Login
Login

:SS Ironsides

{{Short description|Wooden-hulled American package freighter on Great Lakes service}}

{{Distinguish|SB Ironsides}}

{{Other uses|Ironside (disambiguation){{!}}Ironsides}}

{{Good article}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}

{{ Infobox ship begin}}

{{ Infobox ship image

| Ship image = Ironsides.jpg

| Ship caption = Ironsides while she was owned by the Englemann Transportation Company

}}

{{ Infobox ship career

| Ship header =

| Ship name = Ironsides

| Ship namesake =

| Ship country = United States

| Ship flag = 60px

| Ship owner = * John E. Turner (1864–1867)

  • Dwight Scott (1867–1869)
  • Thomas A. Howe (April 30, 1869 – May 10, 1869)
  • Nathan Englemann (May 10, 1869–1873)

| Ship operator = * Cleveland & Lake Superior Line (1864–1867)

  • Englemann Transportation Company (1871–1873)

| Ship ordered =

| Ship registry = * Cleveland, Ohio, United States

| Ship builder = Ira Lafrinier or Quayle & Martin of Cleveland, Ohio

| Ship yard number =

| Ship laid down =

| Ship launched = July 23, 1864

| Ship identification = US official number 12091

| Ship acquired =

| Ship in service = 1864

| Ship out of service = September 15, 1873

| Ship fate = Sank in a storm on Lake Michigan

{{coord|43|2|53.88|N|86|19|8.76|W|type:landmark|display=title,inline}}

| Ship notes = }}

{{ Infobox ship characteristics

| Ship header =

| Header caption =

| Ship class = Package freighter

| Ship tonnage = * {{GRT|973|1}}

| Ship length = * {{convert|231|ft|m|1}} LOA

  • {{convert|218.66|ft|m|1}} LBP

| Ship beam = * {{convert|30.75|ft|m|1}}

  • {{convert|38|ft|m|1}} (with overhanging guards)

| Ship depth = {{convert|12.75|ft|m|1}}

| Ship draught =

| Ship power = * Engine:

| Ship propulsion = * 2 × {{convert|9|ft|m|1}} 4–bladed fixed pitch propellers

| Ship speed =

| Ship capacity =

| Ship crew =

| Ship notes =

}}

SS Ironsides was a wooden-hulled American package freighter in service between 1864 and 1873. She was built in 1864 in Cleveland, Ohio, by either Ira Lafrinier or Quayle & Martin. She was built for John E. Turner, also of Cleveland, and operated as part of the Cleveland & Lake Superior Line. She had an identical sister ship named Lac La Belle. Ironsides operated between Cleveland and Lake Superior for a number of years, and was sold several times. In 1869, she was sold to Nathan Englemann of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and operated between Milwaukee and Grand Haven, Michigan. In 1871, she became part of the Englemann Transportation Company.

On the night of September 14, 1873, Ironsides left Milwaukee for Grand Haven with 13,000 bushels of wheat, 500 barrels of flour, 125 barrels of pork, general merchandise, 19 passengers and about 30 crewmen on board. Later that evening, the light breeze that had been blowing became a powerful gale. At 4:00{{nbsp}}a.m. the next day, Ironsides began to take on water quickly. After failing to navigate Ironsides into Grand Haven harbour twice, Captain Harry Sweetman decided instead to anchor, and ride out the storm offshore. Later that morning, the water extinguished the fire in Ironsides{{'}} boilers. By 11:00{{nbsp}}a.m., all people onboard had escaped in five lifeboats. Ironsides sank at 12:10{{nbsp}}p.m. Three of the five lifeboats capsized, killing roughly 18 to 28 people.

In 1878, pieces of Ironsides{{'}} wreck were brought up by fishermen in their nets. In 1887, the Englemann Transportation Company claimed they would raise Ironsides{{'}} wreck, however, the salvage never occurred. The wreck was discovered in about 1966 by shipwreck hunter Gene Turner. The wreck lies partially collapsed in between {{convert|109|ft|m|1}} and {{convert|122|ft|m|1}} of water.

