jpg

File:Music at Appleby Fair.jpg]]

Romanichal belong to the wider community of Romani people in the United Kingdom.{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=Frequently Asked Questions – Friends, Families and Travellers |url=https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/about-us/frequently-asked-questions/ |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=gypsy-traveller.org}}{{Cite web |last=England |first=Historic |date=16 July 2024 |title=A Brief Introduction to Romani Gypsy Heritage in England |url=https://heritagecalling.com/2024/07/16/a-brief-introduction-to-romani-gypsy-heritage-in-england/ |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=The Historic England Blog}} Important cultural celebrations include International Romani Day, commemorating the inaugural World Roma Congress, held in London in 1971.{{Cite web |title=World Roma Congress – About Us |url=https://worldromacongress.org/index.php/archive/about-us |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=worldromacongress.org}} Romanichal have a distinct ethnic and cultural identity apart from the non-Romani population, whom they refer to as Gorjas, or country people.{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Gypsy, Roma & Travellers in Cornwall 2023 Cultural Considerations |url=https://ehq-production-europe.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/67bf260e5bd537b7aedff1996396dd245cb30d83/original/1706094158/1d97bf6ceee0f6590fefd74897581f4f_GRT_Briefing_Note_7_Cultural_Considerations.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA4KKNQAKICO37GBEP%2F20240518%2Feu-west-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240518T114345Z&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=d6a7edea62f34802b098f1e09ff38fb79a6276e4a64845e1954e1a0aca5429a2 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Cornwall Council |pages=2–4}}{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Gypsies and Travellers: Frequently Asked Questions, Myths and the Facts |url=https://www.bristol.gov.uk/files/documents/3592-myth-busting-booklet-on-gypsies-and-travellers/file |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Bristol City Council |page=9}} Prominent features of Romanichal culture include emphasis on the importance of family and extended family, adherence to traditional gender roles, birth and death rituals, emphasis on hygiene and household cleanliness, respect towards their older generations (including by referring to older members of the community as 'aunts' and 'uncles', a common tradition in many Asian cultures), and a traditionally nomadic lifestyle (although the vast majority are now settled).{{Cite web |title=Information about Gypsies and Travellers |url=https://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/housing/gypsies-and-travellers/information-about-gypsies-and-travellers#:~:text=Whilst%20this%20is%20historically%20true,and%20heritage%20stays%20with%20them. |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Cheshire West and Chester Council}} Romanichal social customs have traditionally been influenced by the concept of marimé, or mochadi (ritual impurity).{{Cite web |last=Boswell |first=Lisa |date=12 July 2018 |title=Real Romany Gypsy Life, Beliefs and Customs |url=https://folklorethursday.com/folklife/real-gypsy-life-belief-and-customs/ |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=Folklore Thursday}}{{Cite web |last=Van Cleemput |first=Patrick |date=2007 |title=Gypsies and Travellers accessing primary health care |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3634/2/487635_vol1.pdf |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=White Rose University Consortium |page=79 |quote=Marime is the word for pollution and is an overarching term for important social rules concerning cleanliness and purity. See detailed descriptions in Sutherland and Okely and also a contemporary description of rules about Mochadi (the more usual term used among English Gypsies)}} The majority of Romanichal in the UK identify as Christian, and spirituality or religion typically play a significant role in their culture and celebrations.{{Cite web |date=17 January 2024 |title=Embracing Diversity: Understanding the Gypsy, Traveller and Roma Communities |url=https://www.london.anglican.org/articles/embracing-diversity-understanding-the-gypsy-traveller-and-roma-communities/ |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=Diocese of London}}{{Cite book |last=Horne |first=Steven |title=Gypsies and Jesus: a traveller theology |date=2022 |publisher=Darton, Longman & Todd |isbn=978-1-913657-94-9 |location=London}}

