:Shō Taikyū

Shō Taikyū was born on Okinawa in 1410, likely near the castle of Goeku in the polity of Chūzan. The {{nihongo|Chūzan Seikan|中山世鑑|extra=Reflections on Chūzan}}, a 1650 official history of the Ryukyu Kingdom, describes Taikyū as the son of King Shō Kinpuku; however, Kinpuku's birth date is listed in the official histories as 1398, which would imply he fathered Taikyū at the unrealistically young age of eleven or twelve. The Ming Veritable Records (the contemporary Chinese imperial annals) and the {{nihongo|||Chūzan Seikan}} instead lists Taikyū as a "royal brother", the younger brother of Kinpuku and the seventh son of Shō Hashi, the unifier of the three kingdoms of Okinawa and second king of the First Shō dynasty. Prior to his rise to the kingship of Chūzan, the official histories refer to Taikyū as "Prince Goeku", an anachronistic title which developed in later periods. The 16th-century {{nihongo|||Omoro Sōshi}} {{Nihongo|2=おもろさうし}}, a compilation of Okinawan songs and poems, describes him not as a blood relative of Hashi, but as the son of a ruler of Goeku.{{Sfn|Smits|2019|pp=112–115}}

Following Hashi's death in 1439, a rapid succession of rulers took the throne of Chūzan. These rulers are recorded in the official histories of the Ryukyu Kingdom as Hashi's sons and grandsons. Instead of a familial lineage, the dynasty may have been a succession of powerful military leaders. The throne passed through Shō Chū ({{Abbreviation|r.|reigned}} 1439–1444), Shō Shitatsu ({{Abbreviation|r.|reigned}} 1444–1449), and Shō Kinpuku ({{Abbreviation|r.|reigned}} 1449–1453). After Kinpuku's death, the histories record a disputed succession between Kinpuku's son Shiro and Hashi's sixth son, Furi, which erupted into the {{Interlanguage link|Shiro–Furi Rebellion|jp|志魯・布里の乱}} and the burning of Shuri Castle. A major fire at Shuri in 1453 is attested through archaeological evidence, although the specifics of the conflict are unknown. Both Shiro and Furi died in the struggle, and Taikyū took the throne by the following year.{{Sfn|Smits|2019|pp=112–115}}{{Sfn|McNally|2015|pp=89–90}} The historian Gregory Smits theorizes that Shiro and Furi's forces may have been weakened by their conflict, allowing Taikyū to enter the conflict later and seize the throne from his base in Goeku. Alternatively, he may have been a party in the conflict from its beginning.{{Sfn|Smits|2024|pp=232–233}} His ascendance is recorded in the Ming Veritable Records in February 1454, where an envoy names him the younger brother of Kinpuku and requests a new royal seal to replace one destroyed in the conflict between Shiro and Furi.{{Sfn|Smits|2024|p=232}}

File:Former Shuri Castle Seiden Bell.jpg, commissioned by Taikyū]]

Taikyū oversaw the reconstruction of Shuri Castle, and it became the dominant political center on Okinawa during his reign. Ryang Seong, a Korean castaway who stayed at Shuri during Taikyū's reign, described the castle as containing three sets of walls, with a three-story tower at the center serving as the administrative center and residency of the king. Ryang reported that Taikyū was attended on by a hundred women and a hundred men. Okinawan envoys to Korea reported that Taikyū was protected by an all-female royal bodyguard, armed with swords, as regular soldiers were not allowed inside the royal residence.{{Sfn|Smits|2019|p=93}}{{Sfn|Smits|2024|p=211}} He directly oversaw disputes and criminal proceedings in the kingdom.{{Sfn|Smits|2024|pp=234–235}}