History

=Design and construction=

Ironsides (US official number 12091) was built in 1864 in Cleveland, Ohio. Sources conflict on who built her; she was built by either Ira Lafrinnier or Quayle & Martin.{{sfnp|Swayze|2001}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2021}}{{sfnp|Johnston|1957|p=11}} She had an identical sister ship named Lac La Belle, built by Lafrinnier.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}} Her name stemmed from the metal plating her hull was sheathed in.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}} Her hull contained two watertight bulkheads, and was stiffened with two "hogging arches" which were reinforced with iron.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Detroit Free Press|1864}}{{sfnp|Michigan Underwater Preserves|2021}} Ironsides had 44 state rooms, which were furnished with chandeliers, damask curtains and colourful carpets.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Detroit Free Press|1864}}{{sfnp|Michigan Underwater Preserves|2021}}

Ironsides{{'}} hull had an overall length {{convert|231|ft|m|1}} and a length between perpendiculars of {{convert|218.66|ft|m|1}} (some source states {{convert|218.8|ft|m|1}} or {{convert|219|ft|m|1}}).{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2021}}{{sfnp|Johnston|1957|p=11}}{{sfnp|Stanton|1895}} Her beam was {{convert|30.75|ft|m|1}} (some sources state {{convert|30.7|ft|m|1}} or {{convert|31|ft|m|1}}) wide.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2021}}{{sfnp|Stanton|1895}} At her main deck, Ironsides had overhanging hull guards, which brought her over all beam to {{convert|38|ft|m|1}}.{{sfnp|Johnston|1957|p=11}}{{sfnp|Stanton|1895}} Ironsides{{'}} hull was {{convert|12.75|ft|m|1}} (some sources state {{convert|12.9|ft|m|1}} or {{convert|14|ft|m|1}}) deep.{{sfnp|Swayze|2001}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2021}}{{sfnp|Stanton|1895}} She had a gross tonnage of 973 tons.{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2021}}{{sfnp|Berry|2021}}

She was powered by two dual-cylinder {{convert|1284|hp|lk=on|abbr=on}} low pressure direct acting engines, designed by J.F. Holloway, and nicknamed "Jack and Jill" by Ironsides{{'}} crew.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Detroit Free Press|1864}}{{sfnp|Berry|2021}} The cylinders of the engine were {{convert|34|in|cm|1}} in diameter, and had a stroke of {{convert|42|in|cm}}.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}} Steam for the engine was provided by two {{convert|21|ft|m|1}} long and {{convert|10|ft|m|1}} wide firebox boilers with 378 return tubes.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Detroit Free Press|1864}} Ironsides{{'}} engine and boilers were both built by the Cuyahoga Iron Works of Cleveland. She was propelled by two four-bladed fixed-pitch propellers, {{convert|9|ft|m|1}} in diameter.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Detroit Free Press|1864}}

=Service history=

File:Ironsides (2).jpg]]

Ironsides was launched at 4:00{{nbsp}}p.m. on July 23, 1864.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Berry|2021}}{{sfnp|Kohl|2005|p=300}} Commissioned by John E. Turner of Cleveland, she operated as part of the Cleveland & Lake Superior Line between Cleveland, Detroit, Michigan, Mackinac Island and several Lake Superior ports.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Stanton|1895}}{{sfnp|Berry|2021}} On September 16, Ironsides was enrolled in Cleveland, which was also her home port.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2021}}{{sfnp|Berry|2021}} Later in her career, her home port was changed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1)|1873}} Throughout her career, Ironsides was involved in multiple accidents and incidents.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}