Historically, Romanichal earned a living doing agricultural work and would move to the edges of towns for the winter months. There was casual work available on farms throughout the spring, summer, and autumn months. Spring would start with seed sowing and planting potatoes and fruit trees, early summer with weeding, and summer to late autumn with the harvesting of crops. Of particular significance was the hop industry, which employed thousands of Romanichal both in spring for vine training and for the harvest in early autumn. Winter months were often spent doing casual labour in towns or selling goods or services door to door.{{Cite web|url=http://weareallrelated.info/Mike%27s%20Maternal%20Ancestors/b10890.htm|title=Twelfth Generation|website=weareallrelated.info|access-date=9 August 2019}} Traditional economic activities included gardening,{{Cite web |title=The Stopping Place: Traditions |url=https://thestoppingplace.eastsussex.gov.uk/professionals/traditions |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=East Sussex County Council}} fortune-telling, hawking, and collecting scrap.{{cite web|url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/social-policy/iris/2014/Experts-by-Experience--JRTF-Report-Oct-2014.pdf|title=Gypsy, Traveller and Roma: Experts by Experience|website=Birmingham.ac.uk|access-date=10 May 2021}} Mass industrialisation of agriculture in the 1960s led to the disappearance of many of the casual farm jobs Romanichal had traditionally carried out.{{cite web |author=BBC Kent Romany Roots |date=28 October 2014 |title=Romany History |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/kent/romany_roots/history/index.shtml |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=bbc.co.uk}} Today, Romanichal operate a variety of businesses and are employed in different professions,{{Cite web |last=Quarmby |first=Katharine |date=22 August 2013 |title=Meet the Gypsy entrepreneurs |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/meet-the-gypsy-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=The Spectator}} although many continue to face barriers to education and employment.{{Cite web |title=Gypsies' and Travellers' lived experiences, education and employment, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/educationandchildcare/bulletins/gypsiesandtravellerslivedexperienceseducationandemploymentenglandandwales/2022 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=ons.gov.uk}} They have also produced notable athletes, including boxers such as Henry Wharton and Billy Joe Saunders, as well as footballers like Freddy Eastwood.

Didicoy (Angloromani; didikai, also diddicoy, diddykai) is a term sometimes used to refer to a person of mixed Romani and Gorger (non-Romanichal) blood but is generally considered offensive.{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Contemporary Slang: Didicoi |url=https://thorne_slang.en-academic.com/1808/didicoi_%28diddicoy%2C_diddyguy%2C_did%29 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias}}{{Cite web |title=Didicoi |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/didicoi_n?tl=true |website=Oxford English Dictionary}}

{{main|Vardo (Romani wagon)}}

{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2021}}

File:Romanichal Vardo.jpg

Originally, Romanichal would travel on foot or with light, horse-drawn carts, and would build bender tents where they settled for a time, as is typical of other Romani groups. A bender is a type of tent constructed from a frame of bent hazel branches (hazel is chosen for its straightness and flexibility), covered with canvas or tarpaulin.

Around the mid- to late-19th century, the Romanichal began using wagons that incorporated living spaces on the inside. These they called "vardos" and were often brightly and colorfully decorated on the inside and outside. In the present day, Romanichal are more likely to live in houses or caravans.

The vast majority (90%) of 21st-century Romanichal families live in houses of bricks and mortar, whilst a minority still live in mobile homes such as caravans, static caravans, or trailers (with a small fraction still living in vardos).

According to the Regional Spatial Strategy caravan count for 2008, there were 13,386 caravans owned by Romani in the West Midlands region of England, whilst a further 16,000 lived in bricks and mortar. Of the 13,386 caravans, 1,300 were parked on unauthorised sites (that is, on land where Romani were not given permission to park). Over 90% of Britain's travelling Romanichal live on authorised sites, where they pay full rates (council tax).{{cite web |url=http://www.irishtraveller.org.uk/images/providing_traveller_sites.pdf |title=Providing Gypsy and Traveller Sites: Contentious Spaces |access-date=22 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118212743/http://www.irishtraveller.org.uk/images/providing_traveller_sites.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012}}