Taikyū was a consistent sponsor of Zen Buddhism, overseeing the construction of four Zen temples; Chūzan shifted away from a reliance on Chinese officials as ministers in favor of Japanese Buddhist priests. Near Shuri, he oversaw the foundation of the Buddhist temple of Tenkai-ji.{{Sfn|Smits|2024|pp=234–235}}{{Sfn|Pearson|2013|p=261}}{{Sfn|McNally|2015|pp=88–89}} A Japanese Zen monk named Keiin won the king's favor, and was given permission to establish the temples of Kogan-ji, Fumon-ji, and Tenryu-ji, the last named for an influential Zen temple in Kyoto.{{Sfn|Nelson|2006|p=381}}{{Sfn|Kerr|2000|p=100}} Taikyū commissioned ten large bronze bells during his reign, most of which he donated to the Zen temples. The most of important of these, the {{Nihongo|Bridge of Nations Bell||Bankoku shinryō no kane|lead=no}}, was cast by a Japanese metalworker and placed on display in front of the rebuilt palace. The bell features an inscription by Keiin, praising Taikyū with Buddhist language. It praises his "activation of the Three Jewels" and names him the savior of "the masses of the Three Worlds", possibly in emulation of the Buddhist conception of the chakravartin, a benevolent universal ruler.{{Sfn|McNally|2015|pp=88–89}}{{Sfn|Kerr|2000|p=100}} Keiin's inscription also states that Taikyū gathered together "wen and wu" and the "excellence of Korea", indicating influence from Chinese and Korean culture.{{Sfn|McNally|2015|pp=88–89}}{{Sfn|Smits|2024|p=134}}

The first Ryukyuan coins, the {{Nihongo|2=|3=Taisei Tsūhō}}, were minted under Taikyū's reign. Their inscription and name takes a character from his posthumous name, Oyō-no-Nushi. Made by modifying worn and damaged Chinese cash coins from the Yongle Emperor's reign, they were poor quality and may have been made to supplement imported cash coinage from China and showcase the legitimacy of Taikyū's rule.{{Sfn|Smits|2008|pp=108–111}}

In 1458, an uprising broke out against his rule. The official histories describe Amawari, the {{Nihongo|2=|3=aji}} (lord) of Katsuren, lying to Taikyū that Gosamaru of Nakagusuku had been scheming against his rule. Surrounded, Gosamaru committed suicide in order not to betray Taikyū, while Amawari prepared for a surprise attack on Taikyū to take the throne for himself. Uni-Ufugusuku, Taikyū's successor as {{Nihongo|2=|3=aji}} of Goeku, was opposed to the plot, and informed Momoto-fumiagari, the wife of Amawari and daughter of Taikyū. Together, they fled to Shuri, where they organized an army and performed divine songs to summon a powerful storm and defeat Amawari.{{Sfn|Smits|2019|pp=115–117}} This narrative closely follows conventions of tragic folk heroes, and is unlikely to be true. As the official histories portray Okinawa as having been a unified kingdom for several centuries by the time of Taikyū, wars with neighboring polities and {{Nihongo|2=|3=aji}} may have been reinterpreted as rebellions in later retellings.{{Sfn|Smits|2024|p=|pp=233–234}}

Taikyū's territory of firm control was likely initially limited to the region around Shuri and Naha, alongside Goeku in central Okinawa.{{Sfn|Pearson|2013|p=261}} After the 1458 conflict, he gained control of Nakagusuku and Katsuren and their lucrative trade connections to the Joseon dynasty of Korea. This trade was redirected to Shuri, making it the primary center of trade with Japan, Korea, and China on the island.{{Sfn|Smits|2024|pp=233–234}}

File:Mausoleum of Sho Taikyu and his son Ashito Kanahashi.JPG]]

Taikyū died in 1460 with no recorded cause of death; his remains were taken to Goeku and placed in a form of tomb usually reserved for victims of leprosy. Many of his close allies went into hiding under the reign of his successor, Shō Toku, suggesting that Taikyū may have been killed or overthrown. Toku is recorded in official histories as Taikyū's third or seventh son. Due to the chaotic beginnings of his reign, Smits theorizes that he may have been an unrelated {{Nihongo|2=|3=wakō}} pirate leader who took the throne in order to monopolize Chūzan's trade connections. His rule is described in the official histories as tyrannical, leading to his death (possibly via a coup d'état) and the enthronement of Kanemaru, who took the name Shō En and founded the Second Shō dynasty.{{Sfn|Smits|2024|pp=234–236}}{{Sfn|Smits|2019|pp=115–118}}