During the American Civil War, Ironsides hauled iron ore from Lake Superior.{{sfnp|Michigan Underwater Preserves|2021}} After the old measurement system was abolished, Ironsides was remeasured in Cleveland on September 20, 1865; under the new system, Ironsides had a gross tonnage of 1123.75 tons.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2021}}{{sfnp|Berry|2021}} While in Detroit in June 1865, Ironsides was slightly damaged by a fire in her cargo hold.{{sfnp|Detroit Free Press|1865}} On April 25, 1867, Ironsides was sold to Dwight Scott of Cleveland.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}} She was sold to Thomas A. Howe of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on April 30, 1869; on May 10, that same year, Ironsides was sold to Nathan Englemann of Milwaukee, and travelled between Milwaukee and Grand Haven, Michigan.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Berry|2021}}

Ironsides had three accidents in 1869. While loaded with corn and 15,000 bushels of wheat, one of Ironsides{{'}} crankpins broke while travelling off Point Betsie in May 1869.{{sfnp|The Cleveland Leader|1869}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1)|1869}} Propelled by only one engine, Ironsides made it to Detroit on May 21, and was repaired in Buffalo, New York.{{sfnp|The Cleveland Leader|1869}} In August, she collided with a dredge in either Milwaukee, or Racine, Wisconsin.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1869}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (3)|1869}} In October, she collided with the revenue cutter Andrew Johnson in Milwaukee.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (4)|1869}}

On May 30, 1871, Ironsides became part of the Englemann Transportation Company of Milwaukee, and operated in conjunction with the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railway.{{sfnp|Swayze|2001}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}} On October 15, that same year, Ironsides was damaged in a collision with an unknown propeller-driven steamship in Saginaw Bay.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}} A month later, one of her propellers broke as she was travelling across Lake Michigan. She was laid up for two weeks while the repairs to her propeller and boiler were made.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1871}} On October 14, 1872, Ironsides{{'}} sister ship, Lac La Belle sank in a storm off Racine, Wisconsin.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}} Ironsides collided with the schooner Floretta on December 5, 1872.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}} She was repaired at the Wolf & Davidson shipyard in Milwaukee, in March 1873. The repairs cost $10,000 (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|10000|1873|r=-3}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP|name-list-style=amp}}).{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library|2021}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1)|1873}}

=Final voyage=

File:Ironsides sinking.jpg

At 9:30, 9:40 or 9:45{{nbsp}}p.m. on September 14, 1873, Ironsides left Milwaukee for Grand Haven under the command of Captain Harry Sweetman, with 13,000 bushels of wheat, 500 barrels of flour, 125 barrels of pork, general merchandise, 19 passengers and about 30 crewmen on board.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Daily News|1873}} Throughout the night, the light southwest breeze that had been blowing when she left port became a powerful gale.{{sfnp|Johnston|1957|p=11}}{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Daily News|1873}} By 4:00{{nbsp}}a.m. on September 15, Ironsides{{'}} starboard midships gangways had been smashed in by the waves, causing her to take on water fast.{{sfnp|Kohl|2005|p=300}}

Captain Sweetman tried to guide her into Grand Haven harbour, but the bad weather pushed Ironsides off course, forcing him to turn back and try again.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Donahue|2021}} After failing to guide her into the harbour a second time, Captain Sweetman decided to ride out the storm while anchored offshore. At the time, it was reported that Ironsides "narrowly missed going on the beach".{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Donahue|2021}}

By 9:00 or 9:30{{nbsp}}a.m., Ironsides began to sink; the rising water in her engine room extinguished the fire in her boilers, and her signal of distress was hoisted.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Daily News|1873}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1873}}{{sfnp|Kohl|2005|pp=300–301}} As Ironsides{{'}} crew were unable to pump her free of water, Captain Sweetman gave the order to abandon ship.{{sfnp|Kohl|2005|p=301}} The passengers and crew were ready to leave Ironsides 10:30{{nbsp}}a.m.; the first lifeboat was launched at 11:20{{nbsp}}a.m., and the last was launched at 11:50{{nbsp}}a.m. She sank at 12:10{{nbsp}}p.m.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1873}} It was reported that she "settled down stern first, her bow remaining in sight a full minute".{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Donahue|2021}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1873}} Out of the five lifeboats, three of them capsized before they reached land.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1873}} Between 18 and 28 people died.{{sfnp|Swayze|2001}}

