:Sekijin sekiba
{{Short description|Type of Japanese archaeological artefact}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
File:岩戸山古墳出土 石人 (J-831).JPG) from Iwatoyama Kofun, Fukuoka Prefecture (Tokyo National Museum){{cite web |url=https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/detail?content_base_id=100566 |script-title=ja:石人 |trans-title=Stone figure |language=ja, en |publisher=National Institutes for Cultural Heritage |access-date=6 March 2025}}]]
{{nihongo||石人石馬|Sekijin sekiba|lead=yes}} is the inclusive term for sculptures in stone from the ancient burial mounds of Kofun-period Japan. It includes not only the stone figures of humans and horses denoted by the kanji, but also depictions of other animals and objects. For this reason, these sculptures are sometimes referred to alternatively as {{nihongo||石製表飾|sekisei hyōshoku}}.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://miyazaki-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2228 |script-title=ja:石人・石馬: 里帰り展 |trans-title=Sekijin Sekiba: Homecoming Exhibition |script-chapter=ja:筑紫の石製表飾(石人石馬)と古墳文化 |trans-chapter=Stone Embellishments (Sekijin Sekiba) of Tsukushi and Kofun Culture |author-last=Yanagisawa |author-first=Kazuo |publisher=Iwatoyama History Museum |year=1994 |pages=63–71}}
Overview
{{tlit|ja|Sekijin sekiba}} are found mainly in northern and central Kyūshū (Chikugo, Higo, and Bungo{{cite web |url=https://www.city.yame.fukuoka.jp/soshiki/17/1/2/iwatoyamakouhouyame/1504594652623.html |script-title=ja:岩戸山古墳の石製表飾“石人・石馬” |trans-title=Sekijin sekiba from Iwatoyama Kofun |language=ja |publisher=Yame City |access-date=7 March 2025}}) and date from the mid- to late-Kofun period (C5–C6).{{rp|63}}{{cite web |url=https://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/kiji0031532/index.html |script-title=ja:西原古墳出土石製表飾遺物 |trans-title=Stone Embellishments Excavated from Nishihara Kofun |language=ja |publisher=Saga Prefecture |access-date=6 March 2025 |date=25 April 2023 }} Ranging in height from around {{convert|2|m}} to {{convert|30|cm}},{{rp|63}} they are understood to have been erected in front of the stone coffin or on top of {{tlit|ja|kofun}} together with or in place of clay {{tlit|ja|haniwa}}. These may have influenced their development—as did, in all likelihood, the statues lining the spirit paths of tombs in China.{{cite book |title=Early Japanese Art: The Great Tombs and Treasures |author-last=Kidder |first=J. Edward Jr. |author-link=J. Edward Kidder, Jr. |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1964 |pages=82,92–94,194–195}} More than a hundred are known from Iwatoyama Kofun in Yame, Fukuoka Prefecture, and sixteen from Hime-no-jō Kofun in Kumamoto Prefecture;{{cite web |url=https://www.city.yame.fukuoka.jp/iwatoyama/iwaiwoshiru/11763.html |script-title=ja:4.岩戸山古墳が世界最多！「石人・石馬（石製表飾）」|trans-title=4. Iwatoyama Kofun, the most in the world! "Sekijin sekiba (sekisei hyōshoku)" |language=ja |publisher=Yame City |access-date=6 March 2025}} elsewhere, they are found singly or in low numbers.{{cite web |url=https://www.city.yame.fukuoka.jp/soshiki/4/6/3/1454651828276.html |script-title=ja:石製表飾品 |trans-title=Stone Embellishments |language=ja |publisher=Yame City |access-date=6 March 2025}} Most are carved from ignimbrite from Mount Aso, though an example from Yonago in western Honshū is of andesite from Mount Daisen.{{cite web |url=https://www.city.yonago.lg.jp/16703.htm |script-title=ja:国指定重要文化財 石馬 |trans-title=Nationally-designated Important Cultural Property: Sekiba |language=ja |publisher=Yonago City |access-date=6 March 2025}} Some retain traces of red and green pigments.
Over forty examples had been catalogued by the early 1900s and in 1929 archaeologist {{ill|Morimoto Rokuji|ja|森本六爾}} published his monograph Sekijin Sekiba.{{cite web |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000796100317568 |script-title=ja:石人石馬 |trans-title=Sekijin Sekiba |language=ja |website=CiNii |access-date=7 March 2025}} Suggestions as to their function include propitiation of the spirits of the dead, comforting the same through the accompaniment of familiar figures and things, protection of the tomb and the symbolic punishment of robbers, and, in the case of Iwatoyama Kofun with its "sixty stone men and sixty stone shields" {{lang|ja|「石人石盾各々六〇枚」}} per Chikugo {{tlit|ja|Fudoki}},{{rp|65}} the expression of power. Perhaps for this reason, after the Iwai Rebellion they appear to have declined somewhat in popularity, perhaps supplanted in part by the paintings of the so-called decorated kofun.
Types
{{tlit|ja|Sekijin sekiba}} include sculptures of men, many of them armed, and, less commonly, women, in one instance with a child on her back;{{rp|66}} animals, including horses, boar, chickens, and waterfowl; {{tlit|ja|tankō}} and other armour, shields, swords, quivers, headpieces, vases, lids, a house, a chair, and a boat.
