:Sodium aurothiosulfate
{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Drugbox
| SMILES = [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)S[Au-]SS(=O)(=O)[O-].O.O
| verifiedrevid = 447986969
| IUPAC_name = Sodium bis(thiosulphate) aurate(I), dihydrate
| image = SodiumAurothiosulfate.svg
| image2 =
| tradename =
| pregnancy_AU =
| pregnancy_US =
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_AU =
| legal_CA =
| legal_UK =
| legal_US =
| legal_status =
| routes_of_administration = Intramuscular injection
| bioavailability =
| protein_bound =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life =
| excretion =
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 33614-49-2
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = CKS1YQ9W1J
| ATC_prefix = M01
| ATC_suffix = CB02
| PubChem = 170028
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank =
| chemical_formula =
| Au = 1
| Na = 3
| O = 6
| S = 4
}}
Sodium aurothiosulfate, or sanocrysin, is the inorganic compound with the formula {{chem2|Na3[Au(S2O3)2]*2H2O}}. It is the trisodium salt of the coordination complex of gold(I), {{chem2|[Au(S2O3)2](3-)}}. The dihydrate, which is colorless, crystallizes with two waters of crystallization. The compound has some medicinal properties as well as potential for hydrometallurgy.
Structure
image:Sodium-gold(I)-thiosulfate-dihydrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png of {{chem2|Na3[Au(S2O3)2]*2H2O}}. Color code: red = O, orange = Au, yellow = S, violet = Na. Hydrogen atoms are omitted.]]
The anionic complex features a linear AuS2 core and is overall centrosymmetric. Like most other thiosulfate complexes, only the planetary sulfur of thiosulfate is coordinated to the metal.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0022-1902(73)80019-3 | title = Crystal and molecular structure of trisodium dithiosulphate aurate(I), dihydrate, Na3[Au(S2O3)2],2H2O | year = 1973 | vauthors = Baggio RF, Baggio S | journal = Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry | volume = 35 | pages = 3191–3200 | issue = 9 }}{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S1386-1425(97)83024-7 | title = Vibrational spectrum of Sanocrysin | year = 1997 | vauthors = Tobön-Zapata G, Etcheverry SB, Baran EJ | journal = Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy | volume = 53 | pages = 183–188 | issue = 2 | bibcode = 1997AcSpA..53..183T }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruben H, Zalkin A, Faltens MO, Templeton DH |doi=10.1021/ic50138a011 |title=Crystal structure of sodium gold(I) thiosulfate dihydrate, Na3Au(S2O3)2.2H2O |date=1974 |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1836–1839 }}
History
The salt is typically prepared by reduction of gold(III) chloride with thiosulfate:
:{{chem2|4 Na2S2O3 + AuCl3 -> Na3[Au(S2O3)2] + Na2S4O6 + 3 NaCl}}
The compound was first synthesized in 1845 by Mathurin-Joseph Fordos and A. Gélis who were researching chemicals used in the Daguerrotype photographic process. It then came to be called Fordos and Gélis salt.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fordos MJ, Gélis A |year=1843 |title=Recherches sur la liqueur d'or employée en photographie |journal=C.-R. Acad. Sc. (Paris) |volume=17 |pages=629–630}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Fordos MJ, Gélis A |year=1845 |title=Action du perchlorure d'or sur l'hyposulfite de soude |journal=Ann. Chim. Phys. |series=3 |volume=13 |pages=394–404}} It went out of interest until 1924 when it was noted as a chemotherapeutic agent for tuberculosis by Holger Møllgaard in Copenhagen.{{cite journal |date=1925 |title=Current Topics and Events |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=115 |issue=2886 |pages=272–277 |doi=10.1038/115272c0 |bibcode=1925Natur.115S.272. |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free }} Other methods of synthesis were then identified.{{cite journal | vauthors = McCluskey KL, Eichelberger L |date=1926 |title=New methods for the preparation of sodium aurothiosulfate |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01412a018 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=136–139 |doi=10.1021/ja01412a018 |s2cid=101829332 |issn=0002-7863|url-access=subscription }}
Potential applications
Like several other gold compounds, this species is used as an antirheumatic.{{cite journal | vauthors = Shaw III CF | title = Gold-based therapeutic agents | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 99 | issue = 9 | pages = 2589–2600 | date = September 1999 | pmid = 11749494 | doi = 10.1021/cr980431o }} The first placebo-controlled trial was probably conducted in 1931, when sanocrysin was compared with distilled water for the treatment of tuberculosis.{{cite book | title = Ethical and regulatory aspects of clinical research: readings and commentary | veditors = Emanuel EJ, Crouch RA, Arras JD, Moreno JD, Grady C | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | year = 2003 | page = 140 | isbn = 978-0801878138 }}
Aurothiosulfate complexes have also been discussed in the context of the extraction of gold from its ores. The general approach would employ sodium or ammonium thiosulfate in place of cyanide salts as lixiviants.{{cite journal|vauthors=Aylmore MG, Muir DM|date=2001|title=Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold - a Review|journal=Minerals Engineering|volume=14|issue=2|pages=135–174|doi=10.1016/s0892-6875(00)00172-2}}{{Ullmann| vauthors = Barbera JJ, Metzger A, Wolf M |title=Sulfites, Thiosulfates, and Dithionites|doi= 10.1002/14356007.a25_477|isbn=9783527306732|date=2012}}
References
{{reflist}}
{{Antirheumatic products}}
{{Gold compounds}}
{{sodium compounds}}
Category:Antirheumatic products
Category:Metal-containing drugs