In 1878, pieces of Ironsides{{'}} wreck were brought up by fishermen in their nets. In 1887, the Englemann Transportation Company claimed they would raise Ironsides{{'}} wreck, however, the salvage never occurred.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}

''Ironsides'' wreck

The wreck of Ironsides was discovered in about 1966 by Illinois shipwreck hunter Gene Turner.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Kohl|2005|p=284}} Resting {{convert|4|mi|km|1}} west-southwest of the Grand Haven harbour entrance, the stern of her wreck rests in {{convert|109|ft|m|1}} of water, while the bow lies slightly deeper at {{convert|122|ft|m|1}}.{{sfnp|Kohl|2005|p=301}} The hull is split open at the bow. Although both of the "hogging arches" have fallen inward, they remain intact.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}} Ironsides{{'}} engines, boilers, propellers and rudder remain in place.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Kohl|2005|p=301}} Investigation of her wreck revealed evidence that Ironsides did run aground on the beach, likely sustaining damage to the bottom of her hull.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Donahue|2021}} Six of her eight propeller blades are missing, indicating that they were turning at a high speed when they were damaged.{{sfnp|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association|2013}}{{sfnp|Donahue|2021}} The wreck is considered an advanced dive due to the depth.{{cite web |title=Great Lake Shipwreck Dives |url=https://www.sassdive.com/great-lakes-1-day-charters.html |website=www.sassdive.com |publisher=Sub-Aquatic Sports & Service Ltd. |access-date=3 September 2021}}