Distribution
{{tlit|ja|Sekijin sekiba}} are known from over twenty-five sites, all but one of them in Kyūshū, the exception being {{ill|Ishiumadani Kofun|ja|石馬谷古墳}} in Yonago, Tottori Prefecture.{{rp|70}} Within Kyūshū, all but four are in the prefectures of Fukuoka and Kumamoto, two being in Ōita (Shimoyama Kofun and {{ill|Usuzuka Kofun|ja|臼塚古墳}} in Usuki), with Saga ({{ill|Nishihara Kofun|qid=Q133105161}} in Saga) and Miyazaki (Nobeoka) having one apiece.{{rp|70}} Of the ten sites in Fukuoka Prefecture, there is a concentration in Yame (Iwatoyama Kofun, Noriba Kofun, {{ill|Tsurumiyama Kofun|ja|鶴見山古墳}}, Dōnanzan No. 3 Kofun, Dōnanzan No. 22 Kofun, Toyofuku), the others being in Hirokawa (Sekijinsan Kofun), Kurume (Ontsuka Kofun), Miyama (Sekijinsan Kofun), and Ōmuta.{{rp|70}} The eleven sites in Kumamoto are in Arao ({{nihongo|Sannomiya Kofun|三の宮古墳}}), Hikawa (Amazutsu Kofun and Hime-no-jō Kofun), Kikuchi ({{nihongo|Futatsukasan Kofun|フタツカサン古墳}} and Onozaki), Kumamoto ({{nihongo|Ishinomuro Kofun|石之室古墳}}), {{nihongo|Tominoo Kofun|富ノ尾古墳}}, and Kitahara No. 1 Kofun), Nagomi (Eta Funayama Kofun), and Yamaga (Chibusan Kofun and Usuzuka Kofun).{{rp|70}}
Important Cultural Properties
Several {{tlit|ja|sekijin sekiba}} have been designated Important Cultural Properties:
- Sekijin (stone man) from Iwatoyama Kofun, Fukuoka Prefecture (Tokyo National Museum){{cite web |url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/9962 |script-title=ja:石人 |trans-title=Sekijin |language=ja |publisher=Agency for Cultural Affairs |access-date=6 March 2025}}
- Armed sekijin from Sekijinsan Kofun (Hirokawa), Fukuoka Prefecture{{cite web |url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/9963 |script-title=ja:武装石人 |trans-title=Armed Sekijin |language=ja |publisher=Agency for Cultural Affairs |access-date=6 March 2025}}
- Armed sekijin from Sekijinsan Kofun (Miyama), Fukuoka Prefecture{{cite web |url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/9964 |script-title=ja:武装石人 |trans-title=Armed Sekijin |language=ja |publisher=Agency for Cultural Affairs |access-date=6 March 2025}}
- Armed sekijin from {{ill|Tsurumiyama Kofun|ja|鶴見山古墳}}, Fukuoka Prefecture (Iwatoyama Historical and Cultural Community Center){{cite web |url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/00011450 |script-title=ja:武装石人／福岡県鶴見山古墳出土 |trans-title=Armed Sekijin Excavated from Tsurumiyama Kofun, Fukuoka Prefecture |language=ja |publisher=Agency for Cultural Affairs |access-date=6 March 2025}}
- 62 pieces from Iwatoyama Kofun, Fukuoka Prefecture (Iwatoyama Historical and Cultural Community Center){{cite web |url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/00011206 |script-title=ja:石人／石靱／石盾 附 石人等残欠 |trans-title=Sekijin, Stone Quiver, and Stone Shields, together with fragments of Sekijin, etc. |language=ja |publisher=Agency for Cultural Affairs |access-date=6 March 2025}}{{cite web |url=https://www.city.yame.fukuoka.jp/iwatoyama/collections/tennjihin_syuuzouhin/1485415259288.html |script-title=ja:石人・石馬類 |trans-title=Sekijin・Sekiba |language=ja |publisher=Yame City |access-date=6 March 2025}}
- Sekiba (stone horse) from {{ill|Ishiumadani Kofun|ja|石馬谷古墳}} in Yonago, Tottori Prefecture (Amenokamigaki Jinja){{rp|70}}{{cite web |url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/9815 |script-title=ja:石馬 |trans-title=Sekiba |language=ja |publisher=Agency for Cultural Affairs |access-date=6 March 2025}}
Gallery
鶴見山古墳 武装石人.jpg|Sekijin (stone man) from {{ill|Tsurumiyama Kofun|ja|鶴見山古墳}}, Fukuoka Prefecture
岩戸山古墳 武装石人 2.jpg|Sekijin from Iwatoyama Kofun, Fukuoka Prefecture
岩戸山古墳 石馬.jpg|Sekiba (stone horse) from Iwatoyama Kofun, Fukuoka Prefecture
石馬谷古墳出土 石馬 (複製).JPG|Sekiba (replica) from {{ill|Ishiumadani Kofun|ja|石馬谷古墳}}, Tottori Prefecture (Kamiyodo Hakuhō-no-Oka Exhibition Hall)
岩戸山古墳 石盾.jpg|Shield from Iwatoyama Kofun, Fukuoka Prefecture
See also
{{Commons category}}