Both the official histories of the Ryukyu Kingdom and the {{nihongo|||Omoro Sōshi}} depict Taikyū positively, likely due to his connections with Kanemaru. Taikyū reportedly sheltered the refugee peasant Kanemaru and appointed him as the harbourmaster of Naha and the lord of Uchima. Smits theorizes that his biography may have been embellished by the official histories, and that Kanemaru may have already been the lord of Uchima and simply allied with Taikyū.{{Sfn|Smits|2019|p=115}} Taikyū is given the divine name Nanoshiyomoi in the 18th century history Chūzan Seifu.{{sfn|Ikemiya|2007|p=4}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite thesis| url = https://u-ryukyu.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2002217| script-title= ja:琉球国王の神号と『おもろさうし』 |language=Japanese|last=Ikemiya|first=Masaharu|trans-journal=Collection of Japanese Oriental Culture Studies|trans-title=The Divine Names of the Kings of Ryukyu and the Omoro Sōshi|journal=日本東洋文化論集|date=2007|number=11|pages=1–27|publisher=University of the Ryukyus}}
• {{cite book|first=George H.|last=Kerr|author-link=George H. Kerr|date=2000|orig-date=1958|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|location=Rutland|url=https://archive.org/details/okinawahistoryof0000kerr|isbn=9780804820875|title=Okinawa: The History of an Island People}}
• {{cite journal|first=Mark T.|last=McNally|journal=International Journal of Okinawan Studies|title=A King's Legitimacy and a Kingdom's Exceptionality: Ryūkyū's Bankoku Shinryō no Kane of 1458|date=2015|volume=6|pages=87–103|url=https://u-ryukyu.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2012137/files/Vol6p87.pdf}}
• {{cite journal|first=Thomas|last=Nelson|title=Japan in the Life of Early Ryukyu|journal=The Journal of Japanese Studies|volume=32|issue=2|date=2006|pages=367–392|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/44/article/200313/pdf|doi=10.1353/jjs.2006.0058}}
• {{cite book|first=Richard|last=Pearson|date=2013|title=Ancient Ryukyu: An Archaeological Study of Island Communities|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|location=Honolulu|jstor=j.ctt6wqnq6 |isbn=9780824837129 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wqnq6|author-link=Richard J. Pearson}}
• {{cite book|first=Gregory|last=Smits|date=2008|title=Metals, Monies, and Markets in Early Modern Societies: East Asian and Global Perspectives|volume=1|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Münster|isbn=9783825808228|pages=107–118|chapter=Money in the Kingdom of Ryukyu|editor-first1=Thomas|editor-last1=Hirzel|editor-first2=Nanny|editor-last2=Kim}}
• {{cite book|first=Gregory|last=Smits|title=Maritime Ryukyu, 1050–1650|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvsrfmz|doi=10.2307/j.ctvsrfmz|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|location=Honolulu|date=2019|jstor=j.ctvsrfmz |isbn=9780824877095|author-link=Gregory Smits}}
• {{cite book|first=Gregory|last=Smits|title=Early Ryukyuan History: A New Model|date=2024|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8441682|doi=10.2307/jj.8441682|location=Honolulu|author-link=Gregory Smits|isbn=9780824898205}}

{{refend}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-reg}}

{{S-bef|before=Shō Kinpuku}}

{{S-ttl|title=King of Chūzan (or Ryukyu)|years=1454–1460}}

{{S-aft|after=Shō Toku}}

{{s-end}}

{{Kings of Chūzan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sho, Taikyu}}

Category:1410 births

Category:1460 deaths

Category:Kings of Ryūkyū

Category:First Shō dynasty

Category:15th-century Buddhists

Category:15th-century Ryukyuan monarchs