References

{{reflist|30em}}

Sources

{{Refbegin|30em}}

  • {{cite web |author = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library |year = 2021 |title = Ironsides (1864, Propeller) |url = https://greatlakeships.org/2899395/data?n=2 |access-date = |publisher = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library |location = Alpena, Michigan }}
  • {{cite web |last = Berry |first = Sterling |year = 2021 |title = Ironsides |url = https://www.greatlakesvesselhistory.com/histories-by-name/i/ironsides |access-date = August 13, 2021 |publisher = Great Lakes Vessel Histories |location = Detroit, Michigan }}
  • {{cite web |author = Bowling Green State University |year = 2021 |title = Ironsides |url = https://greatlakes.bgsu.edu/item/435939 |access-date = August 13, 2021 |publisher = Bowling Green State University |location = Bowling Green, Ohio }}
  • {{cite web |author = Daily News |year = 1873 |title = Daily News (Kingston, ON), Sept. 18, 1873 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/20527/data?n=21 |access-date = August 14, 2021 |publisher = Daily News |location = Kingston, Ontario }}
  • {{cite web |author = Detroit Free Press |year = 1864 |title = The New Steamer Ironsides |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/3602/data?n=8 |access-date = August 14, 2021 |publisher = Detroit Free Press |location = Detroit, Michigan }}
  • {{cite web |author = Detroit Free Press |year = 1865 |title = Marine Disasters for 1865 – Full Particulars of the Disasters for Each Month of the Year – An Unusually Large Record |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/3159/data?n=9 |access-date = August 14, 2021 |publisher = Detroit Free Press |location = Detroit, Michigan }}
  • {{cite web |last = Donahue |first = James L. |year = 2021 |title = Ironsides Couldn’t Get Out Of The Storm |url = https://perdurabo10.tripod.com/ships/id55.html |access-date = August 13, 2021 |publisher = James L. Donahue |location = United States }}
  • {{cite book |last = Harrington |first = Steve |year = 1998 |title = Divers Guide to Michigan |url = https://archive.org/details/diversguidetomic0000harr/page/25/mode/1up?q=ironsides |access-date = August 13, 2021 |publisher = Maritime Press & Great Lakes Diving Council, Inc. |location = St. Ignace, Michigan |isbn = 0-9624629-8-5 }}
  • {{cite web |last = Johnston |first = J. E. |year = 1957 |title = Telescope: Volume 6. – Number 4. (April 1957) |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/images/MHGL0001218891T.PDF |access-date = February 21, 2021 |publisher = Great Lakes Model Shipbuilders' Guild |location = Detroit, Michigan }}
  • {{cite book |last = Kohl |first = Cris |year = 2005 |title = The 100 Best Great Lakes Shipwrecks – Volume II. |url = https://archive.org/details/100bestgreatlake0000kohl/page/300/mode/1up?q=ironsides |access-date = August 13, 2021 |publisher = Seawolf Communications |location = West Chicago, Illinois |isbn = 978-0-9679-9766-7 }}
  • {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1) |year = 1869 |title = Ironsides (Propeller), U12091, broke machinery, 1 May 1869 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/44735/data?n=3 |access-date = August 14, 2021 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
  • {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2) |year = 1869 |title = Ironsides (Propeller), U12091, collision, 1 Aug 1869 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/45298/data?n=6 |access-date = August 14, 2021 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
  • {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (3) |year = 1869 |title = Ironsides (Propeller), U12091, collision, 1 Aug 1869 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/45356/data?n=5 |access-date = August 14, 2021 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
  • {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (4) |year = 1869 |title = Ironsides (Propeller), U12091, collision, 1 Oct 1869 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/45718/data?n=7 |access-date = August 14, 2021 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
  • {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |year = 1871 |title = Ironsides (Propeller), U12091, broke wheel, 1 Nov 1871 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/44239/data?n=8 |access-date = August 14, 2021 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
  • {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1) |year = 1873 |title = Ironsides (Propeller), U12091, 1 Mar 1873 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/32677/data?n=9 |access-date = August 14, 2021 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
  • {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2) |year = 1873 |title = Ironsides (Propeller), U12091, sunk, 15 Sep 1873 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/52839/data?n=10 |access-date = August 14, 2021 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
  • {{cite web |author = Michigan Shipwreck Research Association |year = 2013 |title = Ironsides |url = https://www.michiganshipwrecks.org/shipwrecks-2/shipwreck-categories/shipwrecks-found/ironsides |access-date = August 13, 2021 |publisher = Michigan Shipwreck Research Association |location = Holland, Michigan }}
  • {{cite web |author = Michigan Underwater Preserves |year = 2021 |title = West Michigan Underwater Preserve |url = http://www.michiganpreserves.org/westmichigan.htm |access-date = August 18, 2021 |publisher = J.R. Underhill Communications |location = Kalamazoo, Michigan }}
  • {{cite web |last = Stanton |first = Samuel Ward |year = 1895 |title = Ironsides |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/819/data?n=2 |access-date = August 13, 2021 |publisher = Smith & Stanton |location = New York City }}
  • {{cite web |last = Swayze |first = David |year = 2001 |title = Great Lakes Shipwrecks – I |url = http://www.boatnerd.com/swayze/shipwreck/i.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020615033556/http://www.boatnerd.com/swayze/shipwreck/i.htm |access-date = August 13, 2021 |archive-date = June 15, 2002 |publisher = Boatnerd |location = Port Huron, Michigan }}
  • {{cite web |author = The Cleveland Leader |year = 1869 |title = A Steamer Disabled |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/113202/data?n=4 |access-date = August 22, 2021 |publisher = The Cleveland Leader |location = Cleveland, Ohio }}

{{refend}}

{{1865 shipwrecks}}

{{1869 shipwrecks}}

{{1871 shipwrecks}}

{{1873 shipwrecks}}

{{Recreational dive sites|wresit}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ironsides}}

Category:1864 ships

Category:Great Lakes freighters

Category:Ships built in Cleveland

Category:Maritime incidents in June 1865

Category:Maritime incidents in May 1869

Category:Maritime incidents in August 1869

Category:Maritime incidents in October 1869

Category:Maritime incidents in November 1871

Category:Maritime incidents in September 1873

Category:Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan

Category:Shipwrecks of the Michigan coast

Category:1966 archaeological discoveries

Category:Wreck diving sites in the United States

Category:Package freighters

Category:Ships sunk in storms