File:Romanichal wash day.jpg

On most Romanichal traveller sites, there are usually no toilets or showers inside caravans because in Romanichal culture, this is considered unclean, or mochadi. Most sites have separate utility blocks with toilets, sinks, and electric showers. Many Romanichal will not do their laundry inside, especially not underwear, and subsequently many utility blocks also have washing machines. In the days of horse-drawn wagons and vardos, Romanichal women would do their laundry in a river, being careful to wash upper-body garments further upstream from underwear and lower-body garments, and personal bathing would take place much further downstream. In some modern trailers, a double wall separates the living areas from the toilet and shower.{{cite book |author1=Thomas Alan Acton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6HFPgAACAAJ |title=Romanichal Gypsies |author2=David Gallant |publisher=Wayland |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7502-5578-3}}

Due to the Caravan Sites Act 1968, which greatly reduced the number of caravans allowed to be pitched on authorised sites, many Romanichals cannot find legal places on sites with the rest of their families.{{Cite web|title=Historical Laws affecting Gypsies and Travellers|url=https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/resource/historical-laws-affecting-travellers/|access-date=21 August 2020|website=Friends, Families and Travellers|date=22 July 2016 }}

Today, most Romanichal travel within the same areas that were established generations ago. Most people can trace back their presence in an area over a hundred or two hundred years. Many traditional stopping places were taken over by local governments or by settled individuals decades ago and have subsequently changed hands numerous times. However, Romanichal travellers have long historical connections to such places and do not always willingly give them up. Most families are identifiable by their traditional wintering base, where they will stop travelling for the winter, and this place will be technically where a family is "from".[https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/a_fft_grthm_2022_councils_brochure_digital/ Participation pack for local authorities]{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/business-community/gypsies-and-travellers/gypsies-and-travellers|title=Gypsies and Travellers|website=Nottinghamshire County Council|accessdate=18 February 2024}}{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2021/12/07/ground-beneath-our-feet-roma-community|title=The ground beneath our feet|date=8 February 2022|website= New Internationalist|accessdate=18 February 2024}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.romaniarts.co.uk/gypsy-travellers-in-britain-history-timeline-2/|title=Gypsy & Travellers in Britain – History timeline|access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810051352/http://www.romaniarts.co.uk/gypsy-travellers-in-britain-history-timeline-2/|url-status=dead}}

• Romani studies
• Gordon Boswell Romany Museum
• Jumping the broom (Romani people)
• List of Romanichals
• List of Romanichal-related depictions and documentaries
• Gypsy Cob
• Gypsy Lore Society
• Welsh Romani language
• Angloromani language
• Romani language

Groups:

• Romani people
• Romani people in the United Kingdom
• Kale
• Kaale
• Romanisael
• Scottish Romani and Traveller groups
• Irish Travellers

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|last=Borrow|first=George Henry|title=Romano Lavo-Lil|year=2007|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=978-1434679260}}
• {{Cite book |last=Marinov |first=Aleksandar G. |title=Inward looking: the impact of migration on romanipe from the Romani perspective |date=2020 |publisher=Berghahn |isbn=978-1-78920-362-2 |series=Romani studies |location=New York Oxford}}
• {{Cite book |last=Silverman |first=Carol |title=Romani routes: cultural politics and Balkan music in diaspora / Carol Silverman |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530094-9 |location=New York}}
• {{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance |date=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8}}

• [http://smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/gyp/nichel.html 'Gypsies' in the United States]
• [http://www.valleystream.co.uk/romhome.htm Romani Cymru Project (Wales UK) - An archival Initiative of Sipsi Cymreig, Welsh Gypsies]
• {{cite web

|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/paul-wenham-clarke-urban-gypsies-photography-book/index.html

|title=The private world of London's Traveler community

|first=Rachel Segal

|last=Hamilton

|publisher=CNN

|date=8 July 2019}}

• [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/37791414-romanichal-gypsies Romanichal Gypsies (Threatened Cultures) by Thomas Acton]
• [https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/romani-gypsies-in-16th-century-britain Romani Gypsies in sixteenth-century Britain]
• [https://www.romaniarts.co.uk/about-us/ Romani Cultural & Arts Company] website

{{Romani diaspora}}

{{EuropeansinUK}}

{{AsiansinUK}}

Category:Romani groups